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Tee SY, Kong J, Koh JJ, Teng CP, Wang X, Wang X, Teo SL, Thitsartarn W, Han MY, Seh ZW. Structurally and surficially activated TiO 2 nanomaterials for photochemical reactions. NANOSCALE 2024. [PMID: 39268929 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr02342k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2024]
Abstract
Renewable fuels and environmental remediation are of paramount importance in today's world due to escalating concerns about climate change, pollution, and the finite nature of fossil fuels. Transitioning to sustainable energy sources and addressing environmental pollution has become an urgent necessity. Photocatalysis, particularly harnessing solar energy to drive chemical reactions for environmental remediation and clean fuel production, holds significant promise among emerging technologies. As a benchmark semiconductor in photocatalysis, TiO2 photocatalyst offers an excellent solution for environmental remediation and serves as a key tool in energy conversion and chemical synthesis. Despite its status as the default photocatalyst, TiO2 suffers from drawbacks such as a high recombination rate of charge carriers, low electrical conductivity, and limited absorption in the visible light spectrum. This review provides an in-depth exploration of the fundamental principles of photocatalytic reactions and presents recent advancements in the development of TiO2 photocatalysts. It specifically focuses on strategic approaches aimed at enhancing the performance of TiO2 photocatalysts, including improving visible light absorption for efficient solar energy harvesting, enhancing charge separation and transportation efficiency, and ensuring stability for robust photocatalysis. Additionally, the review delves into the application of photodegradation and photocatalysis, particularly in critical processes such as water splitting, carbon dioxide reduction, nitrogen fixation, hydrogen peroxide generation, and alcohol oxidation. It also highlights the novel use of TiO2 in plastic polymerization and degradation, showcasing its potential for converting plastic waste into valuable chemicals and fuels, thereby offering sustainable waste management solutions. By addressing these essential areas, the review offers valuable insights into the potential of TiO2 photocatalysis for addressing pressing environmental and energy challenges. Furthermore, the review encompasses the application of TiO2 photochromic systems, expanding its scope to include other innovative research and applications. Finally, it addresses the underlying challenges and provides perspectives on the future development of TiO2 photocatalysts. Through addressing these issues and implementing innovative strategies, TiO2 photocatalysis can continue to evolve and play a pivotal role in sustainable energy and environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Yin Tee
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Junhua Kong
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Justin Junqiang Koh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Choon Peng Teng
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Xizu Wang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Xiaobai Wang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Siew Lang Teo
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Warintorn Thitsartarn
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Ming-Yong Han
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Zhi Wei Seh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore.
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2
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Shanmugaratnam S, Ravirajan P, Yohi S, Velauthapillai D. Well-Separated Photoinduced Charge Carriers on Hydrogen Production Using NiS 2/TiO 2 Nanocomposites. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:1627-1633. [PMID: 38222661 PMCID: PMC10785294 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c08194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Photocatalytic hydrogen production is a sustainable and greenhouse-gas-free method that requires an efficient and abundant photocatalyst, which minimizes energy consumption. Currently, interests in transition metal chalcogenide materials have been utilized in different applications due to their quantum confinement effect and low band gaps. In this study, different wt % of NiS2-embedded TiO2 nanocomposites were synthesized by a facile hydrothermal method and utilized for photocatalytic hydrogen production under extended solar irradiation. Among the materials studied, the highest amount (4.185 mmol g-1) of hydrogen production was observed with 15 wt % of the NiS2/TiO2 nanocomposite. The highest photocatalytic activity may be due to the well separation of photoinduced charge carriers on the catalyst, which was confirmed by the electrochemical studies. Thus, we believe that these photocatalysts are promising candidates for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivagowri Shanmugaratnam
- Clean
Energy Research Laboratory (CERL), Department of Physics, University of Jaffna, Jaffna 40000, Sri Lanka
- Faculty
of Engineering and Science, Western Norway
University of Applied Sciences, P.O. Box 7030, Bergen 5020, Norway
| | - Punniamoorthy Ravirajan
- Clean
Energy Research Laboratory (CERL), Department of Physics, University of Jaffna, Jaffna 40000, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Dhayalan Velauthapillai
- Faculty
of Engineering and Science, Western Norway
University of Applied Sciences, P.O. Box 7030, Bergen 5020, Norway
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3
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Sukhadeve GK, Gedam RS. Visible light assisted photocatalytic degradation of mixture of reactive ternary dye solution by Zn-Fe co-doped TiO 2 nanoparticles. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 341:139990. [PMID: 37648162 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The current study deals with the synthesis of novel Zn, and Fe co-doped TiO2 photocatalyst by the sol-gel method at room temperature. The prepared photocatalysts are characterized by several standard analytical tools. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman analysis verifies the tetragonal anatase phase of TiO2 in all synthesized nanoparticles. The morphology and chemical composition of ZFT_2.5 were confirmed using the Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDAX) analysis respectively. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements verify the binding energies of a host and dopant material. The High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) reveals the presence of spherical nanoparticles in ZFT_2.5 photocatalyst with a diameter ranging from 8 to 20 nm. The absorption spectra of the prepared nanoparticles exhibit strong absorption in visible light. The synergistic effect created by Zn and Fe blocked the light induced charge carriers and delayed the recombination probability. The photocatalyst ZFT_2.5 was tested for photocatalytic degradation against the mixture of the three cationic dyes [rhodamine B (RhB), malachite green (MG), and methylene blue (MB)] under exposure of visible light. Total organic carbon (TOC) study was performed to evaluate the organic character of the photodegradate dye solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- G K Sukhadeve
- Department of Physics, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur, 440010, India
| | - R S Gedam
- Department of Physics, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur, 440010, India.
