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Udabe J, Bongiovanni Abel S, Orellano MS, Calderón M. Multiresponsive Nanogels for the Selective Delivery of Antimicrobial Drugs to Mucosal Tissues. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:5968-5978. [PMID: 39190052 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.4c00633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Effective drug delivery to bacterially infected mucosa remains a challenge due to the combined obstacles of the mucosal barrier, pH variations, and high concentrations of glutathione. However, polysaccharide-based responsive nanogels (NGs) can take advantage of these conditions to deliver specific antimicrobials. We explored the critical features of pH- and redox-responsive NGs to increase drug penetration, residence time, and efficacy in the infected mucosa. We prepared multifunctional NGs using hydroxypropyl cellulose as a template for the cross-linking of methacrylic acid with N,N'-bis(acryloyl)cystamine (BAC) or N,N'-methylenebis(acrylamide) (BIS). Studies of NG-mucin binding and the antibacterial efficacy of doxycycline-loaded NGs revealed the interplay between the response to pH and redox clues. Specifically, higher BAC composition increased mucus binding and controlled release in reductive conditions, while higher BIS composition yielded NGs with higher doxycycline-mediated antibacterial efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus. The findings reveal the potential of multiresponsive NGs in effective antimicrobial delivery in infected mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakes Udabe
- POLYMAT, Applied Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, Donostia-San Sebastián 20018, Spain
| | - Silvestre Bongiovanni Abel
- POLYMAT, Applied Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, Donostia-San Sebastián 20018, Spain
- Biomedical Polymers Division, Research Institute for Materials Science and Technology (INTEMA), National University of Mar del Plata (UNMdP)-National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Av. Colón 10850, Mar del Plata 7600, Argentina
| | - María Soledad Orellano
- POLYMAT, Applied Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, Donostia-San Sebastián 20018, Spain
| | - Marcelo Calderón
- POLYMAT, Applied Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, Donostia-San Sebastián 20018, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, Bilbao 48009, Spain
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Wathoni N, Suhandi C, Elamin KM, Lesmana R, Hasan N, Mohammed AFA, El-Rayyes A, Wilar G. Advancements and Challenges of Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for Wound Healing Applications. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:8091-8113. [PMID: 39161361 PMCID: PMC11332415 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s478964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The current treatments for wound healing still exhibit drawbacks due to limited availability at the action sites, susceptibility to degradation, and immediate drug release, all of which are detrimental in chronic conditions. Nano-modification strategies, offering various advantages that can enhance the physicochemical properties of drugs, have been employed in efforts to maximize the efficacy of wound healing medications. Nowadays, nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) provide drug delivery capabilities that can safeguard active compounds from environmental influences and enable controlled release profiles. Consequently, NLCs are considered an alternative therapy to address the challenges encountered in wound treatment. This review delves into the application of NLCs in drug delivery for wound healing, encompassing discussions on their composition, preparation methods, and their impact on treatment effectiveness. The modification of drugs into the NLC model can be facilitated using relatively straightforward technologies such as pressure-based processes, emulsification techniques, solvent utilization methods, or phase inversion. Moreover, NLC production with minimal material compositions can accommodate both single and combination drug delivery. Through in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies, it has been substantiated that NLCs can enhance the therapeutic potential of various drug types in wound healing treatments. NLCs enhance efficacy by reducing the active substance particle size, increasing solubility and bioavailability, and prolonging drug release, ensuring sustained dosage at the wound site for chronic wounds. In summary, NLCs represent an effective nanocarrier system for optimizing the bioavailability of active pharmacological ingredients in the context of wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasrul Wathoni
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, 45363, Indonesia
| | - Cecep Suhandi
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, 45363, Indonesia
| | - Khaled M Elamin
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan
| | - Ronny Lesmana
- Physiology Division, Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
- Biological Activity Division, Central Laboratory, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Nurhasni Hasan
- Department of Pharmacy Science and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia
| | | | - Ali El-Rayyes
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Northern Border University, Arar, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gofarana Wilar
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, 45363, Indonesia
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3
