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Houck ML, Koepfli KP, Hains T, Khan R, Charter SJ, Fronczek JA, Misuraca AC, Kliver S, Perelman PL, Beklemisheva V, Graphodatsky A, Luo SJ, O'Brien SJ, Lim NTL, Chin JSC, Guerra V, Tamazian G, Omer A, Weisz D, Kaemmerer K, Sturgeon G, Gaspard J, Hahn A, McDonough M, Garcia-Treviño I, Gentry J, Coke RL, Janecka JE, Harrigan RJ, Tinsman J, Smith TB, Aiden EL, Dudchenko O. Chromosome-length genome assemblies and cytogenomic analyses of pangolins reveal remarkable chromosome counts and plasticity. Chromosome Res 2023; 31:13. [PMID: 37043058 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-023-09722-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
We report the first chromosome-length genome assemblies for three species in the mammalian order Pholidota: the white-bellied, Chinese, and Sunda pangolins. Surprisingly, we observe extraordinary karyotypic plasticity within this order and, in female white-bellied pangolins, the largest number of chromosomes reported in a Laurasiatherian mammal: 2n = 114. We perform the first karyotype analysis of an African pangolin and report a Y-autosome fusion in white-bellied pangolins, resulting in 2n = 113 for males. We employ a novel strategy to confirm the fusion and identify the autosome involved by finding the pseudoautosomal region (PAR) in the female genome assembly and analyzing the 3D contact frequency between PAR sequences and the rest of the genome in male and female white-bellied pangolins. Analyses of genetic variability show that white-bellied pangolins have intermediate levels of genome-wide heterozygosity relative to Chinese and Sunda pangolins, consistent with two moderate declines of historical effective population size. Our results reveal a remarkable feature of pangolin genome biology and highlight the need for further studies of these unique and endangered mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlys L Houck
- Conservation Science and Wildlife Health, San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance, Escondido, CA, 92027, USA.
| | - Klaus-Peter Koepfli
- Smithsonian-Mason School of Conservation, George Mason University, Front Royal, VA, 22630, USA.
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA, 22630, USA.
- Computer Technologies Laboratory, ITMO University, 197101, St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Taylor Hains
- Committee On Evolutionary Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Ruqayya Khan
- The Center for Genome Architecture, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Suellen J Charter
- Conservation Science and Wildlife Health, San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance, Escondido, CA, 92027, USA
| | - Julie A Fronczek
- Conservation Science and Wildlife Health, San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance, Escondido, CA, 92027, USA
| | - Ann C Misuraca
- Conservation Science and Wildlife Health, San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance, Escondido, CA, 92027, USA
| | - Sergei Kliver
- Center for Evolutionary Hologenomics, The Globe Institute, The University of Copenhagen, 5A, Oester Farimagsgade, 1353, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Polina L Perelman
- Department of the Diversity and Evolution of Genomes, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Violetta Beklemisheva
- Department of the Diversity and Evolution of Genomes, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexander Graphodatsky
- Department of the Diversity and Evolution of Genomes, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Shu-Jin Luo
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences (CLS), School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Stephen J O'Brien
- Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, Computer Technologies Laboratory, ITMO University, 197101, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Guy Harvey Oceanographic Center, Halmos College of Arts and Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, 33004, USA
| | - Norman T-L Lim
- Natural Sciences and Science Education, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637616, Singapore
| | - Jason S C Chin
- Taipei Zoo, No. 30 Sec. 2 Xinguang Rd., Taipei, 11656, Taiwan
| | - Vanessa Guerra
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Gaik Tamazian
- Centre for Computational Biology, Peter the Great Saint Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, 195251, Russia
| | - Arina Omer
- The Center for Genome Architecture, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - David Weisz
- The Center for Genome Architecture, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | | | | | | | - Alicia Hahn
- Pittsburgh Zoo & Aquarium, PA, 15206, Pittsburgh, USA
| | | | | | - Jordan Gentry
- Center for Conservation and Research, San Antonio Zoo, San Antonio, TX, 78212, USA
| | - Rob L Coke
- Center for Conservation and Research, San Antonio Zoo, San Antonio, TX, 78212, USA
| | - Jan E Janecka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bayer School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA
| | - Ryan J Harrigan
- Center for Tropical Research, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jen Tinsman
- Center for Tropical Research, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Thomas B Smith
- Center for Tropical Research, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Erez Lieberman Aiden
