Linoleic Acid: A Nutritional Quandary

Linoleic acid exhibits anti-proliferative and anti-invasive activities in endometrial cancer cells and a transgenic model of endometrial cancer

Emerging evidence has provided considerable insights into the integral function of reprogramming fatty acid metabolism in the carcinogenesis and progression of endometrial cancer. Linoleic acid, an essential fatty acid with the highest consumption in the Western diet regimen, has shown pro-tumorigenic or anti-tumorigenic effects on tumor cell growth and invasion in multiple types of cancer. However, the biological role of linoleic acid in endometrial cancer remains unclear. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the functional impact of linoleic acid on cell proliferation, invasion, and tumor growth in endometrial cancer cells and in a transgenic mouse model of endometrial cancer. The results showed that Linoleic acid significantly inhibited the proliferation of endometrial cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner. The treatment of HEC-1A and KLE cells with linoleic acid effectively increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, caused cell cycle G1 arrest, and induced intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis pathways. The anti-invasive ability of linoleic acid was found to be associated with the epithelial-mesenchymal transition process in both cell lines, including the decreased expression of N-cadherin, snail, and vimentin. Furthermore, treatment of Lkb1fl/flp53fl/fl transgenic mice with linoleic acid for four weeks significantly reduced the growth of endometrial tumors and decreased the expression of VEGF, vimentin, Ki67, and cyclin D1 in tumor tissues. Our findings demonstrate that linoleic acid exhibits anti-proliferative and anti-invasive activities in endometrial cancer cell lines and the Lkb1fl/flp53fl/fl mouse model of endometrial cancer, thus providing a pre-clinical basis for future dietary interventions with linoleic acid in endometrial cancer.

Effect of a High Linoleic Acid Diet on Pregnant Women and Their Offspring

Nutritional intake during pregnancy can affect gestational length, fetal development, and impact postnatal growth and health in offspring. Perturbations in maternal nutrition with either an excess or deficiency in nutrients during pregnancy may have harmful effects on the offspring's development and increase the risk of developing chronic diseases later in life. In pregnancy, nutrients transfer from the mother to the fetus via the placenta. Essential fatty acids, linoleic acid (LA) and alpha linoleic acid (ALA), can only be obtained in the diet. In Western countries, the ratio of LA and ALA in the diet has increased dramatically in recent decades. Some animal and human studies have found a correlation between maternal intake of LA and birth weight; however, the association varies. In contrast, some human studies have demonstrated inconclusive findings regarding the correlation between cord blood levels of LA and birth outcomes. In addition, high dietary LA intake in animal studies in pregnancy increased the production of inflammatory markers such as prostaglandins, leukotrienes, cytokines, and tumour necrosis factor-alpha. This review aims to highlight the effect of high dietary LA intake during pregnancy on birth outcomes, obesity, maternal inflammatory markers, and the transfer of fatty acids across the placenta.

Wild Mushrooms as a Source of Bioactive Compounds and Their Antioxidant Properties-Preliminary Studies

The aim of this study was to preliminarily determine the content of bioactive components in the fruiting bodies of four previously unstudied mushroom species: Aleuria aurantia, Phallus hadriani, Phanus conchatus, Geastrum pectinatum, their antioxidant activity and the content of polyphenols, minerals and heavy metals.

METHODS

Determination of active compounds by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was carried out in addition to thermogravimetric determinations, quantitative determination of total polyphenols by spectrophotometry using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, determination of antioxidant activity using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl radical (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-di-[3-ethylbentiazoline sulphonated] (ATBS). In addition, spectrometric analysis of selected minerals and heavy metals was performed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES).

RESULTS

The mushrooms analysed varied in terms of their bioactive constituents. They contained components with varying effects on human health, including fatty acids, oleamide, 1,2-dipalmitoylglycerol, (2-phenyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)-methyl ester of oleic acid, deoxyspergualin, 2-methylenocholestan-3-ol, hexadecanoamide, isoallochan, 2,6-diaminopurine, and adenine. All contained polyphenols and varying amounts of minerals (calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, potassium, phosphorus, sodium, copper, silicon and manganese) and exhibited antioxidant properties of varying potency. No exceedances of the permissible concentration of lead and cadmium were observed in any of them.

CONCLUSIONS

All of the mushrooms studied can provide material for the extraction of various bioactive compounds with physiological effects. In addition, the presence of polyphenols and minerals, as well as antioxidant properties and the absence of exceeding the permissible concentration of heavy metals, indicate that these species could be interesting material in the design of foods with health-promoting properties, nutraceuticals or dietary supplements. However, the use of the fruiting bodies of these mushrooms requires mandatory toxicological and clinical studies.