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Fahimnia F, Nemattalab M, Hesari Z. Development and characterization of a topical gel, containing lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) oil loaded solid lipid nanoparticles. BMC Complement Med Ther 2024; 24:155. [PMID: 38589838 PMCID: PMC11000301 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-024-04440-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Gels loaded with nanocarriers offer interesting ways to create novel therapeutic approaches by fusing the benefits of gel and nanotechnology. Clinical studies indicate that lavender oil (Lav-O) has a positive impact on accelerating wound healing properly based on its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects. Initially Lav-O loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (Lav-SLN) were prepared incorporating cholesterol and lecithin natural lipids and prepared SLNs were characterized. Next, a 3% SLN containing topical gel (Lav-SLN-G) was formulated using Carbopol 940. Both Lav-SLN and Lav-SLN-G were assessed in terms antibacterial effects against S. aureus. Lav-SLNs revealed a particle size of 19.24 nm, zeta potential of -21.6 mv and EE% of 75.46%. Formulated topical gel presented an acceptable pH and texture properties. Minimum Inhibitory/Bactericidal Concentration (MIC/MBC) against S. aureus for LAv-O, Lav-SLN and Lav-SLN-G were 0.12 and 0.24 mgml- 1, 0.05 and 0.19 mgml- 1 and 0.045, 0.09 mgml- 1, respectively. Therefore, SLN can be considered as an antimicrobial potentiating nano-carrier for delivery of Lav-O as an antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory agent in topical gel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faeze Fahimnia
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Mehran Nemattalab
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Zahra Hesari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
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Mohseni-Motlagh SF, Dolatabadi R, Baniassadi M, Baghani M. Application of the Quality by Design Concept (QbD) in the Development of Hydrogel-Based Drug Delivery Systems. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4407. [PMID: 38006131 PMCID: PMC10674248 DOI: 10.3390/polym15224407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogel-based drug delivery systems are of interest to researchers for many reasons, such as biocompatibility, high diversity, and the possibility of administration from different routes. Despite these advantages, there are challenges, such as controlling the drug release rate and their mechanical properties during the manufacturing of these systems. For this reason, there is a need for the production and development of such drug delivery systems with a scientific strategy. For this reason, the quality by design (QbD) approach is used for the development of drug delivery systems. This approach, by identifying the most effective factors in the manufacturing of pharmaceutical products and controlling them, results in a product with the desired quality with the least number of errors. In this review article, an attempt is made to discuss the application and method of applying this approach in the development of hydrogel-based drug delivery systems. So that for the development and production of these systems, according to the type of drug delivery system, what target characteristics should be considered (QTPP) and what factors, such as material properties (CMA) or process parameters (CPP), should be taken into account to reach the critical quality attributes of the product (CQA).
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Farid Mohseni-Motlagh
- School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran 1439814151, Iran
| | - Roshanak Dolatabadi
- Food and Drug Administration, Iran Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran 1419943471, Iran
| | - Majid Baniassadi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran 1439814151, Iran
| | - Mostafa Baghani
- School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran 1439814151, Iran
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5
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Motsoene F, Abrahamse H, Dhilip Kumar SS. Multifunctional lipid-based nanoparticles for wound healing and antibacterial applications: A review. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 321:103002. [PMID: 37804662 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2023.103002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Wound healing primarily involves preventing severe infections, accelerating healing, and reducing pain and scarring. Therefore, the multifunctional application of lipid-based nanoparticles (LBNs) has received considerable attention in drug discovery due to their solid or liquid lipid core, which increases their ability to provide prolonged drug release, reduce treatment costs, and improve patient compliance. LBNs have also been used in medical and cosmetic practices and formulated for various products based on skin type, disease conditions, administration product costs, efficiency, stability, and toxicity; therefore, understanding their interaction with biological systems is very important. Therefore, it is necessary to perform an in-depth analysis of the results from a comprehensive characterization process to produce lipid-based drug delivery systems with desired properties. This review will provide detailed information on the different types of LBNs, their formulation methods, characterisation, antimicrobial activity, and application in various wound models (both in vitro and in vivo studies). Also, the clinical and commercial applications of LBNs are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fezile Motsoene
- Laser Research Centre, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Heidi Abrahamse
