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Liang L, Wang S, Zhang X, Yan T, Pan X, Gao Y, Zhang X, Wang Q, Qu L. Multi-site enhancement of osteogenesis: peptide-functionalized GelMA hydrogels with three-dimensional cultures of human dental pulp stem cells. Regen Biomater 2024; 11:rbae090. [PMID: 39193556 PMCID: PMC11349188 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbae090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) have demonstrated greater proliferation and osteogenic differentiation potential in certain studies compared to other types of mesenchymal stem cells, making them a promising option for treating craniomaxillofacial bone defects. However, due to low extracting concentration and long amplifying cycles, their access is limited and utilization rates are low. To solve these issues, the principle of bone-forming peptide-1 (BFP1) in situ chemotaxis was utilized for the osteogenic differentiation of hDPSCs to achieve simultaneous and synergistic osteogenesis at multiple sites. BFP1-functionalized gelatin methacryloyl hydrogel provided a 3D culture microenvironment for stem cells. The experimental results showed that the 3D composite hydrogel scaffold constructed in this study increased the cell spread area by four times compared with the conventional GelMA scaffold. Furthermore, the problems of high stem cell dosage and low rate of utilization were alleviated by orchestrating the programmed proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of hDPSCs. In vivo, high-quality repair of critical bone defects was achieved using hDPSCs extracted from a single tooth, and multiple 'bone island'-like structures were successfully observed that rapidly induced robust bone regeneration. In conclusion, this study suggests that this kind of convenient, low-cost, island-like osteogenesis strategy involving a low dose of hDPSCs has great potential for repairing craniomaxillofacial critical-sized bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyi Liang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China
| | - Shuze Wang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China
| | - Xiyue Zhang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China
| | - Tao Yan
- Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine and Joint Surgery, The People's Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Xiyun Pan
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China
| | - Yuzhong Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121001, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China
| | - Liu Qu
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China
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Ferreira DB, Gasparoni LM, Bronzeri CF, Paiva KBS. RPLP0/TBP are the most stable reference genes for human dental pulp stem cells under osteogenic differentiation. World J Stem Cells 2024; 16:656-669. [PMID: 38948092 PMCID: PMC11212553 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v16.i6.656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Validation of the reference gene (RG) stability during experimental analyses is essential for correct quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) data normalisation. Commonly, in an unreliable way, several studies use genes involved in essential cellular functions [glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), 18S rRNA, and β-actin] without paying attention to whether they are suitable for such experimental conditions or the reason for choosing such genes. Furthermore, such studies use only one gene when Minimum Information for Publication of Quantitative Real-Time PCR Experiments guidelines recommend two or more genes. It impacts the credibility of these studies and causes distortions in the gene expression findings. For tissue engineering, the accuracy of gene expression drives the best experimental or therapeutical approaches. AIM To verify the most stable RG during osteogenic differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) by RT-qPCR. METHODS We cultivated DPSCs under two conditions: Undifferentiated and osteogenic differentiation, both for 35 d. We evaluated the gene expression of 10 candidates for RGs [ribosomal protein, large, P0 (RPLP0), TATA-binding protein (TBP), GAPDH, actin beta (ACTB), tubulin (TUB), aminolevulinic acid synthase 1 (ALAS1), tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein, zeta (YWHAZ), eukaryotic translational elongation factor 1 alpha (EF1a), succinate