Analysis and evaluation of Camellia oleifera Abel. Germplasm fruit traits from the high-altitude areas of East Guizhou Province, China

Camellia oleifera, a significant woody edible oil species, was examined using 48 germplasm resources from high-altitude regions in East Guizhou Province, China, to analyze fruit quality. The analysis aimed to identify high-performance germplasm, providing theoretical and research foundations for selecting and cross-breeding superior C. oleifera varieties in these regions. Fifteen primary traits of mature fruits were measured and analyzed, including four phenotypic traits (single fruit weight, transverse diameter, longitudinal diameter, peel thickness) and eleven quality traits (fresh seed yield rate, dry seed yield rate, dry kernel yield rate, seed kernel oil content, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, α-linolenic acid, cis-11-eicosenoic acid). A comprehensive evaluation employing cluster and principal component analyses (PCA) was conducted. The cluster analysis categorized the germplasms into five groups at a squared Euclidean distance of 14, with the first category comprising 17 germplasms, the second 28, and the third, fourth, and fifth each containing one. PCA reduced the 15 traits to five principal components (PCs), with PC1 having the highest eigenvalue of 3.57 and a contribution rate of 23.8%, mainly representing phenotypic traits. PC2, contributing 20.44%, represented linoleic acid, while PC3, PC4, and PC5, with contribution rates of 12.99%, 9.13%, and 7.45% respectively, predominantly represented seed kernel oil content, fresh seed yield, and palmitoleic acid. Employing a weighted sum method, a comprehensive evaluation function was developed to calculate total scores for each superior individual, forming the basis for rankings and selections. Notable variability was detected in single fruit weight, peel thickness, and fresh and dry seed yields, while oleic acid exhibited the lowest coefficient of variation. Dry seed yield showed a robust positive correlation with seed kernel oil content and the concentrations of palmitic and linoleic acids, whereas seed kernel oil content was inversely correlated with cis-11-eicosenoic acid levels. Five PCs with eigenvalues > 1 were identified, highlighting the top ten superior individuals: QD (Qian Dong: the code of eastern Guizhou Province)-33 > QD-34 > QD-48 > QD-38 > QD-27 > QD-15 > QD-35 > QD-5 > QD-14 > QD-36. Thus, the 48 C. oleifera germplasms from East Guizhou's high-altitude areas demonstrate significant potential for enhancing traits such as single fruit weight, peel thickness, and fresh and dry seed yields. Specifically, QD-33, QD-34, and QD-48 exhibited superior comprehensive performance, designating them as prime candidates for variety selection and breeding.

Functional Lipids and Cardiovascular Disease Reduction: A Concise Review

Functional lipids are dietary substances that may have an impact on human health by lowering the risk of chronic illnesses and enhancing the quality of life. Numerous functional lipids have been reported to have potential health benefits in the prevention, management, and treatment of cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of death in the United States. However, there is still insufficient and contradictory information in the literature about their effectiveness and associated mechanisms of action. The objective of this review, therefore, is to evaluate available literature regarding these functional lipids and their health benefits. Various studies have been conducted to understand the links between functional lipids and the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases. Recent studies on phytosterols have reported that CLA, medium-chain triglycerides, and omega-3 and 6 fatty acids have positive effects on human health. Also, eicosanoids, which are the metabolites of these fatty acids, are produced in relation to the ratio of omega-3 to omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and may modulate disease conditions. These functional lipids are available either in dietary or supplement forms and have been proven to be efficient, accessible, and inexpensive to be included in the diet. However, further research is required to properly elucidate the dosages, dietary intake, effectiveness, and their mechanisms of action in addition to the development of valid disease biomarkers and long-term effects in humans.

The Protecting Role of Black Seed Oil and Its Nano-Formulation in LPS-Induced Acute Kidney Injury in Mice: Evaluation of Oxidative Stress, Biochemical & Molecular Parameters

Background

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a medical concern that is accompanied by the rapid deterioration of kidney function. It can be triggered by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of gram-negative bacteria as it activates a complicated immune response, resulting in widespread inflammation and potential organ dysfunction. Black seed oil (BSO) is rich in beneficial constituents and has been widely used owing to its nutritional advantages.

Purpose

This research is aimed to investigate the potential protective effects of BSO and its nano-formulation on AKI induced by LPS. It also aimed to compare their anti-inflammatory activity with indomethacin, a known synthetic anti-inflammatory drug.

Materials and Methods

Forty-eight mice were placed randomly into 8 groups. A single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of 2.5 mg/kg B.W. of LPS was used to trigger inflammation, and pretreatment with BSO and its nano-formulation was at 0.2 mL/kg/day for 14 consecutive days. Indomethacin was used as a reference drug and its efficacy was tested alone or in combination with BSO at lower doses. Renal function was assessed using urea, creatinine, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1). Also, oxidative and inflammatory markers were assessed by measuring levels of reduced glutathione (GSH), nitric oxide (NO), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4). Histopathological examination of the kidney tissues was also performed.

