1
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Heo NJ, Oh JH, Li A, Lee K, He Q, Sessler JL, Kim SK. Ion pair extractant selective for LiCl and LiBr. Chem Sci 2024:d4sc03760j. [PMID: 39144460 PMCID: PMC11317791 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc03760j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Improved methods for achieving the selective extraction of lithium salts from lithium sources, including rocky ores, salt-lake brines, and end-of-life lithium-ion batteries, could help address projected increases in the demand for lithium. Here, we report an ion pair receptor (2) capable of extracting LiCl and LiBr into an organic receiving phase both from the solid state and from aqueous solutions. Ion pair receptor 2 consists of a calix[4]pyrrole framework, which acts as an anion binding site, linked to a phenanthroline cation binding motif via ether linkages. Receptor 2 binds MgBr2 and CaCl2 with high selectivity over the corresponding lithium salts in a nonpolar aprotic solvent. The preference for Mg2+ and Ca2+ salts is reversed in polar protic media, allowing receptor 2 to complex LiCl and LiBr with high selectivity and affinity in organic media containing methanol or water. The effectiveness of receptor 2 as an extractant for LiCl and LiBr under liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) conditions was found to be enhanced by the presence of other potentially competitive salts in the aqueous source phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam Jung Heo
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University Jinju 52828 Korea
| | - Ju Hyun Oh
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University Jinju 52828 Korea
| | - Aimin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University Changsha 410082 P. R. China
| | - Kyounghoon Lee
- Department of Chemistry Education, Research Institute of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University Jinju 52828 Korea
| | - Qing He
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University Changsha 410082 P. R. China
| | - Jonathan L Sessler
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin 105 E. 24th Street-Stop A5300 Austin Texas 78712-1224 USA
| | - Sung Kuk Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University Jinju 52828 Korea
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2
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Smith KH, Mackey JE, Wenzlick M, Thomas B, Siefert NS. Critical mineral source potential from oil & gas produced waters in the United States. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 929:172573. [PMID: 38641103 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
The volume of produced water, a by-product of oil & gas operations and other energy processes, has been growing across the United States (U.S.) along with the need to manage or recycle this wastewater. Produced water contains many naturally occurring elements of varying concentrations, including critical minerals which are essential to the clean energy transition. However, the current understanding of critical mineral concentrations in produced water and the associated volumes across the U.S. is limited. This study has assessed available databases and literature to gain insight into the presence and concentration of five high priority critical minerals, namely cobalt, lithium, magnesium, manganese, and nickel. The U.S. Geological Survey's National Produced Waters Geochemical Database was the main data source used for determining average critical mineral concentrations in produced water from the major oil and gas reservoirs in the U.S. The volumes of produced water for these major reservoirs were coupled with these concentrations to provide insights into where critical minerals are likely to have high abundance and therefore more recovery options. The analysis indicated the highest recovery potential for lithium and magnesium from produced water in the Permian basin and the Marcellus shale region. However, these assessments should be considered conservative due to the limited availability of reliable concentration data. It is expected more critical mineral recovery options could emerge with comprehensive characterization data from more recent and representative sources of produced water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn H Smith
- National Energy Technology Laboratory, Pittsburgh, PA 15236, USA; Carbon Capture Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA 15236, USA
| | - Justin E Mackey
- National Energy Technology Laboratory, Pittsburgh, PA 15236, USA; NETL Support Contractor, Pittsburgh, PA 15236, USA
| | - Madison Wenzlick
- National Energy Technology Laboratory, Albany, OR 97321, USA; NETL Support Contractor, Albany, OR 97321, USA
| | - Burt Thomas
- National Energy Technology Laboratory, Albany, OR 97321, USA
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3
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Zavahir S, Riyaz NS, Elmakki T, Tariq H, Ahmad Z, Chen Y, Park H, Ho YC, Shon HK, Han DS. Ion-imprinted membranes for lithium recovery: A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 354:141674. [PMID: 38462186 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