- Laser Research Centre, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Asha B, Goudanavar P, Koteswara Rao G, Gandla K, Raghavendra Naveen N, Majeed S, Muthukumarasamy R. QbD driven targeted pulmonary delivery of dexamethasone-loaded chitosan microspheres: Biodistribution and pharmacokinetic study. Saudi Pharm J 2023; 31:101711. [PMID: 37564747 PMCID: PMC10410579 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2023.101711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhaling drugs, on the other hand, is limited mainly by the natural mechanisms of the respiratory system, which push drug particles out of the lungs or make them inefficient once they are there. Because of this, many ways have been found to work around the problems with drug transport through the lungs. Researchers have made polymeric microparticles (MP) and nanoparticles as a possible way to get drugs into the lungs. They showed that the drug could be trapped in large amounts and retained in the lungs for a long time, with as little contact as possible with the bloodstream. MP were formulated in this study to get dexamethasone (DMC) into the pulmonary area. The Box-Behnken design optimized microspheres preparation to meet the pulmonary delivery prerequisites. Optimized formulation was figured out based on the desirability approach. The mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) of the optimized formula (O-DMC-MP) was 8.46 ± 1.45 µm, and the fine particle fraction (FPF) was 77.69 ± 1.26%. This showed that it made suitable drug delivery system, which could make it possible for MP to settle deeply in the lung space after being breathed in. With the first burst of drug release, it was seen that drug release could last up to 16 h. Also, there was no clear sign that the optimized formulation was toxic to the alveoli basal epithelial cells in the lungs, as supported by cytotoxic studies in HUVEC, A549, and H1299 cell lines. Most importantly, loading DMC inside MP cuts the amount of drug into the bloodstream compared to plain DMC, as evident from biodistribution studies. Stability tests have shown that the product can stay the same over time at both the storage conditions. Using chitosan DMC-MP can be a better therapeutic formulation to treat acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).
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Affiliation(s)
- B.R. Asha
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Sri Adichunchanagiri College of Pharmacy, Adichunchanagiri University, B.G. Nagar, Karnataka 571448, India
| | - Prakash Goudanavar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Sri Adichunchanagiri College of Pharmacy, Adichunchanagiri University, B.G. Nagar, Karnataka 571448, India
| | - G.S.N. Koteswara Rao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM’s NMIMS, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai 400056, Maharashtra, India
| | - Kumaraswamy Gandla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Chaitanya (Deemed to be University), Hanamkonda 506001, Telangana, India
| | - N. Raghavendra Naveen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Sri Adichunchanagiri College of Pharmacy, Adichunchanagiri University, B.G. Nagar, Karnataka 571448, India
| | - Shahnaz Majeed
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Royal college of Medicine Perak, No 3, Jalan Green town, Ipoh 30450, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Ravindran Muthukumarasamy
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Royal college of Medicine Perak, No 3, Jalan Green town, Ipoh 30450, Perak, Malaysia
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Serbezeanu D, Iftime MM, Ailiesei GL, Ipate AM, Bargan A, Vlad-Bubulac T, Rîmbu CM. Evaluation of Poly(vinyl alcohol)-Xanthan Gum Hydrogels Loaded with Neomycin Sulfate as Systems for Drug Delivery. Gels 2023; 9:655. [PMID: 37623110 PMCID: PMC10454009 DOI: 10.3390/gels9080655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, multidrug-resistant bacteria have developed the ability to resist multiple antibiotics, limiting the available options for effective treatment. Raising awareness and providing education on the appropriate use of antibiotics, as well as improving infection control measures in healthcare facilities, are crucial steps to address the healthcare crisis. Further, innovative approaches must be adopted to develop novel drug delivery systems using polymeric matrices as carriers and support to efficiently combat such multidrug-resistant bacteria and thus promote wound healing. In this context, the current work describes the use of two biocompatible and non-toxic polymers, poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and xanthan gum (XG), to achieve hydrogel networks through cross-linking by oxalic acid following the freezing/thawing procedure. PVA/XG-80/20 hydrogels were loaded with different quantities of neomycin sulfate to create promising low-class topical antibacterial formulations with enhanced antimicrobial effects. The inclusion of neomycin sulfate in the hydrogels is intended to impart them with powerful antimicrobial properties, thereby facilitating the development of exceptionally efficient topical antibacterial formulations. Thus, incorporating higher quantities of neomycin sulfate in the PVA/XG-80/20-2 and PVA/XG-80/20-3 formulations yielded promising cycling characteristics. These formulations exhibited outstanding removal efficiency, exceeding 80% even after five cycles, indicating remarkable and consistent adsorption performance with repeated use. Furthermore, both PVA/XG-80/20-2 and PVA/XG-80/20-3 formulations outperformed the drug-free sample, PVA/XG-80/20, demonstrating a significant enhancement in maximum compressive stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Serbezeanu
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania; (M.M.I.); (G.-L.A.); (A.-M.I.); (A.B.); (T.V.-B.)
