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Moric-Janiszewska E, Smolik S, Szydłowski L, Kapral M. Associations between Selected ADRB1 and CYP2D6 Gene Polymorphisms in Children with Ventricular and Supraventricular Arrhythmias. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:2057. [PMID: 38138160 PMCID: PMC10744405 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59122057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Tachycardia is a common cardiovascular disease. Drugs blocking β1-adrenergic receptors (ADRB1) are used in the therapy of arrhythmogenic heart diseases. Disease-related polymorphisms can be observed within the ADRB1 gene. The two most important are Ser49Gly and Arg389Gly, and they influence the treatment efficacy. The family of the cytochrome P450 system consists of the isoenzyme CYP2D6 (Debrisoquine 4-hydroxylase), which is involved in phase I metabolism of almost 25% of clinically important drugs, including antiarrhythmic drugs. A study was conducted to detect the ADRB1 and CYP2D6 gene polymorphisms. Materials and Methods: The material for the test was whole blood from 30 patients with ventricular and supraventricular tachycardia and 20 controls. The samples were obtained from the Department of Pediatric Cardiology. The first to be made was the extraction of DNA using a GeneMATRIX Quick Blood DNA Purification Kit from EURx. The selected ADRB1 and CYP2D6 gene polymorphisms were detected by high-resolution melting polymerase chain reaction (HRM-PCR) analysis. Results: Based on the analysis of melt profile data for each PCR product, the identification of polymorphisms was carried out. Heterozygotes and homozygotes were found in the examined alleles. Conclusions: The frequency of the Arg389Gly polymorphism differs statistically significantly between the control group and patients with supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias, as well as between these two groups of patients. Moreover, the Arg389Gly polymorphism was statistically more prevalent in the group of girls with SVT arrhythmia compared to girls with VT. A few carriers of homozygous and heterozygous systems of the S49G polymorphism were detected among patients with arrhythmias, as well as control group. The percentage of individuals carrying the CYP2D6 4 allele as either homozygous or heterozygous was observed in the study and control groups. The high prevalence of the CYP2D6*4 allele carriers in both groups prompts the optimization of beta-1 blocker therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Moric-Janiszewska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Jedności 8B, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Sławomir Smolik
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Jedności 8B, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Lesław Szydłowski
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Medyków 16, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Kapral
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Jedności 8B, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
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Avsar O. Identification of the effects of pathogenic genetic variations of human CYP2C9 and CYP2D6: an in silico approach. NUCLEOSIDES, NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2023; 43:356-376. [PMID: 37747773 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2023.2262519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Genetic variations in the human cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily C member 9 (CYP2C9) and cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily D member 6 (CYP2D6) genes may affect drug metabolism and lead to alterations in phenotypes. Genetic variations are associated with toxicity, adverse drug reactions, inefficient treatment. Various in silico tools were combined to investigate the deleterious effects of missense non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNPs) of the human CYP2C9 and CYP2D6. The structural and functional effects of the high-risk non-synonymous SNPs in the human CYP2C9 and CYP2D6 were predicted by numerous computational mutation analysis methods. Out of 24 pathogenic missense SNPs in the CYP2C9, 22 nsSNPs had a decreasing effect on protein stability and 13 SNPs were showed to be located at conserved positions. Out of 27 high-risk deleterious non-synonymous SNPs in the human CYP2D6, 21 SNPs decreased protein stability and 16 nsSNPs were predicted to be positioned at conserved regions. Our present study suggests that the identified functional SNPs may affect drug metabolism associated with CYP2C9 and CYP2D6 enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orcun Avsar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Hitit University, Corum, Türkiye
