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Wei Z, Zhang W, Du M, Zhong H, Fang X. Widely targeted metabolomic and KEGG analyses of natural deep eutectic solvent-based saponins extraction from Camellia oleifera Abel.: Effects on composition. Food Chem 2024; 450:139333. [PMID: 38636384 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Camellia saponins are important by-products of Camellia Oleifer Abel. processing. In this study, an eco-friendly method based on natural deep eutectic solvents (NaDESs, proline and glycerol at a molar ratio of 2:5) was established to extract saponins from C.oleifera cakes. The content of saponin (702.22 ± 1.28 mg/g) obtained using NaDES was higher than those extracted using water or methanol. UPLC-Q-TOF MS analysis of chemical structure showed that the difference in the extraction technique alter individual saponins. A widely targeted metabolomic approach and KEGG metabolic pathway analysis showed that the upregulated metabolites in the NaDES-based extract mainly included flavonoids, alkaloids, and phenolic acids; and they were involved in arginine and proline metabolism, metabolic pathways, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, and flavonoid biosynthesis. The present study proposes a selective substitute for use in the extraction of camellia saponins with composition analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenqian Wei
- The Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 73(#), Daqiao Road, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province 311400, China
| | - Weiyan Zhang
- The Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 73(#), Daqiao Road, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province 311400, China; Food Science and Technology College, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha City, Hunan Province 410004, China
| | - Menghao Du
- The Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 73(#), Daqiao Road, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province 311400, China
| | - Haiyan Zhong
- Food Science and Technology College, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha City, Hunan Province 410004, China
| | - Xuezhi Fang
- The Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 73(#), Daqiao Road, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province 311400, China.
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2
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Osamede Airouyuwa J, Sivapragasam N, Ali Redha A, Maqsood S. Sustainable green extraction of anthocyanins and carotenoids using deep eutectic solvents (DES): A review of recent developments. Food Chem 2024; 448:139061. [PMID: 38537550 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/24/2024]
Abstract
Recently, deep eutectic solvents (DES) have been extensively researched as a more biocompatible and efficient alternative to conventional solvents for extracting pigments from natural resources. The efficiency of DES extraction for the anthocyanin and carotenoid can be enhanced by microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and/or ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) techniques. Apart from the extraction efficiency, the toxicity and recovery of the pigments and their bioavailability are crucial for potential applications. A plethora of studies have explored the extraction efficiency, toxicity, and recovery of pigments from various natural plant-based matrices using DES. Nevertheless, a detailed review of the deep eutectic solvent extraction of natural pigments has not been reported to date. Additionally, the toxicity, safety, and bioavailability of the extracted pigments, and their potential applications are not thoroughly documented. Therefore, this review is designed to understand the aforementioned concepts in using DES for anthocyanin and carotenoid extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Osamede Airouyuwa
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nilushni Sivapragasam
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ali Ali Redha
- The Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK; Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Sajid Maqsood
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates; Energy and Water Center, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates.
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3
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Balenzano G, Racaniello GF, Spennacchio A, Lopalco A, Iacobazzi RM, Lopedota AA, Laquintana V, Denora N. Harnessing therapeutic deep eutectic solvents in self-emulsifying systems to improve CBD delivery. Int J Pharm 2024; 659:124267. [PMID: 38797251 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
In this study, Cannabidiol crystals (CBD) were used as a BCS class II model drug to generate a novel therapeutic deep eutectic solvent (THEDES) with easy preparation using caprylic acid (CA). The hydrogen bonding interaction was confirmed by different techniques such as FT-IR and NMR, resulting in a hydrophobic system suitable for liquid formulations. The CBD-based THEDES, combined with a specific mixture of surfactants and co-surfactants, successfully formed a self-emulsifying drug delivery system (SEDDS) that generated uniform nano-sized droplets once dispersed in water. Hence, the THEDES showed compatibility with the self-emulsifying approach, offering an alternative method to load drugs at their therapeutic dosage. Physical stability concerns regarding the unconventional oily phase were addressed through stress tests using multiple and dynamic light scattering, demonstrating the robustness of the system. In addition, the formulated SEDDS proved effective in protecting CBD from the harsh acidic gastric environment for up to 2 h at pH 1.2. Furthermore, in vitro studies have confirmed the safety of the formulation and the ability of CBD to permeate Caco-2 cells when formulated. This investigation highlights the potential incorporation of THEDES in lipid-based formulations like SEDDS, expanding the avenues for innovative oral drug delivery approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennaro Balenzano
- Department of Pharmacy - Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via E. Orabona, 4 I-70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Francesco Racaniello
- Department of Pharmacy - Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via E. Orabona, 4 I-70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Spennacchio
- Department of Pharmacy - Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via E. Orabona, 4 I-70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Lopalco
- Department of Pharmacy - Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via E. Orabona, 4 I-70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Rosa Maria Iacobazzi
- Department of Pharmacy - Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via E. Orabona, 4 I-70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Angela Assunta Lopedota
- Department of Pharmacy - Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via E. Orabona, 4 I-70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Valentino Laquintana
- Department of Pharmacy - Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via E. Orabona, 4 I-70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Nunzio Denora
- Department of Pharmacy - Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via E. Orabona, 4 I-70125, Bari, Italy.
