Usefulness of BATF3 Immunohistochemistry in Diagnosing Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma

Concise review: The heterogenous roles of BATF3 in cancer oncogenesis and dendritic cells and T cells differentiation and function considering the importance of BATF3-dependent dendritic cells

The transcription factor, known as basic leucine zipper ATF-like 3 (BATF3), is a crucial contributor to the development of conventional type 1 dendritic cells (cDC1), which is definitely required for priming CD8 + T cell-mediated immunity against intracellular pathogens and malignancies. In this respect, BATF3-dependent cDC1 can bring about immunological tolerance, an autoimmune response, graft immunity, and defense against infectious agents such as viruses, microbes, parasites, and fungi. Moreover, the important function of cDC1 in stimulating CD8 + T cells creates an excellent opportunity to develop a highly effective target for vaccination against intracellular pathogens and diseases. BATF3 has been clarified to control the development of CD8α+ and CD103+ DCs. The presence of BATF3-dependent cDC1 in the tumor microenvironment (TME) reinforces immunosurveillance and improves immunotherapy approaches, which can be beneficial for cancer immunotherapy. Additionally, BATF3 acts as a transcriptional inhibitor of Treg development by decreasing the expression of the transcription factor FOXP3. However, when overexpressed in CD8 + T cells, it can enhance their survival and facilitate their transition to a memory state. BATF3 induces Th9 cell differentiation by binding to the IL-9 promoter through a BATF3/IRF4 complex. One of the latest research findings is the oncogenic function of BATF3, which has been approved and illustrated in several biological processes of proliferation and invasion.

siRNA-mediated downregulation of BATF3 diminished proliferation and induced apoptosis through downregulating c-Myc expression in chronic myelogenous leukemia cells

OBJECTIVE

Despite considerable improvement in therapeutic approaches to chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) treatment, this malignancy is considered incurable due to resistance. However, investigating the molecular mechanism of CML may give rise to the development of extremely efficient targeted therapies that improve the prognosis of patients. Basic leucine zipper transcription factor ATF-like3 (BATF3), as transcription factor, is considered a key regulator of cellular activities and its function has been evaluated in tumor development and growth in several cancer types. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of the cellular impact of siRNA-mediated downregulation of BATF3 on CML cancer cells through cell proliferation, induction of apoptosis, and cell cycle distribution.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The transfection of BATF3 siRNA to K562 CML cells was performed by electroporation device. To measure cellular viability and apoptosis, MTT assay and Annexin V/PI staining were carried out, respectively. Also, cell cycle assay and flow cytometry instrument were applied to assess cell cycle distribution of K562 cells. For more validation, mRNA expression of correlated genes was relatively evaluated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR).

RESULTS

The data indicated that siRNA-mediated BATF3 inactivating severely promoted the cell apoptosis. Also, the targeted therapy led to high expression of Caspase-3 gene and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. Silenced BATF3 also induced cell cycle arrest in phase sub-G1 compared to control. Finally, a noticeable decrement was obtained in c-Myc gene expression through suppression of BATF3 in CML cells.

CONCLUSION

The findings of this research illustrated the suppression of BATF3 as an effective targeted therapy strategy for CML.

Why Has Metabolomics So Far Not Managed to Efficiently Contribute to the Improvement of Assisted Reproduction Outcomes? The Answer through a Review of the Best Available Current Evidence

Metabolomics emerged to give clinicians the necessary information on the competence, in terms of physiology and function, of gametes, embryos, and the endometrium towards a targeted infertility treatment, namely, assisted reproduction techniques (ART). Our minireview aims to investigate the current status of the use of metabolomics in assisted reproduction, the potential flaws in its use, and to propose specific solutions towards the improvement of ART outcomes through the use of the intervention. We used published reports assessing the role of metabolomic investigation of the endometrium, oocytes, and embryos in improving clinical outcomes in women undergoing ART. We initially found that there is no evidence to support that fertility outcomes can be improved through metabolomics profiling. In contrast, it may be helpful for understanding and appraising the nutritional environment of oocytes and embryos. The causes include the different infertility populations, the difference between animals and humans, technical limitations, and the great heterogeneity in the variables employed. Suggested steps include the standardization of variables of the method itself, the universal creation of a panel where all biomarkers are stored concerning specific infertile populations with different phenotypes or etiologies, specific bioinformatics contribution, significant computing power for data processing, and importantly, properly conducted trials.