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4
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Rajaramanan T, Heidari Gourji F, Elilan Y, Yohi S, Senthilnanthanan M, Ravirajan P, Velauthapillai D. Natural sensitizer extracted from Mussaenda erythrophylla for dye-sensitized solar cell. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13844. [PMID: 37620519 PMCID: PMC10449896 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40437-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, a natural dye from the flowers of Mussaenda erythrophylla extracted separately in ethanol and de-ionized water was employed as a photosensitizer in DSSCs. The quantitative phytochemical analyses were performed on both extracts. The existence of flavonoids (anthocyanin) and chlorophyll a pigments in the ethanol extract of the dye was confirmed by the UV-Visible spectroscopy. The stability study performed on the said ethanol extract confirmed that the dye extracted in ethanol was stable in the dark and did not degrade for nearly 50 days. The presence of the dye molecules and uniform adsorption of them on the P25-TiO2 surface were confirmed by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy, respectively. Moreover, the influence of dye concentration and pH on the optical properties of the dye was also studied. The natural dye extracted in ethanol was employed in DSSCs, fabricated by utilizing the said dye sensitized P25-TiO2 photoanodes, [Formula: see text]/[Formula: see text] electrolyte, and Pt counter electrode. Photovoltaic performances of the fabricated devices were determined under simulated irradiation with the intensity of 100 mWcm-2 using AM 1.5 filter. The device fabricated with the P25-TiO2 photoanode sensitized by the dye extracted in ethanol at pH = 5 exhibited the best power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 0.41% with the JSC of 0.98 mAcm-2 which could be attributed to the optimum light absorption in the visible region of solar spectrum by the chlorophyll a and anthocyanin molecules in the extracted natural dye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tharmakularasa Rajaramanan
- Faculty of Engineering, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, 5020, Bergen, Norway.
- Clean Energy Research Laboratory (CERL), Department of Physics, University of Jaffna, Jaffna, 40000, Sri Lanka.
| | - Fatemeh Heidari Gourji
- Faculty of Engineering, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, 5020, Bergen, Norway
| | | | | | | | - Punniamoorthy Ravirajan
- Clean Energy Research Laboratory (CERL), Department of Physics, University of Jaffna, Jaffna, 40000, Sri Lanka
| | - Dhayalan Velauthapillai
- Faculty of Engineering, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, 5020, Bergen, Norway.
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Yadav S, Shakya K, Gupta A, Singh D, Chandran AR, Varayil Aanappalli A, Goyal K, Rani N, Saini K. A review on degradation of organic dyes by using metal oxide semiconductors. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:71912-71932. [PMID: 35595896 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20818-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The discharge of organic dye pollutants in natural water bodies has put forward a big challenge of providing clean water to a large part of the population. As the population is increasing with time, only underground water is not sufficient to complete the water requirements of everyone everywhere. Purification of wastewater and its reuse is the only way to fulfill the water needs. Nanotechnology has been used very efficiently for wastewater treatment via photocatalytic degradation of dye molecules. In the past few years, a lot of investigations have been done to enhance the photocatalytic activity of metal oxide semiconductors for water purification. In this review, we have discussed the different methods of synthesis of various metal oxide semiconductor nanoparticles, energy band gap, their role as efficient photocatalysts, radiations used for photocatalytic reactions, and their degradation efficiency to degrade the dye pollutants. We have also discussed the nanocomposites of metal oxide with graphene. These nanocomposites have been utilized as the efficient photocatalyst due to unique characteristics of graphene such as extended range of light absorption, separation of charges, and high capacity of adsorption of the dye pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sapna Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Miranda House, University of Delhi, New Delhi-110007, India
| | - Kriti Shakya
- Department of Chemistry, Miranda House, University of Delhi, New Delhi-110007, India
| | - Aarushi Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Miranda House, University of Delhi, New Delhi-110007, India
| | - Divya Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Miranda House, University of Delhi, New Delhi-110007, India
| | - Anjana R Chandran
- Department of Chemistry, Miranda House, University of Delhi, New Delhi-110007, India
| | | | - Kanika Goyal
- Department of Chemistry, Miranda House, University of Delhi, New Delhi-110007, India
| | - Nutan Rani
- Department of Chemistry, Miranda House, University of Delhi, New Delhi-110007, India
| | - Kalawati Saini
- Department of Chemistry, Miranda House, University of Delhi, New Delhi-110007, India.