- The Center for Genome Architecture, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Departments of Computer Science and Computational and Applied Mathematics, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Center for Theoretical and Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Olga Dudchenko
- The Center for Genome Architecture, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Center for Theoretical and Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Yakupova A, Tomarovsky A, Totikov A, Beklemisheva V, Logacheva M, Perelman PL, Komissarov A, Dobrynin P, Krasheninnikova K, Tamazian G, Serdyukova NA, Rayko M, Bulyonkova T, Cherkasov N, Pylev V, Peterfeld V, Penin A, Balanovska E, Lapidus A, OBrien SJ, Graphodatsky A, Koepfli KP, Kliver S. Chromosome-Length Assembly of the Baikal Seal (Pusa sibirica) Genome Reveals a Historically Large Population Prior to Isolation in Lake Baikal. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14030619. [PMID: 36980891 PMCID: PMC10048373 DOI: 10.3390/genes14030619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pusa sibirica, the Baikal seal, is the only extant, exclusively freshwater, pinniped species. The pending issue is, how and when they reached their current habitat—the rift lake Baikal, more than three thousand kilometers away from the Arctic Ocean. To explore the demographic history and genetic diversity of this species, we generated a de novo chromosome-length assembly, and compared it with three closely related marine pinniped species. Multiple whole genome alignment of the four species compared with their karyotypes showed high conservation of chromosomal features, except for three large inversions on chromosome VI. We found the mean heterozygosity of the studied Baikal seal individuals was relatively low (0.61 SNPs/kbp), but comparable to other analyzed pinniped samples. Demographic reconstruction of seals revealed differing trajectories, yet remarkable variations in Ne occurred during approximately the same time periods. The Baikal seal showed a significantly more severe decline relative to other species. This could be due to the difference in environmental conditions encountered by the earlier populations of Baikal seals, as ice sheets changed during glacial–interglacial cycles. We connect this period to the time of migration to Lake Baikal, which occurred ~3–0.3 Mya, after which the population stabilized, indicating balanced habitat conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliya Yakupova
- Computer Technologies Laboratory, ITMO University, 19701 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Correspondence: (A.Y.); (A.G.)
| | - Andrey Tomarovsky
- Computer Technologies Laboratory, ITMO University, 19701 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of the Diversity and Evolution of Genomes, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Azamat Totikov
- Computer Technologies Laboratory, ITMO University, 19701 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of the Diversity and Evolution of Genomes, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Violetta Beklemisheva
- Department of the Diversity and Evolution of Genomes, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Maria Logacheva
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 121205 Moscow, Russia
| | - Polina L. Perelman
- Department of the Diversity and Evolution of Genomes, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Aleksey Komissarov
- Applied Genomics Laboratory, SCAMT Institute, ITMO University, 9 Ulitsa Lomonosova, 191002 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Pavel Dobrynin
- Computer Technologies Laboratory, ITMO University, 19701 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Human Genetics Laboratory, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics RAS, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Gaik Tamazian
- Centre for Computational Biology, Peter the Great Saint Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Natalia A. Serdyukova
- Department of the Diversity and Evolution of Genomes, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Mike Rayko
- Center for Bioinformatics and Algorithmic Biotechnology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Tatiana Bulyonkova
- Laboratory of Mixed Computations, A.P. Ershov Institute of Informatics Systems SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nikolay Cherkasov
- Centre for Computational Biology, Peter the Great Saint Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Vladimir Pylev
- Laboratory of Human Population Genetics, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, 115522 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir Peterfeld
- Baikal Branch of State Research and Industrial Center of Fisheries, 670034 Ulan-Ude, Russia
| | - Aleksey Penin
- Institute for Information Transmission Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 127051 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Balanovska
- Laboratory of Human Population Genetics, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, 115522 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alla Lapidus
- Center for Bioinformatics and Algorithmic Biotechnology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - DNA Zoo Consortium
- The Center for Genome Architecture, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Stephen J. OBrien
- Guy Harvey Oceanographic Center, Halmos College of Arts and Sciences, NOVA Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33004, USA
| | - Alexander Graphodatsky
- Department of the Diversity and Evolution of Genomes, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Correspondence: (A.Y.); (A.G.)
