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Ouédraogo GA, Djopnang DJ, Zongo O, Badé FT, Ouédraogo A, Kaboré B, Cissé H, Tchoumbougnang F, Savadogo A. Toxic potential evaluation of liquid effluents discharged into nature by the university hospital centers (UHC) and mixed wastewater treatment station (WWTS) at Ouagadougou-Burkina Faso. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2024; 196:718. [PMID: 38980522 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-024-12852-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
In Burkina Faso, several investigations have raised suspicions that hospital liquid effluents are the source of contaminants in porbeagle-culture products and surface water in urban and peri-urban areas. This study aimed to evaluate the hygienic quality of hospital liquid effluents discharged into nature by the UHC Bogodogo (UHC-BOG), Yalgado Ouédraogo (UHC-YO), and the WWTS of Kossodo (WWTS-KOS). Thus, 15 samples of liquid effluents (five per site) discharged into nature were collected. Within the physicochemical parameters, the pH, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), suspended solids (TSS), conductivity, copper, iron, hafnium, silver, mercury, lead, and cadmium of these samples were determined using standard methods. The mean values of pH were 8.84 ± 0.42,8.06 ± 0.54, and 8.55 ± 0.53 for WWTS-KOS, UHC-BOG, and UHC-YO, respectively. Conductivity values were 1956.80 ± 81.30, 812.80 ± 45.22, and 956.00 ± 39.96 µS/cm, respectively. TSS were 338.20 ± 38.80, 45.00 ± 5.79, and 187.80 ± 27.58 mg/L, respectively. COD were 274.80 ± 20.46, 35.00 ± 5.52, and 139.80 ± 25.53 mg/L, respectively. BOD5 were 186.40 ± 68.68, 26.20 ± 4.82, and 81.80 ± 15.63 mg/L, respectively. Mercury values were 1.93 ± 0.38, 4.04 ± 0.38, and 14.37 ± 1.65 µg/L, respectively. Lead values were 434.70 ± 202.42, 310.50 ± 4.09, and 367.43 ± 94.01 µg/L, respectively. Cadmium values were 79.59 ± 19.48, 109.94 ± 8.43, and 80.26 ± 7.85 µg/L, respectively. Copper values were 27.66 ± 3.33, 30.84 ± 1.65, and 28.32 ± 2.36 mg/L, respectively. Iron was detected only on the STEP-KOS with an average of 71.01 ± 37.83 mg/L. Hafnium values were 50.27 ± 4.49 and 51.58 ± 4.61 mg/L for WWTS-KOS and UHC-BOG, respectively. Silver values were 34.26 ± 3.06 for WWTS-KOS. On the three sites, the differences found were significant (p < 0.05). Liquid hospital effluents from Ouagadougou discharged into nature on the whole do not compile with the Burkinabè normative values for the discharge of wastewater into the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganamé Abasse Ouédraogo
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Et Immunologie Appliquées (LaBIA) Au Burkina Faso, Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, 03 BP 7021, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso.
- Institut Des Sciences Halieutiques (ISH) À Yabassi Au Cameroun, Université de Douala, PO Box 7236, Douala, Cameroon.