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Brady A, Misra S, Abdelmalek M, Kekic A, Kunze K, Lim E, Jakob N, Mour G, Keddis MT. The Value of Pharmacogenomics for White and Indigenous Americans after Kidney Transplantation. PHARMACY 2023; 11:125. [PMID: 37624080 PMCID: PMC10457738 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy11040125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a paucity of evidence to inform the value of pharmacogenomic (PGx) results in patients after kidney transplant and how these results differ between Indigenous Americans and Whites. This study aims to identify the frequency of recommended medication changes based on PGx results and compare the pharmacogenomic (PGx) results and patients' perceptions of the findings between a cohort of Indigenous American and White kidney transplant recipients. METHODS Thirty-one Indigenous Americans and fifty White kidney transplant recipients were studied prospectively. Genetic variants were identified using the OneOme RightMed PGx test of 27 genes. PGx pharmacist generated a report of the genetic variation and recommended changes. Pre- and post-qualitative patient surveys were obtained. RESULTS White and Indigenous American subjects had a similar mean number of medications at the time of PGx testing (mean 13 (SD 4.5)). In the entire cohort, 53% received beta blockers, 30% received antidepressants, 16% anticoagulation, 47% pain medication, and 25% statin therapy. Drug-gene interactions that warranted a clinical action were present in 21.5% of patients. In 12.7%, monitoring was recommended. Compared to the Whites, the Indigenous American patients had more normal CYP2C19 (p = 0.012) and CYP2D6 (p = 0.012) activities. The Indigenous American patients had more normal CYP4F2 (p = 0.004) and lower VKORC (p = 0.041) activities, phenotypes for warfarin drug dosing, and efficacy compared to the Whites. SLC6A4, which affects antidepressant metabolism, showed statistical differences between the two cohorts (p = 0.017); specifically, SLC6A4 had reduced expression in 45% of the Indigenous American patients compared to 20% of the White patients. There was no significant difference in patient perception before and after PGx. CONCLUSIONS Kidney transplant recipients had several drug-gene interactions that were clinically actionable; over one-third of patients were likely to benefit from changes in medications or drug doses based on the PGx results. The Indigenous American patients differed in the expression of drug-metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters from the White patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Brady
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
| | - Suman Misra
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
| | - Mina Abdelmalek
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
| | - Adrijana Kekic
- Department of Pharmacy Clinical Practice, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
| | - Katie Kunze
- Department of Statistics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
| | - Elisabeth Lim
- Department of Statistics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
| | - Nicholas Jakob
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
| | - Girish Mour
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
| | - Mira T. Keddis
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
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Alvarado AT, Saravia M, Losno R, Pariona R, Muñoz AM, Ybañez-Julca RO, Loja B, Bendezú MR, García JA, Surco-Laos F, Laos-Anchante D, Chávez H, Aguilar P, Pineda M. CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 Genes Associated with Tricontinental and Latin American Ancestry of Pe-ruvians. DRUG METABOLISM AND BIOANALYSIS LETTERS 2022; 16:DMBL-EPUB-128245. [PMID: 36518034 PMCID: PMC10436705 DOI: 10.2174/1872312815666221213151140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Precision medicine seeks to individualize the dose from the beginning of phar-macological therapy based on the characteristics of each patient, genes involved in the metabolic phenotype, ethnicity or miscegenation, with the purpose to minimize adverse effects and optimize drug efficacy. The objective was to re-view studies that describe the association of the CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genes with the tricontinental and Latin American ancestry of Peruvians. A biblio-graphic search was carried out in PubMed/Medline and SciELO, with various descriptors in Spanish and English. The results of this review confirm that the ethnic origin of Peruvians is triconti-nental due to European (mainly Spanish), African and Asian migration, in addi-tion to Latin American migration, being 60.2% mixed, 25.8% Amerindian, 5.9% white, 3.6% African descent, 1.2% Chinese and Japanese descent, and 3.3% unspecified. Studies on CYP2C19*3, CYP2D6*2, *3 and *6 have been reported in Peruvians, and the frequency is similar to that studied in Ecuadori-ans and Colombians. The CYP2C19*3, CYP2D6*3, and CYP2D6*6 alleles found in Peruvians are common in Europeans, Africans, and Asians; while CYP2D6*4 in Africans and CYP2D6*2 related to Asians. In some studies, the ethnic/gene association has not been demonstrated; while others have shown a significant association, which is why further investigation is warranted. It is concluded that the studies on CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genes associated with the tricontinental and Latin American ancestry of Peruvians are little, and ac-cording to what has been investigated, the CYP2C19*3, CYP2D6*2, *3, *4 and *6 alleles have more related to their ancestry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel T. Alvarado
