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Baseline Data of the Fungal Phytobiome of Three Sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor) Cultivars in South Africa using Targeted Environmental Sequencing. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7110978. [PMID: 34829265 PMCID: PMC8622221 DOI: 10.3390/jof7110978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-associated fungi, or the mycobiome, inhabit plant surfaces above ground, reside in plant tissues as endophytes, or are rhizosphere in the narrow zone of soil surrounding plant roots. Studies have characterized mycobiomes of various plant species, but little is known about the sorghum mycobiome, especially in Africa, despite sorghum being one of the most important indigenous and commercial cereals in Africa. In this study, the mycobiome associated with above- and below-ground tissues of three commercial sorghum cultivars, as well as from rhizosphere and surrounding bulk soil samples, were sequenced using targeted sequencing with the Illumina MiSeq platform. Relative abundance differences between fungal communities were found between above-ground and below-ground niches, with most differences mostly in the dominant MOTUs, such as Davidiellaceae sp. (Cladosporium), Didymellaceae sp. 1 (Phoma), Fusarium, Cryptococcus and Mucor. Above-ground communities also appeared to be more diverse than below-ground communities, and plants harboured the most diversity. A considerable number of MOTUs were shared between the cultivars although, especially for NS5511, their abundances often differed. Several of the detected fungal groups include species that are plant pathogens of sorghum, such as Fusarium, and, at low levels, Alternaria and the Ustilaginomycetes. Findings from this study illustrate the usefulness of targeted sequencing of the ITS rDNA gene region (ITS2) to survey and monitor sorghum fungal communities and those from associated soils. This knowledge may provide tools for disease management and crop production and improvement.
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Shabana YM, Rashad YM, Ghoneem KM, Arafat NS, Aseel DG, Qi A, Richard B, Fitt BDL. Biodiversity of Pathogenic and Toxigenic Seed-Borne Mycoflora of Wheat in Egypt and Their Correlations with Weather Variables. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:1025. [PMID: 34681125 PMCID: PMC8533347 DOI: 10.3390/biology10101025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Surveillance investigations for pathogenic and toxigenic fungi are important to refine our understanding of their epidemiology and help in predicting their outbreaks. During 2019, 198 samples of wheat grains were collected from 25 wheat-growing governorates in Egypt to detect and identify seed-borne mycoflora in vitro. Forty-four fungal species belonging to 20 genera were identified. Molecular data for these fungi were analyzed to construct a phylogenetic tree. Occurrence and biodiversity indicators were calculated. Two prevalent pathogens (average incidence > 40%) were Alternaria alternata and Cladosporium spp. Ustilago tritici was present in only seven of the 25 governorates, and less abundant than Tilletia tritici, the causal agent of stinking smut. Sinai governorate recorded the greatest species diversity, while the greatest species richness was in Qena and Sohag governorates. Canonical correspondence analysis of data for 20 fungal genera with temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, wind speed or solar radiation revealed that relative humidity was the most influential weather variable. It showed that occurrence and distribution of the 20 genera corresponded well with three out of four Egyptian climatic regions: Mediterranean, semi-arid, and arid. Knowing pathogen occurrence and distribution in Egypt is the first step to developing future disease management strategies to limit yield losses and improve food security. Despite this study being conducted on the wheat-growing areas in Egypt, our findings are useful for other wheat-growing countries that share the same climatic conditions. The correlation between a given fungus and the climatic variables can be useful in other ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser M. Shabana
- Plant Pathology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt; (Y.M.S.); (N.S.A.)
| | - Younes M. Rashad
- Plant Protection and Biomolecular Diagnosis Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute (ALCRI), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg El-Arab 21934, Egypt;
| | - Khalid M. Ghoneem
- Department of Seed Pathology Research, Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza 12112, Egypt;
| | - Nehal S. Arafat
- Plant Pathology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt; (Y.M.S.); (N.S.A.)
| | - Dalia G. Aseel
- Plant Protection and Biomolecular Diagnosis Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute (ALCRI), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg El-Arab 21934, Egypt;
| | - Aiming Qi
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK; (A.Q.); (B.R.); (B.D.L.F.)
| | - Benjamin Richard
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK; (A.Q.); (B.R.); (B.D.L.F.)
| | - Bruce D. L. Fitt
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK; (A.Q.); (B.R.); (B.D.L.F.)