| | - Djimbie Justin Djopnang
- Institut Des Sciences Halieutiques (ISH) À Yabassi Au Cameroun, Université de Douala, PO Box 7236, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Oumarou Zongo
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Et Immunologie Appliquées (LaBIA) Au Burkina Faso, Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, 03 BP 7021, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso
| | - Farid Toyigbenan Badé
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Et Immunologie Appliquées (LaBIA) Au Burkina Faso, Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, 03 BP 7021, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso
| | - Arouna Ouédraogo
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Et Immunologie Appliquées (LaBIA) Au Burkina Faso, Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, 03 BP 7021, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso
| | - Boukaré Kaboré
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Et Immunologie Appliquées (LaBIA) Au Burkina Faso, Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, 03 BP 7021, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso
| | - Hama Cissé
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Et Immunologie Appliquées (LaBIA) Au Burkina Faso, Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, 03 BP 7021, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso
| | - François Tchoumbougnang
- Institut Des Sciences Halieutiques (ISH) À Yabassi Au Cameroun, Université de Douala, PO Box 7236, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Aly Savadogo
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Et Immunologie Appliquées (LaBIA) Au Burkina Faso, Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, 03 BP 7021, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso
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Traore KA, Aboubacar-Paraiso AR, Bouda SC, Ouoba JB, Kagambèga A, Roques P, Barro N. Characteristics of Nontyphoid Salmonella Isolated from Human, Environmental, Animal, and Food Samples in Burkina Faso: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:556. [PMID: 38927222 PMCID: PMC11200751 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13060556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is one of the world's leading causes of zoonotic and foodborne illnesses. Recently, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become one of the most critical challenges to public health and food safety. Herein, we employed a meta-analysis to determine the pooled prevalence and spatiotemporal distribution of serovars and antimicrobial resistance in NTS in Burkina Faso. To find eligible articles, a comprehensive literature search of PubMed, African Journals Online, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and the gray literature (university libraries) in Burkina was conducted for the period from 2008 to 2020. Studies meeting the inclusion criteria were selected and assessed for risk of bias. To assess the temporal and spatial relationships between serotypes and resistant strains from humans, animals, food, and the environment, a random-effects statistical model meta-analysis was carried out using the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis Version 3.0 program. The NTS prevalence rates were 4.6% (95% CI: 3-7) and 20.1% (95% CI: 6.6-47.4) in humans and animals, respectively, and 16.8% (95% CI: 10.5-25.8) and 15.6% (95% CI: 8.2-27.5) in food and the environment, respectively. Most NTS serovars were S. Derby, reported both in food and animals, and S. Typhimurium, reported in humans, while S. Croft II, S. Jodpur II, and S. Kentucky were the most prevalent in the environment. NTS isolates were highly resistant to erythromycin, amoxicillin, cefixime, and cephalothin, with a pooled prevalence of multidrug resistance of 29% (95% CI: 14.5-49.5). The results of this review show a high diversity of Salmonella serotypes, as well as high antibiotic resistance in Salmonella isolates from animal, human, food, and environmental samples in Burkina, calling for a consolidated "One Health" approach to better understand the drivers of pathogen emergence, spread, and antimicrobial resistance, as well as the formulation of intervention measures needed to limit the risk associated with the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan Abdoulaye Traore
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, d’Epidémiologie et de Surveillance des Bactéries et Virus Transmissibles par les Aliments (LaBESTA), Université Joseph KI-ZERBO (UJKZ), Ouagadougou 03 BP 7021, Burkina Faso; (A.R.A.-P.)
- Laboratoire Sciences de la Vie et de la Terre (LaSVT), Université Norbert ZONGO (UNZ), Koudougou BP 376, Burkina Faso
| | - Abdoul Rachid Aboubacar-Paraiso
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, d’Epidémiologie et de Surveillance des Bactéries et Virus Transmissibles par les Aliments (LaBESTA), Université Joseph KI-ZERBO (UJKZ), Ouagadougou 03 BP 7021, Burkina Faso; (A.R.A.-P.)
| | - Soutongnooma Caroline Bouda
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, d’Epidémiologie et de Surveillance des Bactéries et Virus Transmissibles par les Aliments (LaBESTA), Université Joseph KI-ZERBO (UJKZ), Ouagadougou 03 BP 7021, Burkina Faso; (A.R.A.-P.)
| | - Jean Bienvenue Ouoba
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, d’Epidémiologie et de Surveillance des Bactéries et Virus Transmissibles par les Aliments (LaBESTA), Université Joseph KI-ZERBO (UJKZ), Ouagadougou 03 BP 7021, Burkina Faso; (A.R.A.-P.)
- Centre Universitaire de Manga (CUM), Université Norbert ZONGO (UNZ), Koudougou BP 376, Burkina Faso
| | - Assèta Kagambèga
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, d’Epidémiologie et de Surveillance des Bactéries et Virus Transmissibles par les Aliments (LaBESTA), Université Joseph KI-ZERBO (UJKZ), Ouagadougou 03 BP 7021, Burkina Faso; (A.R.A.-P.)
