1
|
Johnson A. Mechanistic divergences of endocytic clathrin-coated vesicle formation in mammals, yeasts and plants. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs261847. [PMID: 39161994 PMCID: PMC11361644 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Clathrin-coated vesicles (CCVs), generated by clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME), are essential eukaryotic trafficking organelles that transport extracellular and plasma membrane-bound materials into the cell. In this Review, we explore mechanisms of CME in mammals, yeasts and plants, and highlight recent advances in the characterization of endocytosis in plants. Plants separated from mammals and yeast over 1.5 billion years ago, and plant cells have distinct biophysical parameters that can influence CME, such as extreme turgor pressure. Plants can therefore provide a wider perspective on fundamental processes in eukaryotic cells. We compare key mechanisms that drive CCV formation and explore what these mechanisms might reveal about the core principles of endocytosis across the tree of life. Fascinatingly, CME in plants appears to more closely resemble that in mammalian cells than that in yeasts, despite plants being evolutionarily further from mammals than yeast. Endocytic initiation appears to be highly conserved across these three systems, requiring similar protein domains and regulatory processes. Clathrin coat proteins and their honeycomb lattice structures are also highly conserved. However, major differences are found in membrane-bending mechanisms. Unlike in mammals or yeast, plant endocytosis occurs independently of actin, highlighting that mechanistic assumptions about CME across different systems should be made with caution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Johnson
- Division of Anatomy, Center for Anatomy & Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
- Medical Imaging Cluster (MIC), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Uzhytchak M, Smolková B, Lunova M, Frtús A, Jirsa M, Dejneka A, Lunov O. Lysosomal nanotoxicity: Impact of nanomedicines on lysosomal function. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 197:114828. [PMID: 37075952 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Although several nanomedicines got clinical approval over the past two decades, the clinical translation rate is relatively small so far. There are many post-surveillance withdrawals of nanomedicines caused by various safety issues. For successful clinical advancement of nanotechnology, it is of unmet need to realize cellular and molecular foundation of nanotoxicity. Current data suggest that lysosomal dysfunction caused by nanoparticles is emerging as the most common intracellular trigger of nanotoxicity. This review analyzes prospect mechanisms of lysosomal dysfunction-mediated toxicity induced by nanoparticles. We summarized and critically assessed adverse drug reactions of current clinically approved nanomedicines. Importantly, we show that physicochemical properties have great impact on nanoparticles interaction with cells, excretion route and kinetics, and subsequently on toxicity. We analyzed literature on adverse reactions of current nanomedicines and hypothesized that adverse reactions might be linked with lysosomal dysfunction caused by nanomedicines. Finally, from our analysis it becomes clear that it is unjustifiable to generalize safety and toxicity of nanoparticles, since different particles possess distinct toxicological properties. We propose that the biological mechanism of the disease progression and treatment should be central in the optimization of nanoparticle design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariia Uzhytchak
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 18221 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Smolková
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 18221 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Mariia Lunova
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 18221 Prague, Czech Republic; Institute for Clinical & Experimental Medicine (IKEM), 14021 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Adam Frtús
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 18221 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Jirsa
- Institute for Clinical & Experimental Medicine (IKEM), 14021 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alexandr Dejneka
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 18221 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Oleg Lunov
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 18221 Prague, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cong VT, Houng JL, Kavallaris M, Chen X, Tilley RD, Gooding JJ. How can we use the endocytosis pathways to design nanoparticle drug-delivery vehicles to target cancer cells over healthy cells? Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:7531-7559. [PMID: 35938511 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00707f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Targeted drug delivery in cancer typically focuses on maximising the endocytosis of drugs into the diseased cells. However, there has been less focus on exploiting the differences in the endocytosis pathways of cancer cells versus non-cancer cells. An understanding of the endocytosis pathways in both cancer and non-cancer cells allows for the design of nanoparticles to deliver drugs to cancer cells whilst restricting healthy cells from taking up anticancer drugs, thus efficiently killing the cancer cells. Herein we compare the differences in the endocytosis pathways of cancer and healthy cells. Second, we highlight the importance of the physicochemical properties of nanoparticles (size, shape, stiffness, and surface chemistry) on cellular uptake and how they can be adjusted to selectively target the dominated endocytosis pathway of cancer cells over healthy cells and to deliver anticancer drug to the target cells. The review generates new thought in the design of cancer-selective nanoparticles based on the endocytosis pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vu Thanh Cong