This review critically examines the effectiveness of ion-imprinted membranes (IIMs) in selectively recovering lithium (Li) from challenging sources such as seawater and brine. These membranes feature customized binding sites that specifically target Li ions, enabling selective separation from other ions, thanks to cavities shaped with crown ether or calixarene for improved selectivity. The review thoroughly investigates the application of IIMs in Li extraction, covering extensive sections on 12-crown-4 ether (a fundamental crown ether for Li), its modifications, calixarenes, and other materials for creating imprinting sites. It evaluates these systems against several criteria, including the source solution's complexity, Li+ concentration, operational pH, selectivity, and membrane's ability for regeneration and repeated use. This evaluation places IIMs as a leading-edge technology for Li extraction, surpassing traditional methods like ion-sieves, particularly in high Mg2+/Li+ ratio brines. It also highlights the developmental challenges of IIMs, focusing on optimizing adsorption, maintaining selectivity across varied ionic solutions, and enhancing permselectivity. The review reveals that while the bulk of research is still exploratory, only a limited portion has progressed to detailed lab verification, indicating that the application of IIMs in Li+ recovery is still at an embryonic stage, with no instances of pilot-scale trials reported. This thorough review elucidates the potential of IIMs in Li recovery, cataloging advancements, pinpointing challenges, and suggesting directions for forthcoming research endeavors. This informative synthesis serves as a valuable resource for both the scientific community and industry professionals navigating this evolving field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sifani Zavahir
- Center for Advanced Materials, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Tasneem Elmakki
- Center for Advanced Materials, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Haseeb Tariq
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Zubair Ahmad
- Qatar University Young Scientists Center (QUYSC), Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Yuan Chen
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Hyunwoong Park
- School of Energy Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeek-Chia Ho
- Centre for Urban Resource Sustainability, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi Petronas, Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia
| | - Ho Kyong Shon
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater (CTWW), School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), New South Wales, Australia
| | - Dong Suk Han
- Center for Advanced Materials, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar; Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
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4
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Wagh P, Islam SZ, Lamichhane TN, Bhave RR, Paranthaman MP. Separation of Lithium from Aluminum-Containing Clay Mineral Leachate Solution Using Energy-Efficient Membrane Solvent Extraction. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:46523-46527. [PMID: 38107933 PMCID: PMC10720023 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c05009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated a novel membrane solvent extraction (MSX) process for the recovery and separation of lithium (Li) from clay minerals using a cation exchange organic extractant [di-(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid] (DEHPA). The Li is selectively extracted from clay mineral leachate solution using highly efficient aluminum hydroxide sorbents to form lithium aluminum double hydroxide sulfate (LDH sulfate) as the precipitate. Several delithiation methods have been explored to separate Li from aluminum (Al). LDH sulfate is dissolved in dilute H2SO4 and used as the feed solution, and DEHPA is used to selectively separate Li and Al from the feed solution. The MSX process immobilizes DEHPA in the microporous membrane pores and continuously removes Al from the feed solution to obtain pure Li. The efficiency of DEHPA for the selective separation of Li from Al is determined by measuring its distribution coefficient. This study used the optimum feed solution pH of 3, strip solution concentration of 2 mol/L H2SO4, and an organic phase composition of 30% v/v DEHPA in Isopar-L. The MSX process achieved a Li yield of about 92% and a purity of ⩾ 94%. The results suggest that the innovative MSX technology is a time- and energy-efficient approach for the recovery and separation of high-purity Li for application in Li-ion batteries and other clean energy technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyesh Wagh
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Syed Z. Islam
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Tej Nath Lamichhane
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Ramesh R. Bhave
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
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5
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Chruszcz-Lipska K, Szostak E, Zborowski KK, Knapik E. Study of the Structure and Infrared Spectra of LiF, LiCl and LiBr Using Density Functional Theory (DFT). MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:5353. [PMID: 37570056 PMCID: PMC10419443 DOI: 10.3390/ma16155353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
The paper presents a study of the crystal structure of anhydrous halides LiF, LiCl and LiBr using density functional theory. Models composed of 125 atoms were used for this study. The theoretical values of the lattice parameters and the distribution of charges in the crystals were determined. Using the assumed models at the level of theory DFT/B3LYP/6-31+g*, the theoretical infrared spectra of lithium halides (LiF, LiCl and LiBr) were calculated for the first time. Additionally, measurements of experimental far-infrared (FIR) spectra were performed for these salts. All the obtained theoretical values were compared with experimental data obtained by us and those available in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Chruszcz-Lipska
- Faculty of Drilling, Oil and Gas, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30 Ave., 30-059 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Elżbieta Szostak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 2 Str., 30-387 Kraków, Poland (K.K.Z.)