Results

The study showed that BSO and its nano-formulation had anti-inflammatory effects comparable to or better than those of indomethacin. They greatly decreased the oxidative stress and inflammatory markers induced by LPS. Their protective effect against pathological alterations in kidney tissues was significantly noticed.

Conclusion

BSO and its nano-formulation could be used as nephroprotective and anti-inflammatory supplements.

Screening of potentially active compounds against rheumatoid arthritis in the Juan-Bi decoction using systems pharmacology and animal experiments

Background: The Juan-Bi decoction (JBD) is a classic traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) prescription for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, the active compounds of the JBD in RA treatment remain unclear. Aim: The aim of this study is to screen effective compounds in the JBD for RA treatment using systems pharmacology and experimental approaches. Method: Botanical drugs and compounds in the JBD were acquired from multiple public TCM databases. All compounds were initially screened using absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) and physicochemical properties, and then a target prediction was performed. RA pathological genes were acquired from the DisGeNet database. Potential active compounds were screened by constructing a compound-target-pathogenic gene (C-T-P) network and calculating the cumulative interaction intensity of the compounds on pathogenic genes. The effectiveness of the compounds was verified using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW.264.7 cells and collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mouse models. Results: We screened 15 potentially active compounds in the JBD for RA treatment. These compounds primarily act on multiple metabolic pathways, immune pathways, and signaling transduction pathways. Furthermore, in vivo and in vitro experiments showed that bornyl acetate (BAC) alleviated joint damage, and inflammatory cells infiltrated and facilitated a smooth cartilage surface via the suppression of the steroid hormone biosynthesis. Conclusion: We screened potential compounds in the JBD for the treatment of RA using systems pharmacology approaches. In particular, BAC had an anti-rheumatic effect, and future studies are required to elucidate the underlying mechanisms.

Chemical Characterisation of New Oils Extracted from Cañihua and Tarwi Seeds with Different Organic Solvents

Vegetable oils are rich in health-beneficial compounds, including fatty acids, phenolic compounds, natural antioxidants, and fat-soluble vitamins. However, oil extraction methods can influence their composition. This study aims to understand the chemical basis for developing a green process to extract oils from two Andean seeds, cañihua (Chenopodium pallidicaule) and tarwi (Lupinus mutabilis). Ethanol, considered a green solvent, is compared to petroleum ether used at the laboratory level and hexane used at the industrial scale for extracting oils. The extraction efficiency is assessed in terms of yield, fatty acids profile, polar and neutral lipids, tocopherols, phenolic compounds, and antioxidant capacity. The chemical composition of edible commercial oils, such as sunflower, rapeseed, and olive oils, was used as a reference. Hexane had the highest extraction yield, followed by petroleum ether and ethanol. However, the oils extracted with ethanol having yields of tarwi 15.5% and cañihua 5.8%, w/w showed the significatively superior content of tocopherols (α, γ, and δ); phenolic compounds; and antioxidant capacity. In addition, ethanol-extracted (EE) oils have higher levels of polar lipids, such as phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol, than those extracted with the other solvents. Remarkably, EE oils presented comparable or slightly higher levels of monounsaturated fatty acids than those extracted with hexane. Finally, compared to the commercial oils, tarwi and cañihua EE oils showed lower but acceptable levels of oleic, linoleic and palmitic acids and a wider variety of fatty acids (10 and 13, respectively). The composition of tarwi and cañahua oils extracted with ethanol includes compounds associated with nutritional and health benefits, providing a sustainable alternative for oil production.

Mushroom oils: A review of their production, composition, and potential applications

This review delves into the world of mushroom oils, highlighting their production, composition, and versatile applications. Despite mushrooms' overall low lipid content, their fatty acid composition, rich in essential fatty acids like linoleic acid and oleic acid, proves nutritionally significant. Variations in fatty acid profiles across mushroom species and the prevalence of unsaturated fats contribute to their cardiovascular health benefits. The exploration extends to mushroom essential oils, revealing diverse volatile compounds through extraction methods like hydrodistillation and solvent-assisted flavor evaporation (SAFE). The identification of 1-octen-3-ol as a key contributor to the distinct "mushroom flavor" adds a nuanced perspective. The focus broadens to applications, encompassing culinary and industrial uses with techniques like cold pressing and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). Mushroom oils, with their unique nutritional and flavor profiles, enhance gastronomic experiences. Non-food applications in cosmetics and biofuels underscore the oils' versatility. The nutritional composition, enriched with essential fatty acids, bioactive compositions, and trace elements, is explored for potential health benefits. Bioactive compounds such as phenolic compounds and terpenes contribute to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, positioning mushroom oils as nutritional powerhouses. In short, this concise review synthesizes the intricate world of mushroom oils, emphasizing their nutritional significance, extraction methodologies, and potential health benefits. The comprehensive overview underscores mushroom oils as a promising area for further exploration and utilization. The characteristics of mushroom biomass oil for the use in various industries are influenced by the mushroom species, chemical composition, biochemical synthesis of mushroom, and downstream processes including extraction, purification and characterization. Therefore, further research and exploration need to be done to achieve a circular bioeconomy with the integration of SDGs, waste reduction, and economic stimulation, to fully utilize the benefits of mushroom, a valuable gift of nature.