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. .,Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jacinta L Houng
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. .,Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Maria Kavallaris
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.,Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.,School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine & Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Xin Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, Institute of Polymer Science in Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Richard D Tilley
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - J Justin Gooding
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. .,Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lu Z, Cai Y, Nie Y, Yang Y, Wu J, Dai Q. A practical guide to scanning light-field microscopy with digital adaptive optics. Nat Protoc 2022; 17:1953-1979. [DOI: 10.1038/s41596-022-00703-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
5
|
Abouelezz A, Almeida-Souza L. The mammalian endocytic cytoskeleton. Eur J Cell Biol 2022; 101:151222. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2022.151222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
|
6
|
Wu J, Lu Z, Jiang D, Guo Y, Qiao H, Zhang Y, Zhu T, Cai Y, Zhang X, Zhanghao K, Xie H, Yan T, Zhang G, Li X, Jiang Z, Lin X, Fang L, Zhou B, Xi P, Fan J, Yu L, Dai Q. Iterative tomography with digital adaptive optics permits hour-long intravital observation of 3D subcellular dynamics at millisecond scale. Cell 2021; 184:3318-3332.e17. [PMID: 34038702 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Long-term subcellular intravital imaging in mammals is vital to study diverse intercellular behaviors and organelle functions during native physiological processes. However, optical heterogeneity, tissue opacity, and phototoxicity pose great challenges. Here, we propose a computational imaging framework, termed digital adaptive optics scanning light-field mutual iterative tomography (DAOSLIMIT), featuring high-speed, high-resolution 3D imaging, tiled wavefront correction, and low phototoxicity with a compact system. By tomographic imaging of the entire volume simultaneously, we obtained volumetric imaging across 225 × 225 × 16 μm3, with a resolution of up to 220 nm laterally and 400 nm axially, at the millisecond scale, over hundreds of thousands of time points. To establish the capabilities, we investigated large-scale cell migration and neural activities in different species and observed various subcellular dynamics in mammals during neutrophil migration and tumor cell circulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiamin Wu
- Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Institute for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Multi-dimension & Multi-scale Computational Photography (MMCP), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhi Lu
- Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Institute for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Multi-dimension & Multi-scale Computational Photography (MMCP), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Dong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuduo Guo
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hui Qiao
- Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Institute for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Multi-dimension & Multi-scale Computational Photography (MMCP), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Institute for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Multi-dimension & Multi-scale Computational Photography (MMCP), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tianyi Zhu
- Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Institute for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Multi-dimension & Multi-scale Computational Photography (MMCP), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yeyi Cai
- Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Institute for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Multi-dimension & Multi-scale Computational Photography (MMCP), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Institute of Collaborative Innovation, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Karl Zhanghao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hao Xie
- Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Institute for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Multi-dimension & Multi-scale Computational Photography (MMCP), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tao Yan
- Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Institute for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Multi-dimension & Multi-scale Computational Photography (MMCP), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Guoxun Zhang
- Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Institute for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Multi-dimension & Multi-scale Computational Photography (MMCP), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaoxu Li
- Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Institute for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Multi-dimension & Multi-scale Computational Photography (MMCP), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zheng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xing Lin
- Institute for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Multi-dimension & Multi-scale Computational Photography (MMCP), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lu Fang
- Institute for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bing Zhou
- Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-based Precision Medicine, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Peng Xi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jingtao Fan
- Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Institute for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Multi-dimension & Multi-scale Computational Photography (MMCP), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Li Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Qionghai Dai
- Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Institute for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Multi-dimension & Multi-scale Computational Photography (MMCP), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rennick JJ, Johnston APR, Parton RG. Key principles and methods for studying the endocytosis of biological and nanoparticle therapeutics. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 16:266-276. [PMID: 33712737 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-021-00858-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 518] [Impact Index Per Article: 172.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Endocytosis is a critical step in the process by which many therapeutic nanomedicines reach their intracellular targets. Our understanding of cellular uptake mechanisms has developed substantially in the past five years. However, these advances in cell biology have not fully translated to the nanoscience and therapeutics literature. Misconceptions surrounding the role of different endocytic pathways and how to study these pathways are hindering progress in developing improved nanoparticle therapies. Here, we summarize the latest insights into cellular uptake mechanisms and pathways. We highlight limitations of current systems to study endocytosis, particularly problems with non-specific inhibitors. We also summarize alternative genetic approaches to robustly probe these pathways and discuss the need to understand how cells endocytose particles in vivo. We hope that this critical assessment of the current methods used in studying nanoparticle uptake will guide future studies at the interface of cell biology and nanomedicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Rennick
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Angus P R Johnston
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Robert G Parton
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yadav SPS, Sandoval RM, Zhao J, Huang Y, Wang E, Kumar S, Campos-Bilderback SB, Rhodes G, Mechref Y, Molitoris BA, Wagner MC. Mechanism of how carbamylation reduces albumin binding to FcRn contributing to increased vascular clearance. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2021; 320:F114-F129. [PMID: 33283642 PMCID: PMC7847050 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00428.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease results in high serum urea concentrations leading to excessive protein carbamylation, primarily albumin. This is associated with increased cardiovascular disease and mortality. Multiple methods were used to address whether carbamylation alters albumin metabolism. Intravital two-photon imaging of the Munich Wistar Frömter (MWF) rat kidney and liver allowed us to characterize filtration and proximal tubule uptake and liver uptake. Microscale thermophoresis enabled quantification of cubilin (CUB7,8 domain) and FcRn binding. Finally, multiple biophysical methods including dynamic light scattering, small-angle X-ray scattering, LC-MS/MS and in silico analyses were used to identify the critical structural alterations and amino acid modifications of rat albumin. Carbamylation of albumin reduced binding to CUB7,8 and FcRn in a dose-dependent fashion. Carbamylation markedly increased vascular clearance of carbamylated rat serum albumin (cRSA) and altered distribution of cRSA in both the kidney and liver at 16 h post intravenous injection. By evaluating the time course of carbamylation and associated charge, size, shape, and binding parameters in combination with in silico analysis and mass spectrometry, the critical binding interaction impacting carbamylated albumin's reduced FcRn binding was identified as K524. Carbamylation of RSA had no effect on glomerular filtration or proximal tubule uptake. These data indicate urea-mediated time-dependent carbamylation of albumin lysine K524 resulted in reduced binding to CUB7,8 and FcRn that contribute to altered albumin transport, leading to increased vascular clearance and increased liver and endothelial tissue accumulation.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Chromatography, Liquid
- Disease Models, Animal
- Glomerular Filtration Rate
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/metabolism
- Kidney Tubules, Proximal/metabolism
- Kidney Tubules, Proximal/physiopathology
- Liver/metabolism
- Lysine
- Male
- Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton
- Protein Binding
- Protein Carbamylation
- Rats, Inbred Strains
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Receptors, Fc/metabolism
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/metabolism
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/pathology
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/physiopathology
- Scattering, Small Angle
- Serum Albumin/metabolism
- Tandem Mass Spectrometry
- Time Factors
- X-Ray Diffraction
- Rats
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiv Pratap S Yadav
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Ruben M Sandoval
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Jingfu Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas
| | - Yifan Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas
| | - Exing Wang
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Sudhanshu Kumar
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Silvia B Campos-Bilderback
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - George Rhodes
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Yehia Mechref
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas
| | - Bruce A Molitoris
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Mark C Wagner