- International Research Network in Pharmacology and Precision Medicine, Human Medicine School, San Ignacio de Loyola University, USIL, Lima, 15024, Peru
- Latin American Network for the Implementation and Validation of Clinical Pharmacogenomics Guidelines (RELIVAF-CYTED), Madrid, 28001, Spain
| | - María Saravia
- International Research Network in Pharmacology and Precision Medicine, Human Medicine School, San Ignacio de Loyola University, USIL, Lima, 15024, Peru
| | - Ricardo Losno
- International Research Network in Pharmacology and Precision Medicine, Human Medicine School, San Ignacio de Loyola University, USIL, Lima, 15024, Peru
| | - Ricardo Pariona
- International Research Network in Pharmacology and Precision Medicine, Human Medicine School, San Ignacio de Loyola University, USIL, Lima, 15024, Peru
| | - Ana María Muñoz
- Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, ICAN, San Ignacio de Loyola University, USIL, Lima, 15024, Peru
| | - Roberto O. Ybañez-Julca
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, National University of Trujillo, Trujillo, 13001, Peru
| | - Berta Loja
- International Research Network in Pharmacology and Precision Medicine, Human Medicine School, San Ignacio de Loyola University, USIL, Lima, 15024, Peru
| | - María R. Bendezú
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, San Luis Gonzaga National University of Ica, Ica, 11001, Peru
| | - Jorge A. García
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, San Luis Gonzaga National University of Ica, Ica, 11001, Peru
| | - Felipe Surco-Laos
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, San Luis Gonzaga National University of Ica, Ica, 11001, Peru
| | - Doris Laos-Anchante
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, San Luis Gonzaga National University of Ica, Ica, 11001, Peru
| | - Haydee Chávez
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, San Luis Gonzaga National University of Ica, Ica, 11001, Peru
| | | | - Mario Pineda
- Pharmacy and Biochemistry, FCS, Scientific of the South University, UCSUR, Lima, 15067, Peru
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Stewart AGA, Zimmerman PA, McCarthy JS. Genetic Variation of G6PD and CYP2D6: Clinical Implications on the Use of Primaquine for Elimination of Plasmodium vivax. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:784909. [PMID: 34899347 PMCID: PMC8661410 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.784909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Primaquine, an 8-aminoquinoline, is the only medication approved by the World Health Organization to treat the hypnozoite stage of Plasmodium vivax and P. ovale malaria. Relapse, triggered by activation of dormant hypnozoites in the liver, can occur weeks to years after primary infection, and provides the predominant source of transmission in endemic settings. Hence, primaquine is essential for individual treatment and P. vivax elimination efforts. However, primaquine use is limited by the risk of life-threatening acute hemolytic anemia in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficient individuals. More recently, studies have demonstrated decreased efficacy of primaquine due to cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) polymorphisms conferring an impaired metabolizer phenotype. Failure of standard primaquine therapy has occurred in individuals with decreased or absent CYP2D6 activity. Both G6PD and CYP2D6 are highly polymorphic genes, with considerable geographic and interethnic variability, adding complexity to primaquine use. Innovative strategies are required to overcome the dual challenge of G6PD deficiency and impaired primaquine metabolism. Further understanding of the pharmacogenetics of primaquine is key to utilizing its full potential. Accurate CYP2D6 genotype-phenotype translation may optimize primaquine dosing strategies for impaired metabolizers and expand its use in a safe, efficacious manner. At an individual level the current challenges with G6PD diagnostics and CYP2D6 testing limit clinical implementation of pharmacogenetics. However, further characterisation of the overlap and spectrum of G6PD and CYP2D6 activity may optimize primaquine use at a population level and facilitate region-specific dosing strategies for mass drug administration. This precision public health approach merits further investigation for P. vivax elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter A Zimmerman
- The Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - James S McCarthy
