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Rasaq WA, Okpala COR, Igwegbe CA, Białowiec A. Navigating Pyrolysis Implementation-A Tutorial Review on Consideration Factors and Thermochemical Operating Methods for Biomass Conversion. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:725. [PMID: 38591602 PMCID: PMC10856175 DOI: 10.3390/ma17030725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Pyrolysis and related thermal conversion processes have shown increased research momentum in recent decades. Understanding the underlying thermal conversion process principles alongside the associated/exhibited operational challenges that are specific to biomass types is crucial for beginners in this research area. From an extensive literature search, the authors are convinced that a tutorial review that guides beginners particularly towards pyrolysis implementation, from different biomasses to the thermal conversion process and conditions, is scarce. An effective understanding of pre-to-main pyrolysis stages, alongside corresponding standard methodologies, would help beginners discuss anticipated results. To support the existing information, therefore, this review sought to seek how to navigate pyrolysis implementation, specifically considering factors and thermochemical operating methods for biomass conversion, drawing the ideas from: (a) the evolving nature of the thermal conversion process; (b) the potential inter-relatedness between individual components affecting pyrolysis-based research; (c) pre- to post-pyrolysis' engagement strategies; (d) potential feedstock employed in the thermal conversion processes; (e) the major pre-treatment strategies applied to feedstocks; (f) system performance considerations between pyrolysis reactors; and (g) differentiating between the reactor and operation parameters involved in the thermal conversion processes. Moreover, pre-pyrolysis activity tackles biomass selection/analytical measurements, whereas the main pyrolysis activity tackles treatment methods, reactor types, operating processes, and the eventual product output. Other areas that need beginners' attention include high-pressure process reactor design strategies and material types that have a greater potential for biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waheed A. Rasaq
- Department of Applied Bioeconomy, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 37a Chełmońskiego Str., 51-630 Wrocław, Poland; (W.A.R.); (C.A.I.)
| | - Charles Odilichukwu R. Okpala
- UGA Cooperative Extension, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
| | - Chinenye Adaobi Igwegbe
- Department of Applied Bioeconomy, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 37a Chełmońskiego Str., 51-630 Wrocław, Poland; (W.A.R.); (C.A.I.)
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka 420218, Nigeria
| | - Andrzej Białowiec
- Department of Applied Bioeconomy, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 37a Chełmońskiego Str., 51-630 Wrocław, Poland; (W.A.R.); (C.A.I.)
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Capecchi E, Tomaino E, Piccinino D, Kidibule PE, Fernández-Lobato M, Spinelli D, Pogni R, Cabado AG, Lago J, Saladino R. Nanoparticles of Lignins and Saccharides from Fishery Wastes as Sustainable UV-Shielding, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Biofillers. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:3154-3164. [PMID: 35877659 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Lignin nanoparticles containing saccharides from fishery wastes were prepared as sustainable biofillers for advanced materials. Organosolv lignin and Kraft lignin were used as polyphenol components in association with chitosan and chitooligosaccharides. The chemophysical and biological activities of lignin/saccharide nanoparticles, such as UV-shielding, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities, were found to be dependent on both molecular weight and deacetylation degree of saccharides, with the best performance being obtained in the presence of low-molecular-weight and highly deacetylated chitooligosaccharides. In addition, chitooligosaccharides showed a synergistic antioxidant effect with lignins, associated with antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli (Gram-negative) and Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Capecchi
- Department of Ecology and Biology, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Tomaino
- Department of Ecology and Biology, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Davide Piccinino
- Department of Ecology and Biology, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Peter Elias Kidibule
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centre for Molecular Biology Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), University Autonomous from Madrid, Nicolás Cabrera, 1, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Maria Fernández-Lobato
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centre for Molecular Biology Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), University Autonomous from Madrid, Nicolás Cabrera, 1, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Daniele Spinelli
- Next Technology Tecnotessile, Via del Gelso 13, 59100 Prato, Italy
| | - Rebecca Pogni
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Ana Garcia Cabado
- Biotechnology and Health ANFACO-CECOPESCA, Ctra. Colexio Universitario, 16, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Jorge Lago
- Biotechnology and Health ANFACO-CECOPESCA, Ctra. Colexio Universitario, 16, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Raffaele Saladino
- Department of Ecology and Biology, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
