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Mpofu TJ, Nephawe KA, Mtileni B. Prevalence and resistance to gastrointestinal parasites in goats: A review. Vet World 2022; 15:2442-2452. [DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.2442-2452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal parasitism, particularly nematode infection, is a major health issue affecting goats worldwide, resulting in clinical diseases and productivity loss. Prevalent gastrointestinal parasites (GIPs) affecting goats in South Africa are the Strongyloides papillosus, Eimeria spp., and Strongyles, especially the Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. According to the issues discussed in this paper and by other authors, the prevalence and intensity of various GIPs vary with an animal's location, breed, age, sex, and season. Because GIPs easily develop resistance to chemical treatment, selecting and breeding genetically GIP-resistant animals would be a relatively simple and inexpensive strategy for reducing or eliminating the current reliance on chemotherapy. Potential phenotypic indicators for selecting GIP-resistant goats include parasitological, immunological, and pathological phenotypic markers. Synergistic use of these indicators should be encouraged for a more accurate simplified genotype selection of resistant animals. Genes with Mendelian inheritance, particularly those involved in immunoregulatory mechanisms, have been identified in goats. Exploring this knowledge base to develop cost-effective molecular tools that facilitate enhanced genetic improvement programs is a current challenge. Future statistical and biological models should investigate genetic variations within genomic regions and different candidate genes involved in immunoregulatory mechanisms, as well as the identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms known to affect GIP infection levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takalani Judas Mpofu
- Department of Animal Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Khathutshelo Agree Nephawe
- Department of Animal Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Bohani Mtileni
- Department of Animal Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
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Bartens MC, Gibson AJ, Etherington GJ, Di Palma F, Holder A, Werling D, Willcocks S. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the Bovine TLR2 Extracellular Domain Contribute to Breed and Species-Specific Innate Immune Functionality. Front Immunol 2022; 12:764390. [PMID: 35003078 PMCID: PMC8732954 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.764390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that several cattle breeds may be more resistant to infection with the zoonotic pathogen Mycobacterium bovis. Our data presented here suggests that the response to mycobacterial antigens varies in macrophages generated from Brown Swiss (BS) and Holstein Friesian (HF) cattle, two breeds belonging to the Bos taurus family. Whole genome sequencing of the Brown Swiss genome identified several potential candidate genes, in particular Toll-like Receptor-2 (TLR2), a pattern recognition receptor (PRR) that has previously been described to be involved in mycobacterial recognition. Further investigation revealed single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in TLR2 that were identified between DNA isolated from cells of BS and HF cows. Interestingly, one specific SNP, H326Q, showed a different genotype frequency in two cattle subspecies, Bos (B.) taurus and Bos indicus. Cloning of the TLR2 gene and subsequent gene-reporter and chemokine assays revealed that this SNP, present in BS and Bos indicus breeds, resulted in a significantly higher response to mycobacterial antigens as well as tri-acylated lipopeptide ligands in general. Comparing wild-type and H326Q containing TLR2 responses, wild-type bovine TLR2 response showed clear, diminished mycobacterial antigen responses compared to human TLR2, however bovine TLR2 responses containing H326Q were found to be partially recovered compared to human TLR2. The creation of human:bovine TLR2 chimeras increased the response to mycobacterial antigens compared to the full-length bovine TLR2, but significantly reduced the response compared to the full-length human TLR2. Thus, our data, not only present evidence that TLR2 is a major PRR in the mammalian species-specific response to mycobacterial antigens, but furthermore, that there are clear differences between the response seen in different cattle breeds, which may contribute to their enhanced or reduced susceptibility to mycobacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Christine Bartens
- Molecular Immunology Group, Centre for Vaccinology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pathobiology and Population Science, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom.,Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda J Gibson