| | - Manuela Maria Iftime
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania; (M.M.I.); (G.-L.A.); (A.-M.I.); (A.B.); (T.V.-B.)
| | - Gabriela-Liliana Ailiesei
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania; (M.M.I.); (G.-L.A.); (A.-M.I.); (A.B.); (T.V.-B.)
| | - Alina-Mirela Ipate
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania; (M.M.I.); (G.-L.A.); (A.-M.I.); (A.B.); (T.V.-B.)
| | - Alexandra Bargan
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania; (M.M.I.); (G.-L.A.); (A.-M.I.); (A.B.); (T.V.-B.)
| | - Tǎchiţǎ Vlad-Bubulac
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania; (M.M.I.); (G.-L.A.); (A.-M.I.); (A.B.); (T.V.-B.)
| | - Cristina Mihaela Rîmbu
- Department of Public Health, “Ion Ionescu de la Brad” Iasi University of Life Sciences, 8 Sadoveanu Alley, 707027 Iasi, Romania;
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Raghavendra Naveen N, Anitha P, Gowthami B, Goudanavar P, Fattepur S. QbD assisted formulation design and optimization of thiol pectin based Polyethyleneglycol and Montmorillonite(PEG/MMT) nanocomposite films of neomycin sulphate for wound healing. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2023.104348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
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9
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Farasati Far B, Naimi-Jamal MR, Sedaghat M, Hoseini A, Mohammadi N, Bodaghi M. Combinational System of Lipid-Based Nanocarriers and Biodegradable Polymers for Wound Healing: An Updated Review. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:jfb14020115. [PMID: 36826914 PMCID: PMC9963106 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14020115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin wounds have imposed serious socioeconomic burdens on healthcare providers and patients. There are just more than 25,000 burn injury-related deaths reported each year. Conventional treatments do not often allow the re-establishment of the function of affected regions and structures, resulting in dehydration and wound infections. Many nanocarriers, such as lipid-based systems or biobased and biodegradable polymers and their associated platforms, are favorable in wound healing due to their ability to promote cell adhesion and migration, thus improving wound healing and reducing scarring. Hence, many researchers have focused on developing new wound dressings based on such compounds with desirable effects. However, when applied in wound healing, some problems occur, such as the high cost of public health, novel treatments emphasizing reduced healthcare costs, and increasing quality of treatment outcomes. The integrated hybrid systems of lipid-based nanocarriers (LNCs) and polymer-based systems can be promising as the solution for the above problems in the wound healing process. Furthermore, novel drug delivery systems showed more effective release of therapeutic agents, suitable mimicking of the physiological environment, and improvement in the function of the single system. This review highlights recent advances in lipid-based systems and the role of lipid-based carriers and biodegradable polymers in wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Farasati Far
- Research Laboratory of Green Organic Synthesis and Polymers, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 1684613114, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Naimi-Jamal
- Research Laboratory of Green Organic Synthesis and Polymers, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 1684613114, Iran
- Correspondence: (M.R.N.-J.); (M.B.)
| | - Meysam Sedaghat
- Advanced Materials Research Center, Materials Engineering Department, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad 8514143131, Iran
| | - Alireza Hoseini
- Department of Materials Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 1684613114, Iran
| | - Negar Mohammadi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Science, Ahvaz 6135733184, Iran
| | - Mahdi Bodaghi
- Department of Engineering, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
- Correspondence: (M.R.N.-J.); (M.B.)