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ju Y, Guo H, Edman M, Hamm-Alvarez SF. Application of advances in endocytosis and membrane trafficking to drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 157:118-141. [PMID: 32758615 PMCID: PMC7853512 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Multidisciplinary research efforts in the field of drug delivery have led to the development of a variety of drug delivery systems (DDS) designed for site-specific delivery of diagnostic and therapeutic agents. Since efficient uptake of drug carriers into target cells is central to effective drug delivery, a comprehensive understanding of the biological pathways for cellular internalization of DDS can facilitate the development of DDS capable of precise tissue targeting and enhanced therapeutic outcomes. Diverse methods have been applied to study the internalization mechanisms responsible for endocytotic uptake of extracellular materials, which are also the principal pathways exploited by many DDS. Chemical inhibitors remain the most commonly used method to explore endocytotic internalization mechanisms, although genetic methods are increasingly accessible and may constitute more specific approaches. This review highlights the molecular basis of internalization pathways most relevant to internalization of DDS, and the principal methods used to study each route. This review also showcases examples of DDS that are internalized by each route, and reviews the general effects of biophysical properties of DDS on the internalization efficiency. Finally, options for intracellular trafficking and targeting of internalized DDS are briefly reviewed, representing an additional opportunity for multi-level targeting to achieve further specificity and therapeutic efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Ju
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, USC School of Pharmacy, USA
| | - Hao Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, USC School of Pharmacy, USA
| | - Maria Edman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, USA
| | - Sarah F Hamm-Alvarez
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, USC School of Pharmacy, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ebrahim S, Weigert R. Intravital microscopy in mammalian multicellular organisms. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2019; 59:97-103. [PMID: 31125832 PMCID: PMC6726551 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2019.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Imaging subcellular processes in live animals is no longer a dream. The development of Intravital Subcellular Microscopy (ISMic) combined with the astounding repertoire of available mouse models makes it possible to investigate processes such as membrane trafficking in mammalian living tissues under native conditions. This has provided the unique opportunity to answer questions that cannot be otherwise addressed in reductionist model systems and to link cell biology to tissue pathophysiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seham Ebrahim
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 37 Convent Dr. Rm 2050B, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Roberto Weigert
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 37 Convent Dr. Rm 2050B, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ahn J, Cho CS, Cho SW, Kang JH, Kim SY, Min DH, Song JM, Park TE, Jeon NL. Investigation on vascular cytotoxicity and extravascular transport of cationic polymer nanoparticles using perfusable 3D microvessel model. Acta Biomater 2018; 76:154-163. [PMID: 29807185 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Vascular networks are the first sites exposed to cationic polymer nanoparticles (NPs) administered intravenously, and thus function as a barrier for NPs reaching the target organ. While cationic polymer NPs have been intensively studied as non-viral delivery systems, their biological effects in human microvessels have been poorly investigated due to a lack of appropriate in vitro systems. Here, we employed a three-dimensional microvessel on a chip, which accurately models in vivo conditions. An open and perfused microvessel surrounded by pericytes was shown to reproduce the important features of living vasculature, including barrier function and biomarkers. Using this microvessel chip, we observed contraction of the microvascular lumen induced by perfused polyethylenimine (PEI)/DNA NPs. We demonstrated that the oxidative stress present when microvessels were exposed to PEI NPs led to rearrangement of microtubules resulting in microvessel contraction. Furthermore, the transcytotic behavior of PEI NPs was analyzed in the microvessel by monitoring the escape of PEI NPs from the microvascular lumen into the perivascular region, which was not possible in two-dimensional culture systems. With our new understanding of the different behaviors of cationic polymer NPs depending on their transcytotic route, we suggest that caveolae-mediated transcytosis is a powerful route for efficient extravascular transport. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Microvascular networks are not only biological system constituting largest surface area in the body and but also first site exposed to nanoparticle in vivo. While cationic polymer NPs have been intensively studied as non-viral delivery systems, its biological effects in human microvessel have been poorly investigated due to lack of appropriate in vitro systems. Here, we microengineered an open and perfused 3D pericyte incorporated microvessel model which possesses same morphological characteristic of in vivo. Using the microengineered model, this study represents the first report of transcytotic behavior of NPs in 3D microvessel, and its effect on extravasation efficiency. Our study lays the groundwork for the integration of innovative technologies to examine blood vessel-nanoparticle interaction, which a critical but ill-defined phenomenon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jungho Ahn
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea; George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, North Ave NW, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Chong-Su Cho
- Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Seong Woo Cho
- Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44914, South Korea
| | - Joo H Kang
- Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44914, South Korea
| | - Sung-Yon Kim
- Department of Biophysics and Chemical Biology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dal-Hee Min
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Joon Myong Song
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Tae-Eun Park
- Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44914, South Korea.