dehydrogenase complex, subunit A, flavoprotein (SDHA), and beta-2-microglobulin (B2M)] every 7 d (1, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 d) by RT-qPCR. The data were analysed by the four main algorithms, ΔCt method, geNorm, NormFinder, and BestKeeper and ranked by the RefFinder method. We subdivided the samples into eight subgroups. RESULTS All of the data sets from clonogenic and osteogenic samples were analysed using the RefFinder algorithm. The final ranking showed RPLP0/TBP as the two most stable RGs and TUB/B2M as the two least stable RGs. Either the ΔCt method or NormFinder analysis showed TBP/RPLP0 as the two most stable genes. However, geNorm analysis showed RPLP0/EF1α in the first place. These algorithms' two least stable RGs were B2M/GAPDH. For BestKeeper, ALAS1 was ranked as the most stable RG, and SDHA as the least stable RG. The pair RPLP0/TBP was detected in most subgroups as the most stable RGs, following the RefFinfer ranking. CONCLUSION For the first time, we show that RPLP0/TBP are the most stable RGs, whereas TUB/B2M are unstable RGs for long-term osteogenic differentiation of human DPSCs in traditional monolayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Ferreira
- Laboratory of Extracellular Matrix Biology and Cellular Interaction, Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leticia M Gasparoni
- Laboratory of Extracellular Matrix Biology and Cellular Interaction, Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristiane F Bronzeri
- Laboratory of Extracellular Matrix Biology and Cellular Interaction, Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Katiucia B S Paiva
- Laboratory of Extracellular Matrix Biology and Cellular Interaction, Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Ferreira DB, Gasparoni LM, Bronzeri CF, Paiva KBS. RPLP0/TBP are the most stable reference genes for human dental pulp stem cells under osteogenic differentiation. World J Stem Cells 2024; 16:655-668. [DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v16.i6.655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Validation of the reference gene (RG) stability during experimental analyses is essential for correct quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) data normalisation. Commonly, in an unreliable way, several studies use genes involved in essential cellular functions [glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), 18S rRNA, and β-actin] without paying attention to whether they are suitable for such experimental conditions or the reason for choosing such genes. Furthermore, such studies use only one gene when Minimum Information for Publication of Quantitative Real-Time PCR Experiments guidelines recommend two or more genes. It impacts the credibility of these studies and causes distortions in the gene expression findings. For tissue engineering, the accuracy of gene expression drives the best experimental or therapeutical approaches.
AIM To verify the most stable RG during osteogenic differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) by RT-qPCR.
METHODS We cultivated DPSCs under two conditions: Undifferentiated and osteogenic differentiation, both for 35 d. We evaluated the gene expression of 10 candidates for RGs [ribosomal protein, large, P0 (RPLP0), TATA-binding protein (TBP), GAPDH, actin beta (ACTB), tubulin (TUB), aminolevulinic acid synthase 1 (ALAS1), tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein, zeta (YWHAZ), eukaryotic translational elongation factor 1 alpha (EF1a), succinate dehydrogenase complex, subunit A, flavoprotein (SDHA), and beta-2-microglobulin (B2M)] every 7 d (1, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 d) by RT-qPCR. The data were analysed by the four main algorithms, ΔCt method, geNorm, NormFinder, and BestKeeper and ranked by the RefFinder method. We subdivided the samples into eight subgroups.
RESULTS All of the data sets from clonogenic and osteogenic samples were analysed using the RefFinder algorithm. The final ranking showed RPLP0/TBP as the two most stable RGs and TUB/B2M as the two least stable RGs. Either the ΔCt method or NormFinder analysis showed TBP/RPLP0 as the two most stable genes. However, geNorm analysis showed RPLP0/EF1α in the first place. These algorithms’ two least stable RGs were B2M/GAPDH. For BestKeeper, ALAS1 was ranked as the most stable RG, and SDHA as the least stable RG. The pair RPLP0/TBP was detected in most subgroups as the most stable RGs, following the RefFinfer ranking.