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Bercea M, Plugariu IA, Gradinaru LM, Avadanei M, Doroftei F, Gradinaru VR. Hybrid Hydrogels for Neomycin Delivery: Synergistic Effects of Natural/Synthetic Polymers and Proteins. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15030630. [PMID: 36771933 PMCID: PMC9920321 DOI: 10.3390/polym15030630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper reports new physical hydrogels obtained by the freezing/thawing method. They include pullulan (PULL) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) as polymers, bovine serum albumin (BSA) as protein, and a tripeptide, reduced glutathione (GSH). In addition, a sample containing PULL/PVA and lysozyme was obtained in similar conditions. SEM analysis evidenced the formation of networks with porous structure. The average pore size was found to be between 15.7 μm and 24.5 μm. All samples exhibited viscoelastic behavior typical to networks, the hydrogel strength being influenced by the protein content. Infrared spectroscopy analysis revealed the presence of intermolecular hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions (more pronounced for BSA content between 30% and 70%). The swelling kinetics investigated in buffer solution (pH = 7.4) at 37 °C evidenced a quasi-Fickian diffusion for all samples. The hydrogels were loaded with neomycin trisulfate salt hydrate (taken as a model drug), and the optimum formulations (samples containing 10-30% BSA or 2% lysozyme) proved a sustained drug release over 480 min in simulated physiological conditions. The experimental data were analyzed using different kinetic models in order to investigate the drug release mechanism. Among them, the semi-empirical Korsmeyer-Peppas and Peppas-Sahlin models were suitable to describe in vitro drug release mechanism of neomycin sulfate from the investigated hybrid hydrogels. The structural, viscoelastic, and swelling properties of PULL/PVA/protein hybrid hydrogels are influenced by their composition and preparation conditions, and they represent important factors for in vitro drug release behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bercea
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41-A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania
- Correspondence:
| | - Ioana-Alexandra Plugariu
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41-A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Luiza Madalina Gradinaru
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41-A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Mihaela Avadanei
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41-A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Florica Doroftei
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41-A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Vasile Robert Gradinaru
- Faculty of Chemistry, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, 11 Carol I Bd., 700506 Iasi, Romania
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Monirul Islam M, HR V, Durga Bhavani P, Goudanavar PS, Naveen NR, Ramesh B, Fattepur S, Narayanappa Shiroorkar P, Habeebuddin M, Meravanige G, Telsang M, Sreeharsha N. Optimization of process parameters for fabrication of electrospun nanofibers containing neomycin sulfate and Malva sylvestris extract for a better diabetic wound healing. Drug Deliv 2022; 29:3370-3383. [PMID: 36404771 PMCID: PMC9848420 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2022.2144963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is one of the most concerning conditions, and its chronic consequences are almost always accompanied by infection, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Reducing excessive reactive oxygen species and the wound's inflammatory response is a necessary treatment during the acute inflammatory phase of diabetic wound healing. Malva sylvestris extract (MS) containing nanofibers containing neomycin sulfate (NS) were synthesized for this investigation, and their impact on the healing process of diabetic wounds was assessed. Using Design Expert, the electrospinning process for the fabrication of NS nanofibers (NS-NF) was adjusted for applied voltage (X1), the distance between the needle's tip and the collector (X2), and the feed rate (X3) for attaining desired entrapment efficacy [EE] and average nanofiber diameter (ND). The optimal formulation can be prepared with 19.11 kV of voltage, 20 cm of distance, and a flow rate of 0.502 mL/h utilizing the desirability approach. All the selected parameters and responses have their impact on drug delivery from nanofibers. In addition, M. sylvestris extracts have been added into the optimal formulation [MS-NS-NF] and assessed for their surface morphology, tensile strength, water absorption potential, and in vitro drug release studies. The NS and MS delivery from MS-NS-NF has been extended for more than 60 h. M. sylvestris-loaded nanofibers demonstrated superior antibacterial activity compared to plain NS nanofibers. The scaffolds featured a broad aspect and a highly linked porous fibrous network structure. Histomorphometry study and the in vitro scratch assay demonstrate the formulation's efficacy in treating diabetic wound healing. The cells treated with MS-NS-NF in vivo demonstrated that wound dressings successfully reduced both acute and chronic inflammations. To improve the healing of diabetic wounds, MS-NS-NF may be regarded as an appropriate candidate for wound dressing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Monirul Islam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia,Nagaraja Sreeharsha Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf, Al-Ahsa31982, Saudi Arabia or