| | - Noo Li Jeon
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Liang CC, Li CS, Weng IC, Chen HY, Lu HH, Huang CC, Liu FT. Galectin-9 Is Critical for Mucosal Adaptive Immunity through the T Helper 17-IgA Axis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2018; 188:1225-1235. [PMID: 29458010 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2018.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Impairment of the intestinal mucosal immunity significantly increases the risk of acute and chronic diseases. IgA plays a major role in humoral mucosal immunity to provide protection against pathogens and toxins in the gut. Here, we investigated the role of endogenous galectin-9, a tandem repeat-type β-galactoside-binding protein, in intestinal mucosal immunity. By mucosal immunization of Lgals9-/- and littermate control mice, it was found that lack of galectin-9 impaired mucosal antigen-specific IgA response in the gut. Moreover, Lgals9-/- mice were more susceptible to developing watery diarrhea and more prone to death in response to high-dose cholera toxin. The results indicate the importance of galectin-9 in modulating intestinal adaptive immunity. Furthermore, bone marrow chimera mice were established, and galectin-9 in hematopoietic cells was found to be critical for adaptive IgA response. In addition, immunized Lgals9-/- mice exhibited lower expression of Il17 and fewer T helper 17 (Th17) cells in the lamina propria, implying that the Th17-IgA axis is involved in this mechanism. Taken together, these findings suggest that galectin-9 plays a role in mucosal adaptive immunity through the Th17-IgA axis. By manipulating the expression or activity of galectin-9, intestinal mucosal immune response can be altered and may benefit the development of mucosal vaccination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chia Liang
- Ph.D. Program in Translational Medicine, China Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Shan Li
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Chun Weng
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Huan-Yuan Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Han Lu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Ching Huang
- Ph.D. Program in Translational Medicine, China Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Tong Liu
- Ph.D. Program in Translational Medicine, China Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taichung, Taiwan; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, California.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Miller MA, Weissleder R. Imaging the pharmacology of nanomaterials by intravital microscopy: Toward understanding their biological behavior. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 113:61-86. [PMID: 27266447 PMCID: PMC5136524 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic nanoparticles (NPs) can deliver cytotoxic chemotherapeutics and other drugs more safely and efficiently to patients; furthermore, selective delivery to target tissues can theoretically be accomplished actively through coating NPs with molecular ligands, and passively through exploiting physiological "enhanced permeability and retention" features. However, clinical trial results have been mixed in showing improved efficacy with drug nanoencapsulation, largely due to heterogeneous NP accumulation at target sites across patients. Thus, a clear need exists to better understand why many NP strategies fail in vivo and not result in significantly improved tumor uptake or therapeutic response. Multicolor in vivo confocal fluorescence imaging (intravital microscopy; IVM) enables integrated pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) measurement at the single-cell level, and has helped answer key questions regarding the biological mechanisms of in vivo NP behavior. This review summarizes progress to date and also describes useful technical strategies for successful IVM experimentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miles A Miller
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge St, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Ralph Weissleder
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge St, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wang Z. Imaging Nanotherapeutics in Inflamed Vasculature by Intravital Microscopy. Am J Cancer Res 2016; 6:2431-2438. [PMID: 27877245 PMCID: PMC5118605 DOI: 10.7150/thno.16307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is the application of light microscopy to real time study biology of live animal tissues in intact and physiological conditions with the high spatial and temporal resolution. Advances in imaging systems, genetic animal models and imaging probes, IVM has offered quantitative and dynamic insight into cell biology, immunology, neurobiology and cancer. In this review, we will focus on the targeting of nanotherapeutics to inflamed vasculature. We will introduce the basic concept and principle of IVM and demonstrate that IVM is a powerful tool used to quantitatively determine the molecular mechanisms of interactions between nanotherapeutics and neutrophils or endothelium in living mice. In the future, it is needed to develop new imaging systems and novel imaging contrast agents to better understand molecular mechanisms of tissue processing of nanotherapeutics in vivo.