CONCLUSION For the first time, we show that RPLP0/TBP are the most stable RGs, whereas TUB/B2M are unstable RGs for long-term osteogenic differentiation of human DPSCs in traditional monolayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Ferreira
- Laboratory of Extracellular Matrix Biology and Cellular Interaction, Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leticia M Gasparoni
- Laboratory of Extracellular Matrix Biology and Cellular Interaction, Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristiane F Bronzeri
- Laboratory of Extracellular Matrix Biology and Cellular Interaction, Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Katiucia B S Paiva
- Laboratory of Extracellular Matrix Biology and Cellular Interaction, Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, São Paulo, Brazil
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Lv H, Xu J, Wang Y, Liu X, Chen S, Chen J, Zhai J, Zhou Y. Isolation, identification and osteogenic capability analysis of mesenchymal stem cells derived from different layers of human maxillary sinus membrane. J Clin Periodontol 2024; 51:754-765. [PMID: 38379293 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.13956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
AIM To discover the populations of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from different layers of human maxillary sinus membrane (hMSM) and evaluate their osteogenic capability. MATERIALS AND METHODS hMSM was isolated into a monolayer using the combined method of physical separation and enzymatic digestion. The localization of MSCs in hMSM was performed by immunohistological staining and other techniques. Lamina propria layer-derived MSCs (LMSCs) and periosteum layer-derived MSCs (PMSCs) from hMSM were expanded using the explant cell culture method and identified by multilineage differentiation assays, colony formation assay, flow cytometry and so on. The biological characteristics of LMSCs and PMSCs were compared using RNA sequencing, reverse transcription and quantitative polymerase chain reaction, immunofluorescence staining, transwell assay, western blotting and so forth. RESULTS LMSCs and PMSCs from hMSMs were both CD73-, CD90- and CD105-positive, and CD34-, CD45- and HLA-DR-negative. LMSCs and PMSCs were identified as CD171+/CD90+ and CD171-/CD90+, respectively. LMSCs displayed stronger proliferation capability than PMSCs, and PMSCs presented stronger osteogenic differentiation capability than LMSCs. Moreover, PMSCs could recruit and promote osteogenic differentiation of LMSCs. CONCLUSIONS This study identified and isolated two different types of MSCs from hMSMs. Both MSCs served as good potential candidates for bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixin Lv
- Department of Oral Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Oral Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yihan Wang
- Department of Oral Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiuyu Liu
- Department of Oral Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Sheng Chen
- Department of Oral Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jingxia Chen
- Department of Oral Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jingjie Zhai
- Department of Oral Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yanmin Zhou
- Department of Oral Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Zhidkov R, Panin A, Drobyshev A, Demura T, Avraamova S, Aleksandrov P, Kolesnikova A, Darawsheh H, Turkina A, Redko N, Skakunov Y, Karpova E, Brago A, Tsitsiashvili A, Vasil’ev Y. Morphological Evaluation and Immunohistochemical Analysis of the Reparative Potential of the Buccal Fat Pad. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2024; 60:567. [PMID: 38674213 PMCID: PMC11052332 DOI: 10.3390/medicina60040567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: There are many surgical techniques for oroantral communication treatment, one of which is the buccal fat pad. Of particular interest is the high reparative potential of the buccal fat pad, which may be contributed to by the presence of mesenchymal stem cells. The purpose of this work is to evaluate the reparative potential of BFP cells using morphological and immunohistochemical examination. Materials and Methods: 30 BFP samples were provided by the Clinic of Maxillofacial and Plastic Surgery of the Russian University of Medicine (Moscow, Russia) from 28 patients. Morphological examination of 30 BFP samples was performed at the Institute of Clinical Morphology and Digital Pathology of Sechenov University. Hematoxylin-eosin, Masson trichrome staining and immunohistochemical examination were performed to detect MSCs using primary antibodies CD133, CD44 and CD10. Results: During staining with hematoxylin-eosin and Masson's trichrome, we detected adipocytes of white adipose tissue united into lobules separated by connective tissue layers, a large number of vessels of different calibers, as well as the general capsule of BFP. The thin connective tissue layers contained neurovascular bundles. Statistical processing of the results of the IHC examination of the samples using the Mann-Whitney criterion revealed that the total number of samples in which the expression of CD44, CD10 and CD133 antigens was confirmed was statistically significantly higher than the number of samples where the expression was not detected (p < 0.05). Conclusions: During the morphological study of the BFP samples, we revealed statistically significant signs of MSCs presence (p < 0.05), including in the brown fat tissue, which proves the high reparative potential of this type of tissue and can make the BFP a choice option among other autogenous donor materials when eliminating OAC and other surgical interventions in the maxillofacial region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Zhidkov
- Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education «ROSUNIMED» of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (R.Z.); (A.P.); (A.D.); (A.T.)
| | - Andrew Panin
- Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education «ROSUNIMED» of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (R.Z.); (A.P.); (A.D.); (A.T.)
| | - Aleksei Drobyshev
- Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education «ROSUNIMED» of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (R.Z.); (A.P.); (A.D.); (A.T.)
| | - Tatiana Demura
- Institute of Clinical Morphology and Digital Pathology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (T.D.); (S.A.); (P.A.); (A.K.)