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Bouajila A, Lamine M, Rahali F, Melki I, Prakash G, Ghorbel A. Pearl millet populations characterized by Fusarium prevalence, morphological traits, phenolic content, and antioxidant potential. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2020; 100:4172-4181. [PMID: 32356564 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) has become increasingly attractive due to its health benefits. It is grown as food for human consumption and fodder for livestock in Africa and Asia. This study focused on five pearl millet populations from different agro-ecological zones from Tunisia, and on characterization by morphological traits, total phenolic and flavonoid content, antioxidant activity, and occurrence of Fusarium. RESULTS Analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences between populations for the quantitative traits. The highest grain weights occurred in the pearl millet cultivated in Zaafrana and Gergis of Tunisia. Early flowering and early maturing populations cultivated in the center (Zaafrana, Rejiche) and south (Gergis) of Tunisia tended to have a higher grain yield. The Zaafrana population showed the highest value of green fodder potentiel (number and weight of leaves/cultivar and the weight of tillers and total plant/cultivar) followed by Gergis and Rejiche. The Kelibia population showed the highest total phenolic and flavonoid content. Rejiche exhibited the greatest antioxidant activity. Trans-cinnamic, protocatechuic, and hydroxybenzoic acids were the major phenolic compounds in all the extracts. Three Fusarium species were identified in Tunisian pearl millet populations based on morphologic and molecular characterization. Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium culmorum occurred most frequently. The average incidence of the three Fusarium species was relatively low (<5%) in all populations. The lowest infection rate (0.1%) was recorded in the samples from Zaafrana. CONCLUSION Chemometric analysis confirmed the usefulness of the above traits for discrimination of pearl millet populations, where a considerable variation according to geographical origin and bioclimatic conditions was observed. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Bouajila
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre de Biotechnologie de Borj-Cédria, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
| | - Myriam Lamine
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre de Biotechnologie de Borj-Cédria, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
| | - FatmaZahra Rahali
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre de Biotechnologie de Borj-Cédria, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
| | - Imen Melki
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre de Biotechnologie de Borj-Cédria, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
| | - Gangashetty Prakash
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi- Arid Tropics, Niamey, Niger
| | - Abdelwahed Ghorbel
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre de Biotechnologie de Borj-Cédria, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
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Ezekiel CN, Kraak B, Sandoval-Denis M, Sulyok M, Oyedele OA, Ayeni KI, Makinde OM, Akinyemi OM, Krska R, Crous PW, Houbraken J. Diversity and toxigenicity of fungi and description of Fusarium madaense sp. nov. from cereals, legumes and soils in north-central Nigeria. MycoKeys 2020; 67:95-124. [PMID: 32565683 PMCID: PMC7295817 DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.67.52716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycological investigation of various foods (mainly cowpea, groundnut, maize, rice, sorghum) and agricultural soils from two states in north-central Nigeria (Nasarawa and Niger), was conducted in order to understand the role of filamentous fungi in food contamination and public health. A total of 839 fungal isolates were recovered from 84% of the 250 food and all 30 soil samples. Preliminary identifications were made, based on macro- and micromorphological characters. Representative strains (n = 121) were studied in detail using morphology and DNA sequencing, involving genera/species-specific markers, while extrolite profiles using LC-MS/MS were obtained for a selection of strains. The representative strains grouped in seven genera (Aspergillus, Fusarium, Macrophomina, Meyerozyma, Neocosmospora, Neotestudina and Phoma). Amongst the 21 species that were isolated during this study was one novel species belonging to the Fusariumfujikuroi species complex, F.madaensesp. nov., obtained from groundnut and sorghum in Nasarawa state. The examined strains produced diverse extrolites, including several uncommon compounds: averantinmethylether in A.aflatoxiformans; aspergillimide in A.flavus; heptelidic acid in A.austwickii; desoxypaxillin, kotanin A and paspalitrems (A and B) in A.aflatoxiformans, A.austwickii and A.cerealis; aurasperon C, dimethylsulochrin, fellutanine A, methylorsellinic acid, nigragillin and pyrophen in A.brunneoviolaceus; cyclosporins (A, B, C and H) in A.niger; methylorsellinic acid, pyrophen and secalonic acid in A.piperis; aspulvinone E, fonsecin, kojic acid, kotanin A, malformin C, pyranonigrin and pyrophen in A.vadensis; and all compounds in F.madaense sp. nov., Meyerozyma, Neocosmospora and Neotestudina. This study provides snapshot data for prediction of food contamination and fungal biodiversity exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chibundu N Ezekiel
- Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria Babcock University Ilishan Remo Nigeria.,Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenzstr. 20, A-3430 Tulln, Austria University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna Tulln Austria
| | - Bart Kraak
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute Utrecht Netherlands