Collapse
|
15
|
Shitara A, Weigert R. Imaging membrane remodeling during regulated exocytosis in live mice. Exp Cell Res 2015; 337:219-25. [PMID: 26160452 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In this mini-review we focus on the use of time-lapse light microscopy to study membrane remodeling during protein secretion in live animals. In particular, we highlight how subcellular intravital microscopy has enabled imaging the dynamics of both individual secretory vesicles and the plasma membrane, during different steps in the exocytic process. This powerful approach has provided us with the unique opportunity to unravel the role of the actin cytoskeleton in regulating this process under physiological conditions, and to overcome the shortcomings of more reductionist model systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Shitara
- Intracellular Membrane Trafficking Section, Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, 30 Convent Dr. 303A, Bethesda, MD 20892-4340, United States
| | - Roberto Weigert
- Intracellular Membrane Trafficking Section, Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, 30 Convent Dr. 303A, Bethesda, MD 20892-4340, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sramkova M, Parente L, Wigand T, Aye MP, Shitara A, Weigert R. Polyethylenimine-mediated expression of transgenes in the acinar cells of rats salivary glands in vivo. Front Cell Dev Biol 2015; 2:74. [PMID: 25621283 PMCID: PMC4288386 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2014.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Non viral-mediated transfection of plasmid DNA provides a fast and reliable way to express various transgenes in selected cell populations in live animals. Here, we show an improvement of a previously published method that is based on injecting plasmid DNA into the ductal system of the salivary glands in live rats. Specifically, using complexes between plasmid DNA and polyethyleneimine (PEI) we show that the expression of the transgenes is directed selectively to the salivary acinar cells. PEI does not affect the ability of cells to undergo regulated exocytosis, which was one of the main drawbacks of the previous methods. Moreover PEI does not affect the proper localization and targeting of transfected proteins, as shown for the apical plasma membrane water channel aquaporin 5 (AQP5). Overall, this approach, coupled with the use of intravital microscopy, permits to conduct localization and functional studies under physiological conditions, in a rapid, reliable, and affordable fashion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Sramkova
- Intracellular Membrane Trafficking Unit, Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Laura Parente
- Intracellular Membrane Trafficking Unit, Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Timothy Wigand
- Intracellular Membrane Trafficking Unit, Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Myo-Pale' Aye
- Intracellular Membrane Trafficking Unit, Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Akiko Shitara
- Intracellular Membrane Trafficking Unit, Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Roberto Weigert
- Intracellular Membrane Trafficking Unit, Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kerr M, Teasdale RD. Live imaging of endosome dynamics. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 31:11-9. [PMID: 24704360 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
When studying the living endosome one must first recognise that we are not studying a single discrete organelle but rather a highly dynamic interconnected network of membrane-bound compartments. Endocytosed molecules are sorted and transported through various polymorphic intracellular organelles that mature and interact with one another via fusion and fission events in a highly spatially and temporally co-ordinated manner. As such, we recognise that being a dynamic system, it must be studied in a dynamic fashion. Videomicroscopy has provided profound insights into the cell, and its use in the study of the living endosome has exemplified this supplying a unique perspective on this elusive organelle. In this review we will examine some of the seminal observations that this technology has contributed as well as survey the various assays, tools and technologies that can be applied to understanding the living endosome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Kerr
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Rohan D Teasdale
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Weigert R. Imaging the dynamics of endocytosis in live mammalian tissues. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2014; 6:a017012. [PMID: 24691962 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a017012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In mammalian cells, endocytosis plays a pivotal role in regulating several basic cellular functions. Up to now, the dynamics and the organization of the endocytic pathways have been primarily investigated in reductionist model systems such as cell and organ cultures. Although these experimental models have been fully successful in unraveling the endocytic machinery at a molecular level, our understanding of the regulation and the role of endocytosis in vivo has been limited. Recently, advancements in intravital microscopy have made it possible to extend imaging in live animals to subcellular structures, thus revealing new aspects of the molecular machineries regulating membrane trafficking that were not previously appreciated in vitro. Here, we focus on the use of intravital microscopy to study endocytosis in vivo, and discuss how this approach will allow addressing two fundamental questions: (1) how endocytic processes are organized in mammalian tissues, and (2) how they contribute to organ physiopathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Weigert
- Intracellular Membrane Trafficking Unit, Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4340
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Weigert R, Porat-Shliom N, Amornphimoltham P. Imaging cell biology in live animals: ready for prime time. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 201:969-79. [PMID: 23798727 PMCID: PMC3691462 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201212130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Time-lapse fluorescence microscopy is one of the main tools used to image subcellular structures in living cells. Yet for decades it has been applied primarily to in vitro model systems. Thanks to the most recent advancements in intravital microscopy, this approach has finally been extended to live rodents. This represents a major breakthrough that will provide unprecedented new opportunities to study mammalian cell biology in vivo and has already provided new insight in the fields of neurobiology, immunology, and cancer biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Weigert
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|