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Almeida PV, Gando-Ferreira LM, Quina MJ. Tomato Residue Management from a Biorefinery Perspective and towards a Circular Economy. Foods 2024; 13:1873. [PMID: 38928815 PMCID: PMC11202697 DOI: 10.3390/foods13121873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The tomato industry is a relevant socio-economic activity in the European Union, while it generates a large variety of residues. Tomatoes unfit for consumption, tomato peels, seeds, industrial pomace, and plants are examples of residues of this industry. Commonly, some of the residues can be left in the field, composted, used for animal feeding, or valorized through anaerobic digestion. However, more economic value can be attributed to these residues if a biorefinery approach is applied. Indeed, many value-added compounds can be obtained by the integration of different processes while closing the carbon and nutrient loops. The extraction of bioactive compounds followed by anaerobic digestion and composting seems to be a viable proposal for a biorefinery approach. Thus, this study aims to review the biorefinery strategies for valorizing tomato residues, highlighting the main processes proposed. The recovery of lycopene, β-carotene, and phenolic compounds has been widely studied at the lab scale, while energy recovery has already been applied at the industrial scale. Although techno-economic analysis is scarce for tomato residue valorization processes, positive net present values (NPV) and low payback times (PBT) have been reported in the literature. Thus, more work comparing multiple extraction technologies and biorefinery strategies coupled with economic and environmental assessment should be performed to select the most promising management route for tomato residues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Margarida J. Quina
- CERES, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal; (P.V.A.); (L.M.G.-F.)
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Niu J, Zhang Y, Li H, Hai X, Lu Q, Fu R, Ren T, Guo X, Di X. Switchable deep eutectic solvent as green and efficient media for liquid-phase microextraction of phenoxyacetic acid herbicides in water and food matrices. Food Chem 2024; 442:138433. [PMID: 38237292 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
In this work, a switchable deep eutectic solvent (SDES) based on fatty acid and polyetheramine ion pair was prepared for liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) of phenoxyacetic acid herbicides in drinking water, beverage and honey matrices. The as-synthesized SDES equipped with an interesting characteristic of fast and reversible polarity switching, achieving homogeneous extraction and rapid bi-phase separation simultaneously. Several key parameters affecting the extraction performance were investigated comprehensively by Box-Behnken design. Under the optimal conditions, the method exhibited excellent linearity (15-4000 μg L-1), low detection limits (3-5 μg L-1), desirable precision (RSD < 8.1 %), and satisfactory recovery (72.6-98.7 %). More importantly, the introduction of SDES can simplify the pre-treatment procedure, shorten extraction time (4 min), and avoid the usage of traditional organic solvent during the whole extraction process. In addition, the switching mechanism of SDES was characterized by FT-IR and 1H NMR, and the forming mechanism of SDES was investigated using density-functional theory. The green of the method was estimated using the analytical ecological scale, the analytical green calculator, and the green analytical procedure index. The cytotoxicity of SDES was investigated and the result displayed that toxicity of the SDES was very low with the EC50 > 500 mg/L. Therefore, the proposed method was green and efficient and revealed considerable application prospects for the extraction of trace analytes from complex materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxiao Niu
- Key Laboratory of Protection, Development and Utilization of Medicinal Resources in Liupanshan Area, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Yanhui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Protection, Development and Utilization of Medicinal Resources in Liupanshan Area, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Hongbo Li
- Key Laboratory of Protection, Development and Utilization of Medicinal Resources in Liupanshan Area, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Xiaoqin Hai
- Key Laboratory of Protection, Development and Utilization of Medicinal Resources in Liupanshan Area, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Qingxin Lu
- Key Laboratory of Protection, Development and Utilization of Medicinal Resources in Liupanshan Area, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Ruiyu Fu
- Key Laboratory of Protection, Development and Utilization of Medicinal Resources in Liupanshan Area, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Tingze Ren
- Key Laboratory of Protection, Development and Utilization of Medicinal Resources in Liupanshan Area, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Xiaoli Guo
- Key Laboratory of Protection, Development and Utilization of Medicinal Resources in Liupanshan Area, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; Key Laboratory of Ningxia Minority Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China.
| | - Xin Di
- Key Laboratory of Protection, Development and Utilization of Medicinal Resources in Liupanshan Area, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; Key Laboratory of Ningxia Minority Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China.