| | - Varshini HR
- Sri Adichunchanagiri College of Pharmacy, Adichunchanagiri University, Karnataka, India
| | - Penmetsa Durga Bhavani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Vishnu Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Telangana, India
| | - Prakash S. Goudanavar
- Sri Adichunchanagiri College of Pharmacy, Adichunchanagiri University, Karnataka, India,Nagaraja Sreeharsha Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf, Al-Ahsa31982, Saudi Arabia or
| | - N. Raghavendra Naveen
- Sri Adichunchanagiri College of Pharmacy, Adichunchanagiri University, Karnataka, India,CONTACT N. Raghavendra Naveen Sri Adichunchanagiri College of Pharmacy, Adichunchanagiri University, B.G.Nagar, Karnataka, 571448, India or
| | - B. Ramesh
- Sri Adichunchanagiri College of Pharmacy, Adichunchanagiri University, Karnataka, India
| | - Santosh Fattepur
- School of Pharmacy, Management and Science University, Selangor, Malaysia,Santosh Fattepur School of Pharmacy, Management and Science University, Seksyen 13, Shah Alam40100, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Mohammed Habeebuddin
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Girish Meravanige
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mallikarjun Telsang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nagaraja Sreeharsha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia,Department of Pharmaceutics, Vidya Siri College of Pharmacy, Bangalore, India,Nagaraja Sreeharsha Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf, Al-Ahsa31982, Saudi Arabia or
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12
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Pintea A, Vlad RA, Antonoaea P, Rédai EM, Todoran N, Barabás EC, Ciurba A. Structural Characterization and Optimization of a Miconazole Oral Gel. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14225011. [PMID: 36433136 PMCID: PMC9692734 DOI: 10.3390/polym14225011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of semisolid formulations, gels in particular, has raised the attention of scientists more and more over the last decades. Because of their biocompatibility, hydrophilic nature, and capacity of absorbing large quantities of water, hydrogels are still one of the most promising pharmaceutical formulations in the pharmaceutical industry. The purpose of this study is to develop an optimal formulation capable of incorporating a water-poorly soluble active ingredient such as miconazole used in the treatment of fungal infections with Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis. A D-optimal design was applied to study the relationship between the formulation parameter and the gel characteristics. The independent parameters used in this study were the Carbopol 940 concentration (the polymer used to obtain the gel matrix), the sodium hydroxide amount, and the presence/absence of miconazole. Ten different dependent parameters (Y1-Y10) were evaluated (penetrometry, spreadability, viscosity, and tangential tension at 1 and 11 levels of speed whilst destructuring and during the reorganization of the gel matrix). The consistency of the gels ranged from 23.2 mm (GO2) to 29.6 mm (GM5). The least spreadable gel was GO7 (1384 mm2), whilst the gel that presented the best spreadability was GO1 (3525 mm2). The viscosity and the tangential stress at the selected levels (1 and 11) varied due to the different compositions of the proposed gels. The gels were also tested for drug content and antifungal activity. All determinations had satisfying results; the drug content was within limits accepted by Ph. Eur. 10 and all formulations containing miconazole exhibited antifungal activity. An optimal formulation with miconazole was attained, consisting of 0.84% Carbopol 940 and 0.32% sodium hydroxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrada Pintea
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu Mures, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Robert-Alexandru Vlad
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu Mures, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Paula Antonoaea
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu Mures, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania
- Correspondence:
| | - Emöke Margit Rédai
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu Mures, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Nicoleta Todoran
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu Mures, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Enikő-Csilla Barabás
- Cellular Biology and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu Mures, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Mures, County Hospital, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Adriana Ciurba
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu Mures, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania
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13