| | | | - Ewa Knapik
- Faculty of Drilling, Oil and Gas, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30 Ave., 30-059 Kraków, Poland;
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6
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Marine polysaccharide-based hydrogels for critical materials selective removal and recovery: A review. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2023.215054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
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7
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Altaf AA, Khosropour A, Zadehnazari A, Abbaspourrad A. Lithium Pyrene Squarate Covalent Organic Frameworks for Efficient Lithium and Magnesium Separation from Salt Water. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:19672-19681. [PMID: 37018748 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c01051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The increasing pressure for lithium resources from the electric vehicle and nuclear energy industries means that new technologies to separate Mg2+ from Li+ from salt water are in demand. To address this need, we fabricated lithium pyrene squarate covalent organic frameworks (Li-SQCOFs) to separate Mg2+/Li+ mixtures from salt water. We optimized the effect of the electrolyte and the amount of the adsorbent and then carried out a kinetics study on the adsorbent recovery at various pH levels using both batch and continuous flow adsorption methods. Li-SQCOF was found to have excellent selectivity for solutions containing a mixture of Mg2+/Li+ ions. This work represents a unique path for the separation of Mg2+/Li+ through direct adsorption using a covalent organic framework (COF). The COF-supported ultrafiltration bed made in this study gave a Mg2+ separation flux of 60.5 h-1 m-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ataf Ali Altaf
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca 14853, New York, United States
| | - Ahmadreza Khosropour
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca 14853, New York, United States
| | - Amin Zadehnazari
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca 14853, New York, United States
| | - Alireza Abbaspourrad
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca 14853, New York, United States
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8
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Zhang J, Tanjedrew N, Wenzel M, Royla P, Du H, Kiatisevi S, Lindoy LF, Weigand JJ. Selective Separation of Lithium, Magnesium and Calcium using 4-Phosphoryl Pyrazolones as pH-Regulated Receptors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202216011. [PMID: 36625760 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202216011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Ensuring continuous and sustainable lithium supply requires the development of highly efficient separation processes such as LLE (liquid-liquid extraction) for both primary sources and certain waste streams. In this work, 4-phosphoryl pyrazolones are used in an efficient pH-controlled stepwise separation of Li+ from Ca2+ , Mg2+ , Na+ and K+ . The factors affecting LLE process, such as the substitution pattern of the extractant, diluent/water distribution, co-ligand, pH, and speciation of the metal complexes involved, were systematically investigated. The maximum extraction efficiency of Li+ at pH 6.0 was 94 % when Mg2+ and Ca2+ were previously separated at pH<5.0, proving that the separation of these ions is possible by simply modulating the pH of the aqueous phase. Our study points a way to separation of lithium from acid brine or from spent lithium ion battery leaching solutions, which supports the future supply of lithium in a more environmentally friendly and sustainable manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Zhang
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Narisara Tanjedrew
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Marco Wenzel
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Philipp Royla
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Hao Du
- National Engineering Research Center of Green Recycling for Strategic Metal Resources, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Supavadee Kiatisevi
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Leonard F Lindoy
- School of Chemistry, F11, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW-2006, Australia
| | - Jan J Weigand
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
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9
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González A, Grágeda M, Ushak S. Modeling and Validation of a LiOH Production Process by Bipolar Membrane Electrodialysis from Concentrated LiCl. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:187. [PMID: 36837690 PMCID: PMC9963233 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13020187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Electromembrane processes for LiOH production from lithium brines obtained from solar evaporation ponds in production processes of the Salar de Atacama are considered. In order to analyze high concentrations' effect on ion exchange membranes, the use of concentrated LiCl aqueous solutions in a bipolar membrane electrodialysis process to produce LiOH solutions higher than 3.0% by mass is initially investigated. For this purpose, a mathematical model based on the Nernst-Planck equation is developed and validated, and a parametric study is simulated considering as input variables electrolyte concentrations, applied current density, stack design, process design and membrane characteristics. As a novelty, this mathematical model allows estimating LiOH production in a wide concentration range of LiCl, HCl and LiOH solutions and its effect on the process, providing data on final LiOH solution purity, current efficiency, specific electricity consumption and membrane performance. Among the main results, a concentration of 4.0% to 4.5% by LiOH mass is achieved, with a solution purity higher than 95% by mass and specific electrical energy consumption close to 4.0 kWh/kg. The work performed provides key information on process sensitivity to operating conditions and process design characteristics. These results serve as a guide in the application of this technology to lithium hydroxide production.