- Department of Biology, Institute of Sciences (IDS), Ouagadougou 1757, Burkina Faso
| | - Pierre Roques
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Guinée (IPGui), Conakry 4416, Guinea;
| | - Nicolas Barro
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, d’Epidémiologie et de Surveillance des Bactéries et Virus Transmissibles par les Aliments (LaBESTA), Université Joseph KI-ZERBO (UJKZ), Ouagadougou 03 BP 7021, Burkina Faso; (A.R.A.-P.)
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Yass R, Mohammed S, Jalal T, Hamzah H. Evaluation of physiochemical, heavy metals, and bacteriological parameters of celery and its irrigation water within Sulaymaniyah city of Iraq. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2024; 196:483. [PMID: 38683410 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-024-12650-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
This study rigorously assesses the physicochemical, heavy metal concentrations, and bacteriological parameters of celery and its irrigation water across three rural areas of Sulaymaniyah city, Iraq. The investigation revealed that irrigation water's pH ranged significantly from 6.9 to 8.9. Notably, phosphate concentrations (PO43-) exceeded permissible levels in Tanjaro and Kanaswra across all seasons, with the highest recorded concentration being 10.4 mg L-1 during autumn in Kanaswra. Conversely, sulfate (SO42-) and sodium (Na+) concentrations remained within standard limits, with SO42- peaking at 115.1 mg L-1 in Tanjaro during summer. Celery samples reflected high Na+ concentrations in some seasons, with values exceeding 570 mg·kg in Kanaswra during summer. Heavy metal analysis indicated remarkably low levels in irrigation water, yet celery samples from Tanjaro and Aziz Awa exhibited Pb concentrations above the safety threshold of 0.3 mg·kg in all seasons. Furthermore, bacterial contamination, including total aerobic count and coliform in both water and celery, surpassed standard limits, highlighting significant health risks. This study underscores the imperative need for stringent water treatment processes to mitigate contamination and safeguard agricultural productivity and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafeef Yass
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Sherko Mohammed
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Trifa Jalal
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Haider Hamzah
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan Region, Iraq.
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Bellil Z, Meyer S, Tilloy V, Mairi A, De Champs C, Barraud O, Touati A. Prevalence and Genomic Investigation of Salmonella Isolates Associated with Watermelons and Their Environmental Reservoirs in Bejaia, Algeria. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2024. [PMID: 38502796 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2023.0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted in Bejaia, Algeria, to determine the presence of Salmonella in fresh watermelon (n = 105), soil (n = 23), and irrigation water samples (n = 17) collected from two different farms. After isolation, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, serotype determination, multilocus sequence typing, antimicrobial resistance genes detection, and whole genome sequencing were performed. Twenty watermelon samples (19%) were contaminated with Salmonella, but none were found in the soil or irrigation water. Among the 20 Salmonella isolates, 2 serovars were identified (Salmonella Liverpool and Salmonella Anatum), belonging to sequence types ST1959 and ST64, respectively. Ten Salmonella isolates showed significant resistance to nalidixic acid, ofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin but were susceptible to all other antibiotics. The coexistence of point mutations (parC:p.T57S) in Quinolone Resistance-Determining Regions and the qnrB19 gene may contribute to quinolone resistance. The study identified 164 virulence genes in the Salmonella isolates. Our study found Salmonella in fresh watermelon during the preharvest season in Bejaia, Algeria. Our study indicates a relatively high prevalence of Salmonella on watermelon samples before harvest. Although we cannot directly compare our results with previous studies, it is crucial to recognize that the absence of comprehensive comparative data underscores the need for further research and surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Bellil
- Université de Bejaia, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne, FSNV, Bejaia, Algérie
| | - Sylvain Meyer
- Université de Limoges, INSERM, CHU Limoges, RESINFIT, U1092, Limoges, France
| | - Valentin Tilloy
- CNR Herpesvirus, UF 9481 Bioinformatique, CHU Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Assia Mairi
- Université de Bejaia, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne, FSNV, Bejaia, Algérie
| | - Christophe De Champs
- INSERM UMR-S 1250 P3Cell, SFR CAP-Santé, Université de Reims-Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Virologie-Hygiène Hospitalière-Parasitologie-Mycologie, CHU Reims, Hôpital Robert Debré, Reims, France
| | - Olivier Barraud
- Université de Limoges, INSERM, CHU Limoges, RESINFIT, U1092, Limoges, France
| | - Abdelaziz Touati
- Université de Bejaia, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne, FSNV, Bejaia, Algérie