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Sreeharsha N, Prasanthi S, Mahalakshmi SVVNS, Goudanavar PS, Naveen NR, Gowthami B, Fattepur S, Meravanige G, Asdaq SMB, Anwer MK, Aldhubiab B, Islam MM, Habeebuddin M, Telsang M, Gharsan MA, Haroun M. Enhancement of Anti-Tumoral Properties of Paclitaxel Nano-Crystals by Conjugation of Folic Acid to Pluronic F127: Formulation Optimization, In Vitro and In Vivo Study. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27227914. [PMID: 36432014 PMCID: PMC9696646 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27227914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A brand-new nano-crystal (NC) version of the hydrophobic drug Paclitaxel (PT) were formulated for cancer treatment. A stable NC formulation for the administration of PT was created using the triblock co-polymer Pluronic F127. To achieve maximum entrapment effectiveness and minimal particle size, the formulation was improved using the central composite design by considering agitation speed and vacuum pressure at five levels (coded as +1.414, +1, 0, -1, and -1.414). According to the Design Expert software's predictions, 13 runs were created and evaluated for the chosen responses. The formulation prepared with an agitation speed of 1260 RPM and a vacuum pressure of 77.53 mbar can meet the requirements of the ideal formulation in order to achieve 142.56 nm of PS and 75.18% EE, according to the level of desirability (D = 0.959). Folic acid was conjugated to Pluronic F127 to create folate receptor-targeted NC. The drug release profile of the nano-crystals in vitro demonstrated sustained release over an extended period. Folate receptor (FR)-targeted NC (O-PT-NC-Folate) has also been prepared by conjugating folic acid to Pluronic F127. MTT test is used to validate the targeting efficacy on the FR-positive human oral cancer cell line (KB). At pharmacologically relevant concentrations, the PT nano-crystal formulation did not cause hemolysis. Compared to non-targeted NC of PT, the O-PT-NC-Folate showed a comparable but more sustained anti-cancer effect, according to an in vivo anti-tumor investigation in NCI/ADR-RES cell lines. The remarkable anti-tumor effectiveness, minimal toxicity, and simplicity of scale-up manufacturing of the NC formulations indicate their potential for clinical development. Other hydrophobic medications that are formulated into nano-systems for improved therapy may benefit from the formulation approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagaraja Sreeharsha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Vidya Siri College of Pharmacy, Off Sarjapura Road, Bangalore 560035, Karnataka, India
- Correspondence: (N.S.); (N.R.N.); (S.F.)
| | - Samathoti Prasanthi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Sri Venkateswara College of Pharmacy, RVS Nagar, Tirupati Rd, Chittoor 517127, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | | | - Prakash S. Goudanavar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Sri Adichunchanagiri College of Pharmacy, Adichunchanagiri University, B.G. Nagar 571448, Karnataka, India
| | - Nimbagal Raghavendra Naveen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Sri Adichunchanagiri College of Pharmacy, Adichunchanagiri University, B.G. Nagar 571448, Karnataka, India
- Correspondence: (N.S.); (N.R.N.); (S.F.)
| | - Buduru Gowthami
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Annamacharya College of Pharmacy, New Boyanapalli, Rajampet 516126, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Santosh Fattepur
- School of Pharmacy, Management and Science University, Seksyen 13, Shah Alam 40100, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (N.S.); (N.R.N.); (S.F.)
| | - Girish Meravanige
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Al Hofuf 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Md. Khalid Anwer
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bandar Aldhubiab
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Monirul Islam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al Hofuf 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Habeebuddin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Al Hofuf 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mallikarjun Telsang
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Al Hofuf 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mazen Al Gharsan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Michelyne Haroun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf 31982, Saudi Arabia
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14
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Guo Y, Yang Y, Xu Y, Meng Y, Ye J, Xia X, Liu Y. Deformable Nanovesicle-Loaded Gel for Buccal Insulin Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14112262. [PMID: 36365081 PMCID: PMC9699007 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Deformable nanovesicles (DNVs) have been widely used in oral mucosal delivery studies of biomolecular drugs. However, their development for oral mucosal preparations has been limited by their physical and chemical instability, the need for small oral volumes, and the complexity of the oral microenvironment. This study aimed to develop a more suitable buccal delivery system for DNVs with improved storage stability. Preliminary stability studies investigated different gel types, the effects of different hydrophilic gel matrices, and matrix temperature sensitivity using DNVs loaded with insulin-phospholipid complex (IPC-DNVs). A temperature-sensitive gel encapsulating IPC-DNVs (IPC-DNV-TSG) prepared with 2% w/v gelatin was stable at 4 °C for three months and maintained an excellent hypoglycemic effect. The delivery efficiency of IPC-DNVs and IPC-DNV-TSG was compared using a TR146 cell model, revealing that cell viability remained high. Cellular uptake was slightly lower for IPC-DNV-TSG than for IPC-DNVs, but total transport did not differ significantly between the two groups, which may have been related to the viscosity of IPC-DNV-TSG and the hydrophilicity, cell adhesion properties, and biocompatibility of gelatin. Moreover, neither IPC-DNVs nor IPC-DNV-TSG induced significant mucosal irritation in rabbit tongue tissue sections. The study findings demonstrate a promising method for possible use as oral mucosal delivery of peptide drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyue Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulations, State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- Beijing Wehand-Bio Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Beijing 102600, China