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6
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Viet NM, Mai Huong NT, Thu Hoai PT. Enhanced photocatalytic decomposition of phenol in wastewater by using La-TiO 2 nanocomposite. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 313:137605. [PMID: 36563723 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this work, La-TiO2 nanocomposite was synthesized by loading lanthanum onto TiO2 and used for improving photodegradation of phenol in wastewater. The characterizations of La-TiO2 demonstrated that the loading of La onto TiO2 not only increased its adsorption light zone up to 470 nm but also decreased the band gap energy from 3.1 to 2.64 eV. Photoluminescence spectra of La-TiO2 confirmed the enhancing separation rate between electron and hole, leading to improve photodegradation efficiency of phenol. The removal rate of phenol was influenced by solution pH and alkaline conditions could bring better removal efficiency. In presence of light, the photodegradation efficiency of phenol by TiO2 was 64.1%, while it increased up to 93.4% by La-TiO2 photocatalyst. La-TiO2 nanocomposite was tested for five cycles and it showed only 13.8% dropping in the photodegradation efficiency of phenol. Besides, over 82% of phenol was removed from the wastewater sample by modified TiO2, demonstrating the potential of La-TiO2 photocatalyst for water pollution control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Minh Viet
- VNU-Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials for Green Growth, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Nguyen Thi Mai Huong
- Faculty of Food Science, University of Economics-Technology for Industries (UNETI), Hanoi, 11622, Viet Nam
| | - Pham Thi Thu Hoai
- Faculty of Food Science, University of Economics-Technology for Industries (UNETI), Hanoi, 11622, Viet Nam.
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Hossain MK, Hossain MM, Akhtar S. Studies on Synthesis, Characterization, and Photocatalytic Activity of TiO 2 and Cr-Doped TiO 2 for the Degradation of p-Chlorophenol. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:1979-1988. [PMID: 36687086 PMCID: PMC9850748 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
TiO2 and Cr-TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) have been synthesized by the sol-gel method using titanium isopropoxide as the precursor of Titania. The prepared samples were analyzed by employing scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared analyses. Under UV irradiation, the photocatalytic activities of TiO2 and Cr-TiO2 were observed by estimating the % degradation of p-chlorophenol (PCP) as a sample pollutant. The extent of degradation was investigated, varying the catalyst dosage, initial PCP concentration, irradiation time, and solution pH. The experimental results show that efficiency of catalysts initially increases but decreases later on, whereas the % degradation of PCP is the highest at its lowest initial concentration. For TiO2 and Cr-TiO2 NPs at their optimal catalyst dosage of 2.0 g/L, acidic pH, and with UV irradiation for 90 min, the observed % degradation of PCP is 50.23 ± 3.12 and 66.51 ± 2.14%, respectively. Thus, the prepared Cr-TiO2 NPs have enhanced the degradation efficiency of PCP with an irradiation time which is four time less than those reported earlier. From the kinetics analysis, the degradation reaction of PCP is found to follow a pseudo-first-order model and the rate constants are 0.0075 and 0.0122 min-1 for pure TiO2 and Cr-TiO2 NPs, respectively. The present study has further revealed that owing to the lower rate of electron-hole pair recombination, the photocatalytic activity of Cr-TiO2 NPs becomes higher than that of TiO2. Therefore, as viable photocatalytic agents, Cr-TiO2 NPs are suggested to be used also for efficient degradation of other organic pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Kamrul Hossain
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Chittagong, Chittagong4331, Bangladesh
| | | | - Shamim Akhtar
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Chittagong, Chittagong4331, Bangladesh
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8
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Alam MW, Al Qahtani HS, Souayeh B, Ahmed W, Albalawi H, Farhan M, Abuzir A, Naeem S. Novel Copper-Zinc-Manganese Ternary Metal Oxide Nanocomposite as Heterogeneous Catalyst for Glucose Sensor and Antibacterial Activity. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11061064. [PMID: 35739961 PMCID: PMC9219834 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11061064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel copper-zinc-manganese trimetal oxide nanocomposite was synthesized by the simple co-precipitation method for sensing glucose and methylene blue degradation. The absorption maximum was found by ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) analysis, and the bandgap was 4.32 eV. The formation of a bond between metal and oxygen was confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis. The average crystallite size was calculated as 17.31 nm by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) analysis. The morphology was observed as spherical by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) analysis. The elemental composition was determined by Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDAX) analysis. The oxidation state of the metals present in the nanocomposites was confirmed by the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. The hydrodynamic diameter and zeta potential of the nanocomposite were 218 nm and −46.8 eV, respectively. The thermal stability of the nanocomposite was analyzed by thermogravimetry-differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC) analysis. The synthesized nanocomposite was evaluated for the electrochemical glucose sensor. The nanocomposite shows 87.47% of degradation ability against methylene blue dye at a 50 µM concentration. The trimetal oxide nanocomposite shows potent activity against Escherichia coli. In addition to that, the prepared nanocomposite shows strong antioxidant application where scavenging activity was observed to be 76.58 ± 0.30, 76.89 ± 0.44, 81.41 ± 30, 82.58 ± 0.32, and 84.36 ± 0.09 % at 31, 62, 125, 250, and 500 µg/mL, respectively. The results confirm the antioxidant potency of nanoparticles (NPs) was concentration dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mir Waqas Alam
- Al Bilad Bank Scholarly Chair for Food Security in Saudi Arabia, The Deanship of Scientific Research, The Vice Presidency for Graduate Studies and Scientific Research, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (B.S.); (M.F.); (A.A.)
- Department of Physics, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (M.W.A.); (H.A.)
| | | | - Basma Souayeh
- Al Bilad Bank Scholarly Chair for Food Security in Saudi Arabia, The Deanship of Scientific Research, The Vice Presidency for Graduate Studies and Scientific Research, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (B.S.); (M.F.); (A.A.)
- Department of Physics, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waqar Ahmed
- Takasago i-Kohza, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia;
| | - Hind Albalawi
- Department of Physics, College of Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University (PNU), P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (M.W.A.); (H.A.)
| | - Mohd Farhan
- Al Bilad Bank Scholarly Chair for Food Security in Saudi Arabia, The Deanship of Scientific Research, The Vice Presidency for Graduate Studies and Scientific Research, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (B.S.); (M.F.); (A.A.)
- Department of Basic Sciences, Preparatory Year Deanship, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alaaedeen Abuzir
- Al Bilad Bank Scholarly Chair for Food Security in Saudi Arabia, The Deanship of Scientific Research, The Vice Presidency for Graduate Studies and Scientific Research, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (B.S.); (M.F.); (A.A.)
- Department of Physics, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sumaira Naeem
- Department of Chemistry, University of Gujrat, Gujrat 50700, Pakistan;
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Kajana T, Pirashanthan A, Velauthapillai D, Yuvapragasam A, Yohi S, Ravirajan P, Senthilnanthanan M. Potential transition and post-transition metal sulfides as efficient electrodes for energy storage applications: review. RSC Adv 2022; 12:18041-18062. [PMID: 35800326 PMCID: PMC9208027 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra01574a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrochemical energy storage has attracted much attention due to the common recognition of sustainable energy development. Transition metal sulfides and post-transition metal sulfides have been intensively been focused on due to their potential as electrode materials for energy storage applications in different types of capacitors such as supercapacitors and pseudocapacitors, which have high power density and long cycle life. Herein, the physicochemical properties of transition and post-transition metal sulfides, their typical synthesis, structural characterization, and electrochemical energy storage applications are reviewed. Various perspectives on the design and fabrication of transition and post-transition metal sulfides-based electrode materials having capacitive applications are discussed. This review further discusses various strategies to develop transition and/or post-transition metal sulfide heterostructured electrode-based self-powered photocapacitors with high energy storage efficiencies. Electrochemical energy storage has attracted much attention due to the common recognition of sustainable energy development.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Thirunavukarasu Kajana
- Clean Energy Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Jaffna, Jaffna, Sri Lanka
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jaffna, Jaffna, Sri Lanka
- Faculty of Engineering and Science, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway
| | - Arumugam Pirashanthan
- Clean Energy Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Jaffna, Jaffna, Sri Lanka
- Faculty of Engineering and Science, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway
| | - Dhayalan Velauthapillai
- Faculty of Engineering and Science, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway
| | - Akila Yuvapragasam
- Faculty of Engineering and Science, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Punniamoorthy Ravirajan
- Clean Energy Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Jaffna, Jaffna, Sri Lanka
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