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Hoang AT, Nizetic S, Ong HC, Chong CT, Atabani AE, Pham VV. Acid-based lignocellulosic biomass biorefinery for bioenergy production: Advantages, application constraints, and perspectives. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 296:113194. [PMID: 34243094 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The production of chemicals and fuels from renewable biomass with the primary aim of reducing carbon footprints has recently become one of the central points of interest. The use of lignocellulosic biomass for energy production is believed to meet the main criteria of maximizing the available global energy source and minimizing pollutant emissions. However, before usage in bioenergy production, lignocellulosic biomass needs to undergo several processes, among which biomass pretreatment plays an important role in the yield, productivity, and quality of the products. Acid-based pretreatment, one of the existing methods applied for lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment, has several advantages, such as short operating time and high efficiency. A thorough analysis of the characteristics of acid-based biomass pretreatment is presented in this review. The environmental concerns and future challenges involved in using acid pretreatment methods are discussed in detail to achieve clean and sustainable bioenergy production. The application of acid to biomass pretreatment is considered an effective process for biorefineries that aim to optimize the production of desired products while minimizing the by-products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh Tuan Hoang
- Institute of Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HUTECH), Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
| | - Sandro Nizetic
- University of Split, FESB, Rudjera Boskovica 32, 21000, Split, Croatia
| | - Hwai Chyuan Ong
- Centre for Green Technology, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia.
| | - Cheng Tung Chong
- China-UK Low Carbon College, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Lingang, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - A E Atabani
- Alternative Fuels Research Laboratroy (AFRL), Energy Division, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Erciyes University, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Van Viet Pham
- Institute of Maritime, Ho Chi Minh City University of Transport, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
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Bello S, Salim I, Feijoo G, Moreira MT. Inventory review and environmental evaluation of first- and second-generation sugars through life cycle assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:27345-27361. [PMID: 33506417 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-12405-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a great movement towards the generation of knowledge related to the biorefinery concept. First-generation biorefineries bear the stigma of using arable land and edible crops for fuel instead of as sources of food and feed. However, second-generation biorefineries have not reached the level of full technical feasibility. Bearing in mind the objective of sugar production from sugar, starch, or lignocellulosic raw materials, the purpose of this study is to assess the environmental impact of first- and second-generation biorefineries, considering as an example for the comparative evaluation, the production of sugar fractions from crops (starch and sugar crops), and lignocellulosic biomass (hardwood and softwood). The characterization results were obtained using the ReCiPe 1.1 model, implemented through the SimaPro 9.0 software. Both production systems are inherently different and have strengths and weaknesses that must be carefully analyzed. The resulting environmental profile shows that the silviculture of wood contributes less to the environmental impact than cropping activities in most impact categories. In general, this study suggests that first-generation systems are burdened environmentally by the use of fertilizers, which have a significant impact on categories such as marine and freshwater eutrophication and terrestrial acidification, while second-generation systems are limited by the intensive processing steps needed for delignification, typically involving the use of chemicals and/or energy. LCA in early stages of the production of bio-based building blocks, rather than on the manufacture of biofuels or bioplastics, allows the precise identification of the environmental burdens that may be influencing the overall environmental profile of a biorefinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bello
- Department of Chemical Engineering, CRETUS Institute, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Iana Salim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, CRETUS Institute, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Gumersindo Feijoo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, CRETUS Institute, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Maria Teresa Moreira
- Department of Chemical Engineering, CRETUS Institute, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Abdou Alio M, Marcati A, Pons A, Vial C. Modeling and simulation of a sawdust mixture-based integrated biorefinery plant producing bioethanol. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 325:124650. [PMID: 33453659 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The design, modeling and simulation of an integrated biorefinery plant assumed to convert different forestry assortments such as sawdust or shavings (sawmill waste) into bioethanol from cellulose and hemicellulose as the main product, and lignin as the most valuable co-product, was carried out. The proposed lignocellulosic ethanol biorefinery plant was simulated with ProSimPlus. The model was based on experimental results and includes an Organosolv pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis, fermentation and distillation to obtain bioethanol. The investigated plant size processed 70,088 tons of biomass/year, with a production capacity of 11,650 tons ethanol/year. Ethanol productivity reached 351 L/ton of dry feedstock. Considering water consumption, approximately 4.8 L of water were needed to produce a liter of ethanol. Finally, the energy targeting through conventional pinch analysis lead to 16.4 MW and 16.07 MW of hot and cold utility energy demand for the entire process respectively with the cogeneration of electricity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarouf Abdou Alio