| | - Sofya Avraamova
- Institute of Clinical Morphology and Digital Pathology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (T.D.); (S.A.); (P.A.); (A.K.)
| | - Petr Aleksandrov
- Institute of Clinical Morphology and Digital Pathology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (T.D.); (S.A.); (P.A.); (A.K.)
| | - Anastasia Kolesnikova
- Institute of Clinical Morphology and Digital Pathology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (T.D.); (S.A.); (P.A.); (A.K.)
| | - Hadi Darawsheh
- N.V. Sklifosovskiy Institute of Clinical Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119435 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Anna Turkina
- E.V. Borovsky Institute of Dentistry, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119435 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Nicolai Redko
- Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education «ROSUNIMED» of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (R.Z.); (A.P.); (A.D.); (A.T.)
| | - Yaroslav Skakunov
- Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education «ROSUNIMED» of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (R.Z.); (A.P.); (A.D.); (A.T.)
| | - Elena Karpova
- Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Anzhela Brago
- Department of Propedeutics of Dental Diseases, Medical Institute, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia Named after Patrice Lumumba, 117198 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Aleksandr Tsitsiashvili
- Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education «ROSUNIMED» of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (R.Z.); (A.P.); (A.D.); (A.T.)
| | - Yuriy Vasil’ev
- N.V. Sklifosovskiy Institute of Clinical Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119435 Moscow, Russia;
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Ponnaiyan D, Rughwani RR, Shetty G, Mahendra J. The effect of adjunctive LASER application on periodontal ligament stem cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 11:1341628. [PMID: 38283989 PMCID: PMC10811063 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1341628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Periodontal regeneration involves the composite action of cell, scaffolds and signaling molecules. There are numerous autologous sources of regenerative cells which are present close to the vicinity of the periodontally debilitated site, the primary one being the periodontal ligament stem cell, which is believed to have a key role in regeneration. Various methods can be harnessed to optimize and enhance the regenerative potential of PDLSCs such as the application of LASERs. In the last few years there have been various studies which have evaluated the effect of different types of LASERs on PDLSCs and the present review summarizes the photo-biomodulative activity of LASERs in general and its beneficial role in the stimulation of PDLSC specifically.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jaideep Mahendra
- Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Nasiri K, Jahri M, Kolahdouz S, Soleimani M, Makiya A, Saini RS, Merza MS, Yasamineh S, Banakar M, Yazdanpanah MH. MicroRNAs Function in Dental Stem Cells as a Promising Biomarker and Therapeutic Target for Dental Diseases. Mol Diagn Ther 2023; 27:703-722. [PMID: 37773247 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-023-00675-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Undifferentiated, highly proliferative, clonogenic, and self-renewing dental stem cells have paved the way for novel approaches to mending cleft palates, rebuilding lost jawbone and periodontal tissue, and, most significantly, recreating lost teeth. New treatment techniques may be guided by a better understanding of these cells and their potential in terms of the specificity of the regenerative response. MicroRNAs have been recognized as an essential component in stem cell biology due to their role as epigenetic regulators of the processes that determine stem cell destiny. MicroRNAs have been proven to be crucial in a wide variety of molecular and biological processes, including apoptosis, cell proliferation, migration, and necrocytosis. MicroRNAs have been recognized to control protein translation, messenger RNA stability, and transcription and have been reported to play essential roles in dental stem cell biology, including the differentiation of dental stem cells, the immunological response, apoptosis, and the inflammation of the dental pulp. Because microRNAs increase dental stem cell differentiation, they may be used in regenerative medicine to either preserve the stem cell phenotype or to aid in the development of tooth tissue. The development of novel biomarkers and therapies for dental illnesses relies heavily on progress made in our knowledge of the roles played by microRNAs in regulating dental stem cells. In this article, we discuss how dental stem cells and their associated microRNAs may be used to cure dental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamyar Nasiri
- Department of Dentistry, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Jahri
- Dental Research Center, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti, Research Institute of Dental Sciences, University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Ali Makiya
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Dentistry, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ravinder S Saini
- COAMS, King Khalid University, Abha, 62529, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Muna S Merza
- Prosthetic Dental Techniques Department, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, 51001, Iraq
| | - Saman Yasamineh
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Morteza Banakar
- Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran.
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