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10
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Striolo A, Huang S. Upcoming Transformations in Integrated Energy/Chemicals Sectors: Some Challenges and Several Opportunities. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2022; 126:21527-21541. [PMID: 36605781 PMCID: PMC9806836 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.2c05192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The sociopolitical events over the past few years led to transformative changes in both the energy and chemical sectors. One of the most evident consequences of these events is the significant focus on sustainability. In fact, rather than an engaging discussion within elite social circles, the search for sustainability is now one of the hard requirements investors impose on companies. The concept of sustainability itself has developed since its inception, and now it encompasses environmental as well as socioeconomic aspects. The major players in the energy and chemical sectors seem to embrace these changes and the related challenges; in most cases, tangible ambitious goals have been proposed. For example, bp aims "to become a net zero company by 2050 or sooner, and to help the world get to net zero". Although tragic events such as the war in Ukraine directly affect global supply chains, leading to some reconsiderations in medium-term industrial and political strategies, trends and public demands seem determined to pursue ambitious sustainable goals, as tangible as the European Union's "Fit for 55" climate package, approved on May 12, 2022, which effectively bans internal combustion engines for new passenger cars and light commercial vehicles from 2035. These trends will likely lead to profound changes in both the chemical and energy sectors. While some predictions may miss the target, speculating about upcoming challenges and opportunities could help us prepare for the future. This is the purpose of this brief Perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Striolo
- School
of Chemical, Biological and Materials Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University College
London, London, U.K. WC1E 7JE
| | - Shanshan Huang
- Applied
Sciences, Innovation and Engineering, BP
International Ltd., Sunbury-On-Thames, U.K. TW16 7LN
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11
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Nguyen VT, Deferm C, Caytan W, Riaño S, Jones PT, Binnemans K. Conversion of Lithium Chloride into Lithium Hydroxide by Solvent Extraction. JOURNAL OF SUSTAINABLE METALLURGY 2022; 9:107-122. [PMID: 36937828 PMCID: PMC10015601 DOI: 10.1007/s40831-022-00629-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED A hydrometallurgical process is described for conversion of an aqueous solution of lithium chloride into an aqueous solution of lithium hydroxide via a chloride/hydroxide anion exchange reaction by solvent extraction. The organic phase comprises a quaternary ammonium chloride and a hydrophobic phenol in a diluent. The best results were observed for a mixture of the quaternary ammonium chloride Aliquat 336 and 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol (1:1 molar ratio) in the aliphatic diluent Shellsol D70. The solvent extraction process involves two steps. In the first step, the organic phase is contacted with an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. The phenol is deprotonated, and a chloride ion is simultaneously transferred to the aqueous phase, leading to in situ formation of a quaternary ammonium phenolate in the organic phase. The organic phase, comprising the quaternary ammonium phenolate, is contacted in the second step with an aqueous lithium chloride solution. This contact converts the phenolate into the corresponding phenol by protonation with water extracted to the organic phase, followed by a transfer of hydroxide ions to the aqueous phase and chloride ions to the organic phase. As a result, the aqueous lithium chloride solution is transformed into a lithium hydroxide solution. The process has been demonstrated in continuous counter-current mode in mixer-settlers. Solid battery-grade lithium hydroxide monohydrate was obtained from the aqueous solution by crystallization or by antisolvent precipitation with isopropanol. The process consumes no chemicals other than sodium hydroxide. No waste is generated, with the exception of an aqueous sodium chloride solution. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40831-022-00629-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viet Tu Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Box 2404, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Clio Deferm
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Box 2404, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ward Caytan
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Box 2404, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sofía Riaño
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Box 2404, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Tom Jones
- Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44, Box 2450, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Binnemans
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Box 2404, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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12
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Murphy O, Haji MN. A review of technologies for direct lithium extraction from low Li+ concentration aqueous solutions. FRONTIERS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fceng.2022.1008680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Under the Paris Agreement, established by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, many countries have agreed to transition their energy sources and technologies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to levels concordant with the 1.5°C warming goal. Lithium (Li) is critical to this transition due to its use in nuclear fusion as well as in rechargeable lithium-ion batteries used for energy storage for electric vehicles and renewable energy harvesting systems. As a result, the global demand for Li is expected to reach 5.11 Mt by 2050. At this consumption rate, the Li reserves on land are expected to be depleted by 2080. In addition to spodumene and lepidolite ores, Li is present in seawater, and salt-lake brines as dissolved Li+ ions. Li recovery from aqueous solutions such as these are a potential solution to limited terrestrial reserves. The present work reviews the advantages and challenges of a variety of technologies for Li recovery from aqueous solutions, including precipitants, solvent extractants, Li-ion sieves, Li-ion-imprinted membranes, battery-based electrochemical systems, and electro-membrane-based electrochemical systems. The techno-economic feasibility and key performance parameters of each technology, such as the Li+ capacity, selectivity, separation efficiency, recovery, regeneration, cyclical stability, thermal stability, environmental durability, product quality, extraction time, and energy consumption are highlighted when available. Excluding precipitation and solvent extraction, these technologies demonstrate a high potential for sustainable Li+ extraction from low Li+ concentration aqueous solutions or seawater. However, further research and development will be required to scale these technologies from benchtop experiments to industrial applications. The development of optimized materials and synthesis methods that improve the Li+ selectivity, separation efficiency, chemical stability, lifetime, and Li+ recovery should be prioritized. Additionally, techno-economic and life cycle analyses are needed for a more critical evaluation of these extraction technologies for large-scale Li production. Such assessments will further elucidate the climate impact, energy demand, capital costs, operational costs, productivity, potential return on investment, and other key feasibility factors. It is anticipated that this review will provide a solid foundation for future research commercialization efforts to sustainably meet the growing demand for Li as the world transitions to clean energy.