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Ouédraogo GA, Cissé H, Ouédraogo HS, Kaboré B, Traoré R, Traoré Y, Bassolé IHN, Tchoumbougnang F, Savadogo A. Research of Antibiotic Residues and Bacterial Strain's Antibiotic Resistance Profile in the Liquid Effluents Evacuated in Nature by Two CHUs and a Mixed WWTP of Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso). Infect Drug Resist 2023; 16:2537-2547. [PMID: 37138834 PMCID: PMC10150758 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s408315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In Burkina Faso, suspicions have been raised that hospital liquid effluents are a source of microbiological contaminants in surface waters of urban and peri-urban areas. This study aimed to determine the antibiotic residues and the antibiotic resistance phenotype of potential pathogenic bacteria in the hospital liquid effluents discharged into nature by the CHUs Bogodogo, Yalgado Ouédraogo and the WWTS of Kossodo. Methods Fifteen samples of liquid effluents discharged into nature were collected. Antibiotic residues were identified by HPLC. A wavelength of 254 nm for the UV detector was set. Antibiotic testing was realized according to CASFM 2019 recommendations. Results Three molecules including Amoxicillin, Chloramphenicol and Ceftriaxone were detected in 13 samples. The strains characterized were 06 E. coli, 09 Pseudomonas spp, 05 Staphylococcus aureus and 04 Salmonella spp. Thus, none of the strains was resistant to Imipenem, but they were resistant to Amoxiclav with rates of 83.33% (E. coli), 88.88% (Pseudomonas spp) and 100% (Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella spp). Conclusion Ouagadougou hospital liquid effluents discharged into nature are contaminated with antibiotic residues and potential pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganamé Abasse Ouédraogo
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Immunologie Appliquées (LaBIA), Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
- Institut des Sciences Halieutiques (ISH) à Yabassi, Université de Douala, Douala, Cameroun
| | - Hama Cissé
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Immunologie Appliquées (LaBIA), Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Henri Sidabéwindin Ouédraogo
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Immunologie Appliquées (LaBIA), Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Boukaré Kaboré
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Immunologie Appliquées (LaBIA), Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Roukiatou Traoré
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Immunologie Appliquées (LaBIA), Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Yves Traoré
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Immunologie Appliquées (LaBIA), Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Ismael Henri Nestor Bassolé
- Laboratoire de biologie moléculaire, d’épidémiologie et de surveillance des bactéries et virus transmis par les aliments (LaBESTA), Université Joseph Ki-ZERBO, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Aly Savadogo
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Immunologie Appliquées (LaBIA), Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
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Editorial: Microbiological Safety of Foods. Foods 2020; 10:foods10010053. [PMID: 33379159 PMCID: PMC7823635 DOI: 10.3390/foods10010053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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Gao J, Jang H, Huang L, Matthews KR. Influence of product volume on water antimicrobial efficacy and cross-contamination during retail batch washing of lettuce. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 323:108593. [PMID: 32224348 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Fresh produce shall be thoroughly washed at the retail level prior to serving to the consumer with potable water. Foodborne pathogens if present on a product may transfer to the wash water and cross-contaminate other products immersed in the water. Typically, an entire carton of lettuce (24 heads) is washed together increasing the likelihood of cross-contamination due to the close contact between each head. This study aimed to compare the effects of two wash batch volumes - "low" (8 heads) and "high" (24 heads) on the efficacy of two commercial water antimicrobials and cross-contamination. Red leaf lettuce was spot-inoculated (~5.0 log CFU/g) with Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and Listeria monocytogenes. In the first batch of washing, inoculated lettuce was washed with non-inoculated lettuce, followed by reuse of the water/antimicrobials twice washing only non-inoculated lettuce. Samples of inoculated and non-inoculated lettuce were collected to determine aerobic plate count (APC) as well as the populations of STEC and L. monocytogenes. Microbiological analysis of the wash water was also conducted. Wash volume (8 versus 24 lettuce heads) had limited effects on the antimicrobial activities of the interventions evaluated. Instead, high-volume wash increased the rate of cross-contamination between non-inoculated and inoculated lettuce, and cross-contamination of non-inoculated lettuce through wash water reuse. Retailers should consider volume of product processed per batch, reuse of wash water, and use of an appropriate water antimicrobial in consideration of mitigating potential product cross-contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Gao
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, United States
| | - Hyein Jang
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, United States
| | - Licheng Huang
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, United States
| | - Karl R Matthews
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, United States.