| | - Yuqi Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulations, State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - You Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulations, State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yingying Meng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulations, State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jun Ye
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulations, State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xuejun Xia
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulations, State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-8316-0332; Fax: +86-10-6315-9373
| | - Yuling Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulations, State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
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15
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Alaithan S, Naveen NR, Goudanavar PS, Bhavani PD, Ramesh B, Koppuravuri NP, Fattepur S, Sreeharsha N, Nair AB, Aldhubiab BE, Shinu P, Almuqbil RM. Development of Novel Unfolding Film System of Itopride Hydrochloride Using Box-Behnken Design-A Gastro Retentive Approach. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15080981. [PMID: 36015129 PMCID: PMC9415307 DOI: 10.3390/ph15080981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, gastro-retentive dosage forms achieved a remarkable position among the oral drug delivery systems. This is a broadly used technique to hold the drug delivery systems for a long duration in the gastro intestine (GI) region, slow drug delivery, and overcome other challenges related to typical oral delivery such as low bioavailability. The current work aimed to formulate and characterize a new expandable gastro-retentive system through Itopride Hydrochloride (IH)’s unfolding process for controlled release. The IH-loaded unfolding film formulation was optimized using the Box-Behnken design for folding endurance and length of tested layer (LTL). Initially, the formulation was made using several anti-adhesive additives to promote the unfolding mechanism. Citric acid and sodium bicarbonate were selected as anti-adhesives based on these results. The enfolded film in a capsule shell was shown to unroll in the stomach fluids and render drug delivery up to 12 h in acidic conditions. A fabricated system should have dimensions more than the size of the relaxed pyloric sphincter, and as required, >20 mm LTL was identified. This further confirms that the residence period in the stomach is irrelevant to the fed or fasted condition. Based on desirability criteria, the formulation containing 143.83, 0.7982, and 14.6096 Eudragit L100, PEG, and sodium bicarbonate are selected as optimized formulations (O-IH-UF). The optimized formulation was further analyzed for various parameters such as tensile strength, mechanical strength, unfolding nature, degradability, and in vitro release studies. The pharmacokinetic study revealed greater AUC (area under the curve) and long half-life with the designed O-IH-UF formulation, confirming that the unfolding film type can be a favorable drug system for enhancing the bioavailability of low soluble drugs. The results showed that unfolding types of gastro retentive systems could potentiate the drugs with stability issues in an alkaline medium or those with absorption in acidic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaima Alaithan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (S.A.); (P.S.G.); (S.F.)
| | | | - Prakash S. Goudanavar
- Sri Adichunchanagiri College of Pharmacy, Adichunchanagiri University, B.G. Nagar 571448, Karnataka, India
- Correspondence: (S.A.); (P.S.G.); (S.F.)
| | - Penmetsa Durga Bhavani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Vishnu Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Narsapur Medak 502313, Telangana, India
| | - Beveenahalli Ramesh
- Sri Adichunchanagiri College of Pharmacy, Adichunchanagiri University, B.G. Nagar 571448, Karnataka, India
| | - Naga Prashant Koppuravuri
- Sri Adichunchanagiri College of Pharmacy, Adichunchanagiri University, B.G. Nagar 571448, Karnataka, India
| | - Santosh Fattepur
- School of Pharmacy, Management and Science University, Seksyen 13, Shah Alam 40100, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (S.A.); (P.S.G.); (S.F.)
| | - Nagaraja Sreeharsha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Vidya Siri College of Pharmacy, Off Sarjapura Road, Bangalore 560035, Karnataka, India
| | - Anroop B. Nair
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bandar E. Aldhubiab
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pottathil Shinu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rashed M. Almuqbil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
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