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Landi G, Granata V, Germano R, Pagano S, Barone C. Low-Power and Eco-Friendly Temperature Sensor Based on Gelatin Nanocomposite. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12132227. [PMID: 35808063 PMCID: PMC9268468 DOI: 10.3390/nano12132227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An environmentally-friendly temperature sensor has been fabricated by using a low-cost water-processable nanocomposite material based on gelatin and graphene. The temperature dependence of the electrochemical properties has been investigated by using cyclic voltammetry, chronopotentiometry and impedance spectroscopy measurements. The simple symmetric device, composed of a sandwich structure between two metal foils and a printable graphene–gelatin blend, exhibits a dependence on the open-circuit voltage in a range between 260 and 310 K. Additionally, at subzero temperature, the device is able to detect the ice/frost formation. The thermally-induced phenomena occur at the electrode/gel interface with a bias current of a few tens of μA. The occurrence of dissociation reactions within the sensor causes limiting-current phenomena in the gelatin electrolyte. A detailed model describing the charge carrier accumulation, the faradaic charge transfer and diffusion processes within the device under the current-controlled has been proposed. In order to increase the cycle stability of the temperature sensor and reduce its voltage drift and offset of the output electrical signal, a driving circuit has been designed. The eco-friendly sensor shows a temperature sensitivity of about −19 mV/K, long-term stability, fast response and low-power consumption in the range of microwatts suitable for environmental monitoring for indoor applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Landi
- ENEA, Casaccia Research Center, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (G.L.); (C.B.)
| | - Veronica Granata
- Dipartimento di Fisica “E.R. Caianiello”, Università degli Studi di Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (V.G.); (S.P.)
- INFN Gruppo Collegato di Salerno, c/o Università degli Studi di Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Roberto Germano
- PROMETE Srl, CNR Spin off, P.le V. Tecchio, 45, 80125 Naples, Italy;
| | - Sergio Pagano
- Dipartimento di Fisica “E.R. Caianiello”, Università degli Studi di Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (V.G.); (S.P.)
- INFN Gruppo Collegato di Salerno, c/o Università degli Studi di Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
- CNR-SPIN, c/o Università degli Studi di Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Carlo Barone
- Dipartimento di Fisica “E.R. Caianiello”, Università degli Studi di Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (V.G.); (S.P.)
- INFN Gruppo Collegato di Salerno, c/o Università degli Studi di Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
- CNR-SPIN, c/o Università degli Studi di Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
- Correspondence: (G.L.); (C.B.)
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Abstract
Solution–processed organic solar cells (OSC) have been explored widely due to their low cost and convenience, and impressive power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) which have surpassed 18%. In particular, the optimization of film morphology, including the phase separation structure and crystallinity degree of donor and acceptor domains, is crucially important to the improvement in PCE. Considering that the film morphology optimization of many blends can be achieved by regulating the film–forming process, it is necessary to take note of the employment of solvents and additives used during film processing, as well as the film–forming conditions. Herein, we summarize the recent investigations about thin films and expect to give some guidance for its prospective progress. The different film morphologies are discussed in detail to reveal the relationship between the morphology and device performance. Then, the principle of morphology regulating is concluded with. Finally, a future controlling of the film morphology and development is briefly outlined, which may provide some guidance for further optimizing the device performance.
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Di Trolio A, Amore Bonapasta A, Barone C, Leo A, Carapella G, Pagano S, Polimeni A, Testa AM. Transport mechanisms in Co-doped ZnO (ZCO) and H-irradiated ZCO polycrystalline thin films. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:2368-2376. [PMID: 33449979 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp06401g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the electrical resistivity (ρ) as a function of the temperature (T) has been measured in polycrystalline ZnO, Co-doped ZnO (ZCO) and H irradiated ZCO (HZCO) samples, in the 300-20 K range. The achieved results show impressive effects of Co doping and H irradiation on the ZnO transport properties. The Co dopant increases the ZnO resistivity at high T (HT), whereas it has an opposite effect at low T (LT). H balances the Co effects by neutralizing the ρ increase at HT and strengthening its decrease at LT. A careful analysis of the ρ data permits to identify two different thermally activated processes as those governing the charge transport in the three materials at HT and LT, respectively. The occurrence of such processes has been fully explained in terms of a previously proposed model based on an acceptor impurity band, induced by the formation of Co-oxygen vacancy complexes, as well as known effects produced by H on the ZnO properties. The same analysis shows that both Co and H reduce the effects of grain boundaries on the transport processes. The high conductivity of HZCO in the whole T-range and its low noise level resulting from electric noise spectroscopy make this material a very interesting one for technological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Di Trolio
- CNR-Istituto di Struttura della Materia, U.O.S. di Tor Vergata, Via del fosso del cavaliere 100, 00133 Roma, Italy.
| | - A Amore Bonapasta
- CNR-Istituto di Struttura della Materia, Via Salaria Km. 29,300, 00015 Monterotondo St., Roma, Italy
| | - C Barone
- Dipartimento di Fisica "E.R. Caianiello", Università di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy.,CNR-SPIN, c/o Università degli Studi di Salerno, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - A Leo
- Dipartimento di Fisica "E.R. Caianiello", Università di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - G Carapella
- Dipartimento di Fisica "E.R. Caianiello", Università di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - S Pagano
- Dipartimento di Fisica "E.R. Caianiello", Università di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy.,CNR-SPIN, c/o Università degli Studi di Salerno, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - A Polimeni
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le A. Moro 2, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - A M Testa
- CNR-Istituto di Struttura della Materia, Via Salaria Km. 29,300, 00015 Monterotondo St., Roma, Italy
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Abstract
Electric noise spectroscopy is a non-destructive and a very sensitive method for studying the dynamic behaviors of the charge carriers and the kinetic processes in several condensed matter systems, with no limitation on operating temperatures. This technique has been extensively used to investigate several perovskite compounds, manganese oxides (La1−xSrxMnO3, La0.7Ba0.3MnO3, and Pr0.7Ca0.3MnO3), and a double perovskite (Sr2FeMoO6), whose properties have recently attracted great attention. In this work are reported the results from a detailed electrical transport and noise characterizations for each of the above cited materials, and they are interpreted in terms of specific physical models, evidencing peculiar properties, such as quantum interference effects and charge density waves.
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