- Molecular Immunology Group, Centre for Vaccinology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pathobiology and Population Science, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | | | - Federica Di Palma
- Genome British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Angela Holder
- Molecular Immunology Group, Centre for Vaccinology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pathobiology and Population Science, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Dirk Werling
- Molecular Immunology Group, Centre for Vaccinology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pathobiology and Population Science, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Sam Willcocks
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Batool K, Wajid A, Ain Q, Shahid S, Namat T, Batool A, Hussain T, Babar ME. Sequence-Based Structural and Evolution of Polymorphisms in Bovine Toll-Like Receptor2 Gene in Dhanni and Jersey Cattle Breeds. Genetic polymorphisms in bovine TLR2. RUSS J GENET+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795420120030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Genetic diversity of TLR3 and TLR8 genes among five Chinese native cattle breeds from southwest China. Livest Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2019.103895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Association of TLR gene variants in a Czech Red Pied cattle population with reproductive traits. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2019; 220:109997. [PMID: 31901560 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.109997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The bovine genes TLR1, TLR2 and TLR6, which encode Toll-like receptors, key components of the innate immune system, were screened for polymorphisms in Czech Red Pied (Czech Simmental) cattle, and the different variants present in the population were tested for association with reproductive and fitness traits. Diversity was investigated in a group of 164 bulls using hybrid resequencing of pooled amplicons with PacBio technology and of pooled genomic DNA using HiSeq X-Ten technology. The validated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped in individual animals using the primer extension technique. The association of genotypic classes of 16 polymorphisms with six phenotypic traits were estimated with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and with restricted maximum likelihood (REML) algorithm. The evaluated traits included the incidence of cystic ovaries, index of early reproductive disorders, paternal and maternal indicators of calving ease, production longevity and calf vitality index. The estimated breeding values were used for combined trait quantification. Early traits, namely, cystic ovaries and early reproductive disorders, were not associated with any of the tested polymorphisms according to the general ANOVA test. By contrast, five variants of all three genes were associated with calving ease, both paternal and maternal. The production longevity correlated with two variants of TLR1 and the calf vitality index correlated with the 1044 T > C (rs68268249) polymorphism in TLR2. The false discovery rate (FDR) according to Benjamini-Hochberg was favourable for the calving ease trait (0.221) and maternal calving ease (0.214), which allows to consider the observed associations real, regardless of the error arising from the multiple comparisons. These results were supported by REML only partially, probably in view of the additivity assumption. Two mechanisms of action on calving are conceivable, either via infection resistance or via the involvement of TLR2 in signalling in the myometrium. The known formation of heterodimers by the TLR1, -2 and -6 products might be responsible for the shared pattern of action in these genes. The association of the calf vitality index with TLR2 variation might reflect the increased role of infections in calves compared to adult animals.
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Abstract
Vaccination is a critical tool in modern animal production and key to maintaining animal health. Adjuvants affect the immune response by increasing the rate, quantity, or quality of the protective response generated by the target antigens. Although adjuvant technology dates back to the nineteenth century, there was relatively little improvement in adjuvant technology before the late twentieth century. With the discovery of molecular pathways that regulate the timing, quantity, and quality of the immune response, new technologies are focused on bringing safer, more effective, and inexpensive adjuvants to commercial use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan J Young
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Box 2175, ARW168F, Brookings, SD 57006, USA.