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Periurban Transformations in the Global South and Their Impact on Water-Based Livelihoods. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12020458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Urban sprawl and population increase are fundamentally transforming periurban areas in the Global South. These areas often suffer from inadequate environmental planning, resulting in water sources being overexploited, degraded, and redistributed. These processes affect water-based livelihoods due to disadvantages in water access and inadequate water governance. On the positive side, these transformation processes are leading to alternative water-based livelihoods. We systematically review and critically comment on the literature on water-based livelihoods in periurban areas of the Global South to provide the current scientific knowledge on this topic. Transformations of water-based livelihoods in periurban areas were also evaluated in terms of their sustainability. We conclude that rapid developments of periurban areas contain threats and potentials for water-based livelihoods and some emerging water-based livelihoods, whereas some emerging water-based livelihoods provide interim solutions for institutional supply gaps. Major lacunae in research are the (1) lack of holistic approaches, which address social dimensions of transformations, (2) the lack of studies applying a differentiated perspective on neighbouring areas within the urban fringe and (3) a lack of knowledge on emerging (water-based) livelihoods.
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Bastaraud A, Cecchi P, Handschumacher P, Altmann M, Jambou R. Urbanization and Waterborne Pathogen Emergence in Low-Income Countries: Where and How to Conduct Surveys? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17020480. [PMID: 31940838 PMCID: PMC7013806 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17020480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A major forthcoming sanitary issue concerns the apparition and spreading of drug-resistant microorganisms, potentially threatening millions of humans. In low-income countries, polluted urban runoff and open sewage channels are major sources of microbes. These microbes join natural microbial communities in aquatic ecosystems already impacted by various chemicals, including antibiotics. These composite microbial communities must adapt to survive in such hostile conditions, sometimes promoting the selection of antibiotic-resistant microbial strains by gene transfer. The low probability of exchanges between planktonic microorganisms within the water column may be significantly improved if their contact was facilitated by particular meeting places. This could be specifically the case within biofilms that develop on the surface of the myriads of floating macroplastics increasingly polluting urban tropical surface waters. Moreover, as uncultivable bacterial strains could be involved, analyses of the microbial communities in their whole have to be performed. This means that new-omic technologies must be routinely implemented in low- and middle-income countries to detect the appearance of resistance genes in microbial ecosystems, especially when considering the new ‘plastic context.’ We summarize the related current knowledge in this short review paper to anticipate new strategies for monitoring and surveying microbial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Bastaraud
- Laboratoire d’Hygiène des Aliments et de l’Environnement, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, BP 1274, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar;
| | - Philippe Cecchi
- MARBEC (IRD, IFREMER, UM2 and CNRS), University Montpellier, 34095 Montpellier, France;
- Centre de Recherche Océanologique (CRO), Abidjan BPV 18, Ivory Coast
| | - Pascal Handschumacher
- IRD UMR 912 SESSTIM, INSERM-IRD-Université de Marseille II, 13000 Marseille, France;
| | - Mathias Altmann
- ISPED Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux II, 146 rue Leo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux cedex, France;
| | - Ronan Jambou
- Département de Parasitologie et des insectes vecteurs, Institut Pasteur Paris, 75015 Paris, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-622-10-72-96
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