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13
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Recepoğlu Y, Yüksel A. Cross-Linked Phosphorylated Cellulose as a Potential Sorbent for Lithium Extraction from Water: Dynamic Column Studies and Modeling. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:38957-38968. [PMID: 36340173 PMCID: PMC9631899 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c04712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorylated functional cellulose was cross-linked with epichlorohydrin at different ratios because it is a very hydrophilic substance that instantly swells to form a hydrogel when it comes into contact with water. It was aimed to utilize a continuously packed bed column to recover lithium from water under varying operating conditions such as flow rate and bed height. The characterization results confirmed cross-linking based on morphology, structure, surface area, and thermal stability differences. Lithium recovery was more efficient with a low flow rate, but the dynamic sorption process was independent of bed height. The total capacities at the three flow rates with 1.5 cm bed height were 33.56, 30.15, and 25.54 mg g-1, and the total saturation times at the three different bed heights with 0.5 mL min-1 flow rate were 659, 1001, and 1007 min, respectively. Only 15.75 mL of 5% H2SO4 solution was required to desorb approximately 100% of Li from the saturated sorbent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaşar
Kemal Recepoğlu
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Izmir Institute
of Technology, 35430Urla, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Aslı Yüksel
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Izmir Institute
of Technology, 35430Urla, Izmir, Turkey
- Geothermal
Energy Research and Application Center, Izmir Institute of Technology, 35430Urla, Izmir, Turkey
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14
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Golmohammadi M, Habibi M, Rezvantalab S, Mehdizadeh Chellehbari Y, Maleki R, Razmjou A. Mechanism Understanding of Li-ion Separation Using A Perovskite-Based Membrane. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:1042. [PMID: 36363596 PMCID: PMC9699554 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12111042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Lithium ions play a crucial role in the energy storage industry. Finding suitable lithium-ion-conductive membranes is one of the important issues of energy storage studies. Hence, a perovskite-based membrane, Lithium Lanthanum Titanate (LLTO), was innovatively implemented in the presence and absence of solvents to precisely understand the mechanism of lithium ion separation. The ion-selective membrane's mechanism and the perovskite-based membrane's efficiency were investigated using Molecular Dynamic (MD) simulation. The results specified that the change in the ambient condition, pH, and temperature led to a shift in LLTO pore sizes. Based on the results, pH plays an undeniable role in facilitating lithium ion transmission through the membrane. It is noticeable that the hydrogen bond interaction between the ions and membrane led to an expanding pore size, from (1.07 Å) to (1.18-1.20 Å), successfully enriching lithium from seawater. However, this value in the absence of the solvent would have been 1.1 Å at 50 °C. It was found that increasing the temperature slightly impacted lithium extraction. The charge analysis exhibited that the trapping energies applied by the membrane to the first three ions (Li+, K+, and Na+) were more than the ions' hydration energies. Therefore, Li+, K+, and Na+ were fully dehydrated, whereas Mg2+ was partially dehydrated and could not pass through the membrane. Evaluating the membrane window diameter, and the combined effect of the three key parameters (barrier energy, hydration energy, and binding energy) illustrates that the required energy to transport Li ions through the membrane is higher than that for other monovalent cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Golmohammadi
- Department of Polymer Engineering & Color Technology, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran 15916-34311, Iran
| | - Meysam Habibi
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran 14176-14411, Iran
| | - Sima Rezvantalab
- Renewable Energies Department, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Urmia University of Technology, Urmia 57166-419, Iran
| | | | - Reza Maleki
- Computational Biology and Chemistry Group (CBCG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran 14197-33141, Iran
| | - Amir Razmjou
- School of Engineering, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, Perth 6027, WA, Australia
- UNESCO Centre for Membrane Science and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, NSW, Australia
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15
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Marioni N, Zhang Z, Zofchak ES, Sachar HS, Kadulkar S, Freeman BD, Ganesan V. Impact of Ion–Ion Correlated Motion on Salt Transport in Solvated Ion Exchange Membranes. ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:1258-1264. [DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nico Marioni
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Zidan Zhang
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Everett S. Zofchak
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Harnoor S. Sachar
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Sanket Kadulkar
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Benny D. Freeman