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Chen Y, Zeng B, Shi P, Xiao H, Chen S. Comparative Analysis of the Liver and Spleen Transcriptomes between Holstein and Yunnan Humped Cattle. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9080527. [PMID: 31387199 PMCID: PMC6720278 DOI: 10.3390/ani9080527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cattle are important agricultural animals that provide essential sources of meat, milk, fertilizer for crops, clothing, and animal traction for human use, and the demand for these products has increased in recent years. There are existing differences in disease resistance between different cattle breeds. However, the genetic basis underlying disease resistance differences is poorly understood and requires further investigation. In this study, many immune- and disease-relevant genes and pathways were identified between Holstein and Yunnan humped cattle using RNA-sequencing. The novel findings regarding the genetic basis underlying disease resistance differences between zebu cattle and taurine cattle will provide a scientific basis and key technical support for disease-resistant breeding of domestic cattle, and thus have important social and economic significance. Abstract Previous studies have shown that Yunnan humped cattle have higher disease resistance than pure taurine cattle, such as Holsteins. However, there exists limited information about the molecular genetic basis underlying disease resistance differences between them. The objective of this study was to compare differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the liver and spleen tissues of Holstein and Yunnan humped cattle through comparative transcriptome analysis, using RNA-sequencing. In total, 1564 (647 up- and 917 down-regulated genes) and 1530 (716 up- and 814 down-regulated genes) DEGs were obtained in the liver and spleen tissues of Holstein and Yunnan humped cattle comparison groups, respectively. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis showed that the DEGs were mainly associated with the RIG-I signaling pathway, immune responses, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I protein complex and complement activation, human T-cell lymphotropic virus type-I (HTLV-I) infection. Some genes related to immune function, such as C1QB, CD55, MASP2, C4BPA, MAVS, NOD2, and CD46, were up-regulated in Yunnan humped cattle, while C2, SERPING1, SERPINE1, TIRAP, TLR2, and TLR6 were down-regulated. The expression levels of 11 selected DEGs, analyzed by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), were consistent with the deep sequencing results by RNA-sequencing. Our results will provide a scientific basis and key technical support for disease-resistant breeding of domestic cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Chen
- Kunming Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650203, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China
| | - Benjuan Zeng
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Peng Shi
- Kunming Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650203, China.
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.
| | - Heng Xiao
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Shanyuan Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China.
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Life Sciences Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China.
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Novák K, Bjelka M, Samake K, Valčíková T. Potential of TLR-gene diversity in Czech indigenous cattle for resistance breeding as revealed by hybrid sequencing. Arch Anim Breed 2019; 62:477-490. [PMID: 31807659 PMCID: PMC6853138 DOI: 10.5194/aab-62-477-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A production herd of Czech Simmental cattle (Czech Red Pied, CRP), the conserved subpopulation of this breed, and the ancient local breed Czech Red cattle (CR) were screened for diversity in the antibacterial toll-like receptors (TLRs), which are members of the innate immune system. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplicons of TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR5, and TLR6 from pooled DNA samples were sequenced with PacBio technology, with 3- 5 × coverage per gene per animal. To increase the reliability of variant detection, the gDNA pools were sequenced in parallel with the Illumina X-ten platform at low coverage ( 60 × per gene). The diversity in conserved CRP and CR was similar to the diversity in conserved and modern CRP, representing 76.4 % and 70.9 % of its variants, respectively. Sixty-eight (54.4 %) polymorphisms in the five TLR genes were shared by the two breeds, whereas 38 (30.4 %) were specific to the production herd of CRP; 4 (3.2 %) were specific to the broad CRP population; 7 (5.6 %) were present in both conserved populations; 5 (4.0 %) were present solely for the conserved CRP; and 3 (2.4 %) were restricted to CR. Consequently, gene pool erosion related to intensive breeding did not occur in Czech Simmental cattle. Similarly, no considerable consequences were found from known bottlenecks in the history of Czech Red cattle. On the other hand, the distinctness of the conserved populations and their potential for resistance breeding were only moderate. This relationship might be transferable to other non-abundant historical cattle breeds that are conserved as genetic resources. The estimates of polymorphism impact using Variant Effect Predictor and SIFT software tools allowed for the identification of candidate single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for association studies related to infection resistance and targeted breeding. Knowledge of TLR-gene diversity present in Czech Simmental populations may aid in the potential transfer of variant characteristics from other breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel Novák
- Department of Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science, Prague - Uhříněves, 104 00, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Bjelka
- Breeding company CHD Impuls, Bohdalec, 592 55, Czech Republic
| | - Kalifa Samake
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Charles University, Prague, 128 43, Czech Republic
| | - Terezie Valčíková
- Department of Genetics and Breeding, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague - Suchdol, Prague, 165 06, Czech Republic
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