| | - Klaus-Peter Koepfli
- Smithsonian-Mason School of Conservation, George Mason University, 1500 Remount Road, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian’s National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, 1500 Remount Road, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA
| | - Sergei Kliver
- Center for Evolutionary Hologenomics, The Globe Institute, The University of Copenhagen, 5A, Oester Farimagsgade, 1353 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Beklemisheva VR, Lemskaya NA, Prokopov DY, Perelman PL, Romanenko SA, Proskuryakova AA, Serdyukova NA, Utkin YA, Nie W, Ferguson-Smith MA, Yang F, Graphodatsky AS. Maps of Constitutive-Heterochromatin Distribution for Four Martes Species (Mustelidae, Carnivora, Mammalia) Show the Formative Role of Macrosatellite Repeats in Interspecific Variation of Chromosome Structure. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:489. [PMID: 36833416 PMCID: PMC9957230 DOI: 10.3390/genes14020489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Constitutive-heterochromatin placement in the genome affects chromosome structure by occupying centromeric areas and forming large blocks. To investigate the basis for heterochromatin variation in the genome, we chose a group of species with a conserved euchromatin part: the genus Martes [stone marten (M. foina, 2n = 38), sable (M. zibellina, 2n = 38), pine marten (M. martes, 2n = 38), and yellow-throated marten (M. flavigula, 2n = 40)]. We mined the stone marten genome for the most abundant tandem repeats and selected the top 11 macrosatellite repetitive sequences. Fluorescent in situ hybridization revealed distributions of the tandemly repeated sequences (macrosatellites, telomeric repeats, and ribosomal DNA). We next characterized the AT/GC content of constitutive heterochromatin by CDAG (Chromomycin A3-DAPI-after G-banding). The euchromatin conservatism was shown by comparative chromosome painting with stone marten probes in newly built maps of the sable and pine marten. Thus, for the four Martes species, we mapped three different types of tandemly repeated sequences critical for chromosome structure. Most macrosatellites are shared by the four species with individual patterns of amplification. Some macrosatellites are specific to a species, autosomes, or the X chromosome. The variation of core macrosatellites and their prevalence in a genome are responsible for the species-specific variation of the heterochromatic blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violetta R. Beklemisheva
- Department of Diversity and Evolution of Genomes, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Natalya A. Lemskaya
- Department of Diversity and Evolution of Genomes, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Dmitry Yu. Prokopov
- Department of Diversity and Evolution of Genomes, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Polina L. Perelman
- Department of Diversity and Evolution of Genomes, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Svetlana A. Romanenko
- Department of Diversity and Evolution of Genomes, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Anastasia A. Proskuryakova
- Department of Diversity and Evolution of Genomes, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Natalya A. Serdyukova
- Department of Diversity and Evolution of Genomes, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Yaroslav A. Utkin
- Department of Diversity and Evolution of Genomes, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Wenhui Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Malcolm A. Ferguson-Smith
- Cambridge Resource Centre for Comparative Genomics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Fentang Yang
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Alexander S. Graphodatsky
- Department of Diversity and Evolution of Genomes, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