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Venkat Ganesan
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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16
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Baudino L, Santos C, Pirri CF, La Mantia F, Lamberti A. Recent Advances in the Lithium Recovery from Water Resources: From Passive to Electrochemical Methods. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2201380. [PMID: 35896956 PMCID: PMC9507372 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202201380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The ever-increasing amount of batteries used in today's society has led to an increase in the demand of lithium in the last few decades. While mining resources of this element have been steadily exploited and are rapidly depleting, water resources constitute an interesting reservoir just out of reach of current technologies. Several techniques are being explored and novel materials engineered. While evaporation is very time-consuming and has large footprints, ion sieves and supramolecular systems can be suitably tailored and even integrated into membrane and electrochemical techniques. This review gives a comprehensive overview of the available solutions to recover lithium from water resources both by passive and electrically enhanced techniques. Accordingly, this work aims to provide in a single document a rational comparison of outstanding strategies to remove lithium from aqueous sources. To this end, practical figures of merit of both main groups of techniques are provided. An absence of a common experimental protocol and the resulting variability of data and experimental methods are identified. The need for a shared methodology and a common agreement to report performance metrics are underlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Baudino
- DISAT Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e TecnologiaPolitecnico di Torinocorso Duca degli Abruzzi 24Torino10129Italy
- Istituto Italiano di TecnologiaCenter for Sustainable Future TechnologiesVia Livorno 60Torino10144Italy
| | - Cleis Santos
- Energiespeicher‐ und EnergiewandlersystemeUniversität BremenBibliothekstraße 128359BremenGermany
| | - Candido F. Pirri
- DISAT Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e TecnologiaPolitecnico di Torinocorso Duca degli Abruzzi 24Torino10129Italy
- Istituto Italiano di TecnologiaCenter for Sustainable Future TechnologiesVia Livorno 60Torino10144Italy
| | - Fabio La Mantia
- Energiespeicher‐ und EnergiewandlersystemeUniversität BremenBibliothekstraße 128359BremenGermany
| | - Andrea Lamberti
- DISAT Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e TecnologiaPolitecnico di Torinocorso Duca degli Abruzzi 24Torino10129Italy
- Istituto Italiano di TecnologiaCenter for Sustainable Future TechnologiesVia Livorno 60Torino10144Italy
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17
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Alshuiael SM, Al-Ghouti MA. Development of a novel tailored ion-imprinted polymer for recovery of lithium and strontium from reverse osmosis concentrated brine. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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18
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Zofchak ES, Zhang Z, Marioni N, Duncan TJ, Sachar HS, Chamseddine A, Freeman BD, Ganesan V. Cation–Ligand Interactions Dictate Salt Partitioning and Diffusivity in Ligand-Functionalized Polymer Membranes. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Everett S. Zofchak
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Zidan Zhang
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Nico Marioni
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Tyler J. Duncan
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Harnoor S. Sachar
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Alyssa Chamseddine
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Benny D. Freeman
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Venkat Ganesan
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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19
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Ionic Liquids for the Selective Solvent Extraction of Lithium from Aqueous Solutions: A Theoretical Selection Using COSMO-RS. MINERALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/min12020190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the theoretical design of ionic liquids (ILs) for predicting selective extraction of lithium from brines has been conducted using COSMO-RS. A theoretical model for the solvent extraction (SX) of the metal species present in brines was established considering extraction stoichiometry, the distribution of the extractants between aqueous and IL phases, and IL dissociation in the aqueous phase. Theoretical results were validated using experimental extraction percentages from previous works. Results indicate that, in general, the theoretical results for lithium extraction follow experimental trends, except from magnesium extraction. Finally, based on the model, an IL was proposed that was based on the phosphonium cation as the extractant, along with the phase modifier tributylphosphate (TBP) in an organic diluent in order to improve selectivity for lithium extraction over sodium. These results provide an insight for the application of ILs in lithium processing, avoiding the long purification times reported in the conventional process.
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