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Alvarado AT, Ybañez-Julca R, Muñoz AM, Tejada-Bechi C, Cerro R, Quiñones LA, Varela N, Alvarado CA, Alvarado E, Bendezú MR, García JA. Frequency of CYP2D6*3 and *4 and metabolizer phenotypes in three mestizo Peruvian populations. PHARMACIA 2021. [DOI: 10.3897/pharmacia.68.e75165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild type genotypes (CYP2D6) and their allelic variants have been described in a sample of a Peruvian mestizo population. The global allele frequency was 0.015 for CYP2D6*3 and 0.051 for CYP2D6*4. The percentages of genotypes described were 97% CYP2D6*1/*1 and 3.0% CYP2D6*1/*3; 90.60% for CYP2D6*1/*1, 8.55% CYP2D6*1/*4 and 0.85% CYP2D6*4/*4. The allelic frequencies of CYP2D6*3 in the Lima subpopulations were 0.022 and 0.010 for Junin; CYP2D6*4 of 0.048, 0.060, and 0.050 for residents of Lima, Junín, and Tacna, respectively. The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium test for the studied population showed that both frequencies are in equilibrium, p <.05. The metabolizer phenotype was inferred according to the genotypes: 11.54% were classified as intermediate metabolizers (*1/*3 or *1/*4) and 0.85% as poor metabolizers (*4/*4). It is concluded that the frequencies of the CYP2D6*3 and CYP2D6*4 alleles are low for the Peruvian mestizo population compared to the Latin American and tricontinental population, due to their natural population evolution, which is manifested by their decreased metabolic activity, the same that is relevant in clinical practice.
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Vargas RJ, Cobar OM. The Urgent Need for Management of Biological Samples and Data Accessibility in Latin America. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:620043. [PMID: 33867983 PMCID: PMC8044957 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.620043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo José Vargas
- Escuela de Estudios de Postgrado, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala.,Universidad Galileo, Guatemala City, Guatemala.,Latin American Network for the Implementation and Validation of Pharmacogenomic Clinical Guidelines (RELIVAF-CYTED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Oscar M Cobar
- Escuela de Estudios de Postgrado, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala.,Latin American Network for the Implementation and Validation of Pharmacogenomic Clinical Guidelines (RELIVAF-CYTED), Madrid, Spain.,Universidad del Istmo, Fraijanes, Guatemala
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Khayat AS, de Assumpção PP, Meireles Khayat BC, Thomaz Araújo TM, Batista-Gomes JA, Imbiriba LC, Ishak G, de Assumpção PB, Moreira FC, Burbano RR, Ribeiro-dos-Santos A, Ribeiro-dos-Santos ÂK, dos Santos NPC, dos Santos SEB. ACE2 polymorphisms as potential players in COVID-19 outcome. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243887. [PMID: 33370311 PMCID: PMC7769452 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical condition COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, was declared a pandemic by the WHO in March 2020. Currently, there are more than 5 million cases worldwide, and the pandemic has increased exponentially in many countries, with different incidences and death rates among regions/ethnicities and, intriguingly, between sexes. In addition to the many factors that can influence these discrepancies, we suggest a biological aspect, the genetic variation at the viral S protein receptor in human cells, ACE2 (angiotensin I-converting enzyme 2), which may contribute to the worse clinical outcome in males and in some regions worldwide. We performed exomics analysis in native and admixed South American populations, and we also conducted in silico genomics databank investigations in populations from other continents. Interestingly, at least ten polymorphisms in coding, noncoding and regulatory sites were found that can shed light on this issue and offer a plausible biological explanation for these epidemiological differences. In conclusion, there are ACE2 polymorphisms that could influence epidemiological discrepancies observed among ancestry and, moreover, between sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Salim Khayat
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Oncologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Geraldo Ishak
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Oncologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | | | | | - Rommel Rodriguez Burbano
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Oncologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Hospital Ophir Loyola, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | | | - Ândrea Kelly Ribeiro-dos-Santos
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Oncologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Ney Pereira Carneiro dos Santos
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Oncologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Sidney Emmanuel Batista dos Santos
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Oncologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
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Special Issue "Disentangling Mechanisms of Genomic Regulation of Cell Functions at the Gene Level". Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11121463. [PMID: 33297292 PMCID: PMC7762253 DOI: 10.3390/genes11121463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
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