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Mohr DW, Gaughran SJ, Paschall J, Naguib A, Pang AWC, Dudchenko O, Aiden EL, Church DM, Scott AF. A Chromosome-Length Assembly of the Hawaiian Monk Seal (Neomonachus schauinslandi): A History of “Genetic Purging” and Genomic Stability. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13071270. [PMID: 35886053 PMCID: PMC9323584 DOI: 10.3390/genes13071270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hawaiian monk seal (HMS) is the single extant species of tropical earless seals of the genus Neomonachus. The species survived a severe bottleneck in the late 19th century and experienced subsequent population declines until becoming the subject of a NOAA-led species recovery effort beginning in 1976 when the population was fewer than 1000 animals. Like other recovering species, the Hawaiian monk seal has been reported to have reduced genetic heterogeneity due to the bottleneck and subsequent inbreeding. Here, we report a chromosomal reference assembly for a male animal produced using a variety of methods. The final assembly consisted of 16 autosomes, an X, and portions of the Y chromosomes. We compared variants in this animal to other HMS and to a frequently sequenced human sample, confirming about 12% of the variation seen in man. To confirm that the reference animal was representative of the HMS, we compared his sequence to that of 10 other individuals and noted similarly low variation in all. Variation in the major histocompatibility (MHC) genes was nearly absent compared to the orthologous human loci. Demographic analysis predicts that Hawaiian monk seals have had a long history of small populations preceding the bottleneck, and their current low levels of heterozygosity may indicate specialization to a stable environment. When we compared our reference assembly to that of other species, we observed significant conservation of chromosomal architecture with other pinnipeds, especially other phocids. This reference should be a useful tool for future evolutionary studies as well as the long-term management of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W. Mohr
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (D.W.M.); (J.P.)
| | - Stephen J. Gaughran
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA;
| | - Justin Paschall
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (D.W.M.); (J.P.)
| | - Ahmed Naguib
- Bionano Genomics, Inc., 9640 Towne Centre Dr., Suite 100, San Diego, CA 92121, USA; (A.N.); (A.W.C.P.)
| | - Andy Wing Chun Pang
- Bionano Genomics, Inc., 9640 Towne Centre Dr., Suite 100, San Diego, CA 92121, USA; (A.N.); (A.W.C.P.)
| | - Olga Dudchenko
- The Center for Genome Architecture, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (O.D.); (E.L.A.)
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Erez Lieberman Aiden
- The Center for Genome Architecture, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (O.D.); (E.L.A.)
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | | | - Alan F. Scott
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (D.W.M.); (J.P.)
- Correspondence:
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Genomics of Adaptation and Speciation. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13071187. [PMID: 35885970 PMCID: PMC9321343 DOI: 10.3390/genes13071187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
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Beklemisheva VR, Belokopytova PS, Fishman VS, Menzorov AG. Derivation of Ringed Seal ( Phoca hispida) Induced Multipotent Stem Cells. Cell Reprogram 2021; 23:326-335. [PMID: 34788122 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2021.0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells have been produced just for a few species among order Carnivora: snow leopard, Bengal tiger, serval, jaguar, cat, dog, ferret, and American mink. We applied the iPS cell derivation protocol to the ringed seal (Phoca hispida) fibroblasts. The resulting cell line had the expression of pluripotency marker gene Rex1. Differentiation in embryoid body-like structures allowed us to register expression of AFP, endoderm marker, and Cdx2, trophectoderm marker, but not neuronal (ectoderm) markers. The cells readily differentiated into adipocytes and osteocytes, mesoderm cell types of origin. Transcriptome analysis allowed us to conclude that the cell line does not resemble human pluripotent cells, and, therefore, most probably is not pluripotent. Thus, we produced ringed seal multipotent stem cell line capable of differentiation into adipocytes and osteocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violetta R Beklemisheva
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Polina S Belokopytova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Veniamin S Fishman
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Aleksei G Menzorov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
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