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Muhammad G, Xu J, Li Z, Zhao L, Zhang X. Current progress and future perspective of microalgae biomass pretreatment using deep eutectic solvents. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 924:171547. [PMID: 38458467 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Pretreatment process is considered as the most important step for effective microalgae biomass refining and has gained more interest since last decades. However, the main obstacles to commercialize microalgae products are recalcitrant cell wall and lack of cost-effective, green, and sustainable pretreatment approaches. Till now, various microalgae pretreatment approaches have been applied prior to extraction steps to enhance the accessibility of solvent inside the cells. However, high energy consumption and the hazardousness of solvents are considerable problem for these pretreatment methods. In this regard, deep eutectic solvents are recognized as sustainable and green solvents possessing great potential for microalgae biomass processing due to their low toxicity, low cost, biodegradability, easy recycling, and reuse. This article provides the fundamentals of DES composition, synthesis, properties, and the current advances in the application of microalgae biomass process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gul Muhammad
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, Quzhou 324000, China
| | - Jingliang Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering Zhengzhou, University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Zhenglong Li
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, Quzhou 324000, China; National Key Laboratory of Biobased Transportation Fuel Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- College of Engineering, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110161, China.
| | - Ximing Zhang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, Quzhou 324000, China; National Key Laboratory of Biobased Transportation Fuel Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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7
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Aydin F, Alkan V, Dönmez F. Developing of an eco-friendly liquid-liquid microextraction method by using menthol-based hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent for determination of basic fuchsin dye: assessment of the greenness profile. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2024; 196:485. [PMID: 38684572 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-024-12657-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we aimed to develop a new environmentally friendly liquid-liquid microextraction (LLME) method based on hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent (hDES) synthesized using biodegradable dl-menthol and decanoic acid for the spectrophotometric determination of toxic basic fuchsin dye in environmental water samples. The parameters affecting the extraction efficiency such as pH, mole ratio, and volume of hDES (1:2) and type and volume of organic solvent, sample volume, times of vortex, ultrasonic bath and centrifuge, ionic strength, and matrix effect were investigated and optimized. Under optimal conditions, the calibration curve showed linearity in the range of 7.4-167 μg L-1 with a coefficient of determination of 0.9994. The limit of detection, intra-day and inter-day precision, and recovery values were 2.25 μg L-1, 2.46% and 4.45%, and 105 ± 3%, respectively. The preconcentration and enrichment factors were found to be 30 and 61.5, respectively. The proposed hDES-LLME methodology was successfully applied to the environmental water samples to detect toxic BF dye (95-105%). Finally, the ecological impact of the suggested method was evaluated using the analytical eco-scale (PPS:88), complementary green analytical procedure indexe (ComplexGAPI), and the Analytical GREEnness tool (0.63). The assessment results showed that the presented analytical method can be regarded as a green LLME approach for the determination of the BF in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Funda Aydin
- Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Basic Sciences, 65080, Van, Türkiye.
| | - Volkan Alkan
- Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Basic Sciences, 65080, Van, Türkiye
| | - Fatih Dönmez
- Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biochemistry, 65080, Van, Türkiye
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Morón-Ortiz Á, Mapelli-Brahm P, Meléndez-Martínez AJ. Sustainable Green Extraction of Carotenoid Pigments: Innovative Technologies and Bio-Based Solvents. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:239. [PMID: 38397837 PMCID: PMC10886214 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13020239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids are ubiquitous and versatile isoprenoid compounds. The intake of foods rich in these pigments is often associated with health benefits, attributable to the provitamin A activity of some of them and different mechanisms. The importance of carotenoids and their derivatives for the production of foods and health-promotion through the diet is beyond doubt. In the new circular economy paradigm, the recovery of carotenoids in the biorefinery process is highly desirable, for which greener processes and solvents are being advocated for, considering the many studies being conducted at the laboratory scale. This review summarizes information on different extraction technologies (ultrasound, microwaves, pulsed electric fields, pressurized liquid extraction, sub- and supercritical fluid extraction, and enzyme-assisted extraction) and green solvents (ethyl lactate, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, natural deep eutectic solvents, and ionic liquids), which are potential substitutes for more toxic and less environmentally friendly solvents. Additionally, it discusses the results of the latest studies on the sustainable green extraction of carotenoids. The conclusions drawn from the review indicate that while laboratory results are often promising, the scalability to real industrial scenarios poses a significant challenge. Furthermore, incorporating life cycle assessment analyses is crucial for a comprehensive evaluation of the sustainability of innovative extraction processes compared to industry-standard methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paula Mapelli-Brahm
- Food Colour and Quality Laboratory, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain; (Á.M.-O.); (A.J.M.-M.)