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Sigma Clermont, Institut Pascal, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Alain Marcati
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Sigma Clermont, Institut Pascal, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Agnès Pons
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Sigma Clermont, Institut Pascal, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Christophe Vial
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Sigma Clermont, Institut Pascal, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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Matsakas L, Sarkar O, Jansson S, Rova U, Christakopoulos P. A novel hybrid organosolv-steam explosion pretreatment and fractionation method delivers solids with superior thermophilic digestibility to methane. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 316:123973. [PMID: 32799045 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Rising environmental concerns and the imminent depletion of fossil resources have sparked a strong interest towards the production of renewable energy such as biomethane. Inclusion of alternative feedstock's such as lignocellulosic biomass could further expand the production of biomethane. The present study evaluated the potential of a novel hybrid organosolv-steam explosion fractionation for delivering highly digestible pretreated solids from birch and spruce woodchips. The highest methane production yield was 176.5 mLCH4 gVS-1 for spruce and 327.2 mL CH4 gVS-1 for birch. High methane production rates of 1.0-6.3 mL min-1 (spruce) and 6.0-35.5 mL min-1 (birch) were obtained, leading to a rapid digestion, with 92% of total methane from spruce being generated in 80 h and 95% of that from birch in 120 h. These results demonstrate the elevated potential of the novel method to fractionate spruce and birch biomass and deliver cellulose-rich pretreated solids with superior digestibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonidas Matsakas
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental, and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971‑87 Luleå, Sweden.
| | - Omprakash Sarkar
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental, and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971‑87 Luleå, Sweden
| | - Stina Jansson
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Rova
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental, and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971‑87 Luleå, Sweden
| | - Paul Christakopoulos
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental, and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971‑87 Luleå, Sweden
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Abstract
A shift towards an economically viable biomass biorefinery concept requires the use of all biomass fractions (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) for the production of high added-value products. As lignin is often underutilized, the establishment of lignin valorization routes is highly important. In-house produced organosolv as well as commercial Kraft lignin were used in this study. The aim of the current work was to make a comparative study of thermoplastic biomaterials from two different types of lignins. Native lignins were alkylate with two different alkyl iodides to produce ether-functionalized lignins. Successful etherification was verified by FT-IR spectroscopy, changes in the molecular weight of lignin, as well as 13C and 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). The thermal stability of etherified lignin samples was considerably improved with the T2% of organosolv to increase from 143 °C to up to 213 °C and of Kraft lignin from 133 °C to up to 168 °C, and glass transition temperature was observed. The present study shows that etherification of both organosolv and Kraft lignin with alkyl halides can produce lignin thermoplastic biomaterials with low glass transition temperature. The length of the alkyl chain affects thermal stability as well as other thermal properties.
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Abstract
Upgrading biomass waste streams can improve economics in wood industries by adding value to the process. This work considers use of a hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) process for the residual feedstock after lignin and hemicelluloses extraction. Batch experiments were performed at 200–240 °C temperatures and three hours residence time with an 8:1 biomass to water ratio for two feedstocks: Raw spruce and spruce after lignin extraction. The proximate analysis and heating value showed similar results for both feedstocks, indicating that the thermochemical conversion is not impacted by the removal of lignin and hemicelluloses; the pretreatment processing slightly increases the heating value of the treated feedstock, but the HTC conversion process produces a consistent upgrading trend for both the treated and untreated feedstocks. The energy yield was 9.7 percentage points higher for the treated wood on average across the range temperatures due to the higher mass yield in the treated experiments. The energy densification ratio and the mass yield were strongly correlated with reaction temperature, while the energy yield was not. Lignocellulosic composition of the solid HTC product is mainly affected by HTC treatment, the effect of lignin extraction is negligible.
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