| | - Marcelo Sandoval-Denis
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute Utrecht Netherlands
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenzstr. 20, A-3430 Tulln, Austria University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna Tulln Austria
| | - Oluwawapelumi A Oyedele
- Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria Babcock University Ilishan Remo Nigeria
| | - Kolawole I Ayeni
- Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria Babcock University Ilishan Remo Nigeria
| | - Oluwadamilola M Makinde
- Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria Babcock University Ilishan Remo Nigeria
| | - Oluwatosin M Akinyemi
- Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria Babcock University Ilishan Remo Nigeria
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenzstr. 20, A-3430 Tulln, Austria University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna Tulln Austria.,Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, University Road, Belfast, BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK Queen's University Belfast Belfast United Kingdom
| | - Pedro W Crous
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute Utrecht Netherlands
| | - Jos Houbraken
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute Utrecht Netherlands
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Naeem M, Li H, Yan L, Raza MA, Gong G, Chen H, Yang C, Zhang M, Shang J, Liu T, Chen W, Fahim Abbas M, Irshad G, Ibrahim Khaskheli M, Yang W, Chang X. Characterization and Pathogenicity of Fusarium Species Associated with Soybean Pods in Maize/Soybean Strip Intercropping. Pathogens 2019; 8:E245. [PMID: 31752369 PMCID: PMC6963259 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Intercropping has been considered as a kind of a sustainable agricultural cropping system. In southwest China, maize/soybean strip intercropping has commonly been practised under local limited agricultural land resources. However, heavy rainfall in combination with high humidity and low temperatures cause severe pod and seed deterioration in the maturity and pre-harvesting stages of intercropped soybean. Numerous Fusarium species have been reported as the dominant pathogens of soybean root rot, seedling blight, as well as pod field mold in this area. However, the diversity and pathogenicity of Fusarium species on soybean pods remain unclear. In the current study, diseased soybean pods were collected during the cropping season of 2018 from five different intercropped soybean producing areas. A total of 83 Fusarium isolates were isolated and identified as F. fujikuroi, F. graminearum, F. proliferatum, and F. incarnatum-equiseti species complex based on morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of the nucleotide sequence of EF1-α and RPB2 genes. Pathogenicity tests demonstrated that all Fusarium species were pathogenic to seeds of the intercropped soybean cultivar Nandou12. Fusarium fujikuroi had the maximum disease severity, with a significant reduction of seed germination rate, root length, and seed weight, followed by F. equiseti, F. graminearum, F. proliferatum, and F. incarnatum. Additionally, the diversity of Fusarium species on soybean pods was also considerably distinct according to the geographical origin and soybean varieties. Thus, the findings of the current study will be helpful for the management and resistance breeding of soybean pod decay in the maize/soybean intercropping system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammd Naeem
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (M.N.); (H.L.); (L.Y.); (M.A.R.); (G.G.); (H.C.); (C.Y.); (M.Z.); (J.S.); (W.Y.)
| | - Hongju Li
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (M.N.); (H.L.); (L.Y.); (M.A.R.); (G.G.); (H.C.); (C.Y.); (M.Z.); (J.S.); (W.Y.)
| | - Li Yan
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (M.N.); (H.L.); (L.Y.); (M.A.R.); (G.G.); (H.C.); (C.Y.); (M.Z.); (J.S.); (W.Y.)
| | - Muhammad Ali Raza
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (M.N.); (H.L.); (L.Y.); (M.A.R.); (G.G.); (H.C.); (C.Y.); (M.Z.); (J.S.); (W.Y.)
| | - Guoshu Gong
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (M.N.); (H.L.); (L.Y.); (M.A.R.); (G.G.); (H.C.); (C.Y.); (M.Z.); (J.S.); (W.Y.)
| | - Huabao Chen
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (M.N.); (H.L.); (L.Y.); (M.A.R.); (G.G.); (H.C.); (C.Y.); (M.Z.); (J.S.); (W.Y.)
| | - Chunping Yang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (M.N.); (H.L.); (L.Y.); (M.A.R.); (G.G.); (H.C.); (C.Y.); (M.Z.); (J.S.); (W.Y.)
| | - Min Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (M.N.); (H.L.); (L.Y.); (M.A.R.); (G.G.); (H.C.); (C.Y.); (M.Z.); (J.S.); (W.Y.)
| | - Jing Shang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (M.N.); (H.L.); (L.Y.); (M.A.R.); (G.G.); (H.C.); (C.Y.); (M.Z.); (J.S.); (W.Y.)
| | - Taiguo Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (T.L.); (W.C.)
| | - Wanquan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (T.L.); (W.C.)
| | - Muhammad Fahim Abbas
- Department of Plant Pathology, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan; (M.F.A.); (G.I.)
| | - Gulshan Irshad
- Department of Plant Pathology, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan; (M.F.A.); (G.I.)
| | - Muhammad Ibrahim Khaskheli
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Crop Protection, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam 70060, Pakistan;
| | - Wenyu Yang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (M.N.); (H.L.); (L.Y.); (M.A.R.); (G.G.); (H.C.); (C.Y.); (M.Z.); (J.S.); (W.Y.)
| | - Xiaoli Chang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (M.N.); (H.L.); (L.Y.); (M.A.R.); (G.G.); (H.C.); (C.Y.); (M.Z.); (J.S.); (W.Y.)
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (T.L.); (W.C.)
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