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Yu J, Chen X, Chen B, Mao Y, Shao P. Lycopene in hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent with natural catalysts: A promising strategy to simultaneously promote lycopene Z-isomerization and extraction. Food Chem 2023; 426:136627. [PMID: 37356240 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Lycopene Z-isomerization and degradation in a series of hydrophobic natural deep eutectic solvents (HNDES) was firstly studied. The highest lycopene retention (about 84.6%) was found in HNDES composed of thymol and menthol (TM), and fatty acid-based HNDES promoted lycopene Z-isomerization (about 70% for total Z-isomers) and degradation. The addition of allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), diallyl disulfide (DADS) and capric acid into TM promoted Z-isomerization of lycopene (80% for total Z-isomers), especially 5Z-isomer (>30%), while lycopene remaining rate in TM/-capric acid was below 20%. During lycopene extraction from tomato power and watermelon juice by TM, the ratios of Z-isomer significantly (p < 0.05) increased especially with AITC and DADS (up to about 80%), and extraction yields increased even > 100% with capric acid. Lycopene in TM/-capric acid extracts showed low degradation with Z-isomers increasing during storage. TM with capric acid could simultaneously promote lycopene Z-isomerization and extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Yu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Xinxin Chen
- School of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Bilian Chen
- Zhejiang Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Yanqing Mao
- Hangzhou Johncan Mushroom Bio-technology CO., LTD, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Ping Shao
- School of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
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Cannavacciuolo C, Pagliari S, Frigerio J, Giustra CM, Labra M, Campone L. Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADESs) Combined with Sustainable Extraction Techniques: A Review of the Green Chemistry Approach in Food Analysis. Foods 2022; 12:foods12010056. [PMID: 36613272 PMCID: PMC9818194 DOI: 10.3390/foods12010056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Usual extraction processes for analyzing foods, supplements, and nutraceutical products involve massive amounts of organic solvents contributing to a negative impact on the environment and human health. In recent years, a new class of green solvents called natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) have been considered a valid alternative to conventional solvents. Compared with conventional organic solvents, NADES have attracted considerable attention since they are sustainable, biodegradable, and non-toxic but also are easy to prepare, and have low production costs. Here we summarize the major aspects of NADEs such as the classification, preparation method physicochemical properties, and toxicity. Moreover, we provide an overview of novel extraction techniques using NADES as potential extractants of bioactive compounds from foods and food by-products, and application of NADEs in food analysis. This review aims to be useful for the further development of NAES and for broadening the knowledge of these new green solvents in order to increase their use for the extraction of bioactive compounds and in food analysis.
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El Mahmoudi S, Elmchaouri A, El kaimech A, Gil A. Optimization of the Pentachlorophenol Adsorption by Organo-Clays Based on Response Surface Methodology. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:7169. [PMID: 36295237 PMCID: PMC9606915 DOI: 10.3390/ma15207169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to optimize the adsorption of pentachlorophenol (PCP) using an organo-clay under the response surface methodology. The adsorbent was selected from a montmorillonite exchanged by various cations, such as Fe3+, Al3+, Zn2+, Mg2+, Na+, and modified by bromide cetyltrimethylammonium (CTAB) as surfactant. The obtained organo-montmorillonite was characterized using several techniques, such as Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and nitrogen adsorption, performed at -196 °C. The results showed an increase in basal space from 1.65 to 1.88 nm and a decrease in the specific surface and pore volume, with an increase in pore diameter, including the presence of characteristic bands of -CH2- and -CH3- groups at 2926 and 2854 cm-1 in the FTIR spectrum after the modification. The optimization of PCP removal by clay adsorbents is achieved using the response surface methodology (RSM) with a four-factor central composite model, including pH of solution, mass of adsorbent, contact time, and initial concentration. The results proved the validity of the regression model, wherein the adsorption capacity reaches its maximum value of 38 mg/g at a lower adsorbent mass of 20 mg, pH of 6, contact time (tc) of 5 h, and initial concentration of 8 mg/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soufiane El Mahmoudi
- INAMAT^2, Departamento de Ciencias, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Campus de Arrosadía, 31006 Pamplona, Spain
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry & Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Techniques Mohammedia, University Hassan II of Casablanca, Mohammedia 20650, Morocco
| | - Abdellah Elmchaouri
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry & Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Techniques Mohammedia, University Hassan II of Casablanca, Mohammedia 20650, Morocco
| | - Assya El kaimech
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry & Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Techniques Mohammedia, University Hassan II of Casablanca, Mohammedia 20650, Morocco
| | - Antonio Gil
- INAMAT^2, Departamento de Ciencias, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Campus de Arrosadía, 31006 Pamplona, Spain
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