Subchronic Toxicity Evaluation of Idesia polycarpa Fruit Oil by 90-Day Oral Exposure in Wistar Rats

Idesia polycarpa, belonging to the Flacourtiaceae family, is a tall deciduous tree, widely distributed in some Asian countries. It is famous for its high yield of fruit known as oil grape, which is rich of linoleic acid and linolenic acid, and so on. To provide evidences for its safe use as food, subchronic toxicity of I. polycarpa fruit oil and no observed adverse effect level were performed in male and female specific pathogen-free Wistar rats. Based on the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development guidelines, the oil was orally administered to rats by gavage at 0, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0mL/kg.bw/day for 90 days, followed by a 28-day recovery period. The results showed that no sign of oil-related toxicity, clinically or histologically, was observed in both male and female rats. Although there was a slight increase or decrease in some indicators such as hematology, serum chemistry, and so on, those changes were all within the normal ranges, and as presented in the 90-day study, the oil exhibited no toxic effect compared to the control rats. I. polycarpa might be a potential excellent and healthy vegetable oil resource.

Matcha Green Tea: Chemical Composition, Phenolic Acids, Caffeine and Fatty Acid Profile

Matcha-Japanese powdered tea-is a variety of green tea (Camellia sinensis L.), one of the most popular beverages in the world. Due to the unique way it is grown, it contains high concentrations of health-promoting phytochemicals. The aim of this study was to determine the basic nutritional and phenolic composition of dry matcha green tea powder. The fibre content was determined according to the enzymatic-gravimetric method. Crude protein was measured by the Kjeldahl method. The total fat content was measured by the Soxhlet method, and the fatty acid profile was defined by the GC method. The determination of the phenolic acid and caffeine content was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography. The total fibre content of matcha was 56.1 g/100 g, with 52.8 g/100 g (94.1% of total fibre) of insoluble dietary fibre and 3.3 g/100 g of soluble fibre (5.9% of total fibre). The total protein content was 17.3 g/100 g. The total fat content in dry matcha was 7.285 g/100 g, comprising varying proportions of individual fatty acids, the highest ones being those of linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid. The caffeine content of matcha tea was 2213.492 µg/g. With regard to phenolic acids, the highest content was estimated for gallic acid (252.3755 µg/g). Matcha showed a particularly high content of total dietary fibre, with a predominance of the insoluble fraction. Matcha was found to be a valuable source of plant protein and unsaturated fatty acids, mostly of the omega-3 fatty acid family.

Pumpkin seed oil: a comprehensive review of extraction methods, nutritional constituents, and health benefits

Pumpkin seed oil (PSO), a rich source of nutrients, is extracted from the seeds of different pumpkin varieties for food and medicines. This article aims to provide an evidence-based review of the literature and to explore the extraction technologies, nutritional properties, and biological activity of PSO. From previous literature, PSO contains a large proportion of unsaturated fatty acids, with linoleic acid as the main component, and an amount of tocopherol, phytosterol, and phenolic acids. Some differences in the yield, composition, and physicochemical properties of PSO can be associated with the pumpkin's cultivars and the extraction methods. Some novel technologies involved in supercritical fluid extraction, enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction, and ultrasound-assisted extraction have been replacing the conventional technologies gradually as promising methods for the safe, non-polluting, and effective recovery of PSO. This healthy vegetable oil was reported by several in vitro and in vivo studies to have potential protective roles in oxidative stress, inflammation, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Possible Beneficial Effects of Hydrolyzable Tannins Deriving from Castanea sativa L. in Internal Medicine

Hydrolyzable tannins (HTs) deriving from chestnuts have demonstrated, through numerous studies, the ability to exert multiple beneficial effects, including antioxidant and antimicrobial effects, on the lipid metabolism and cancer cells. The latter effect is very fascinating, since different polyphenols deriving from chestnuts were able to synergistically induce the inhibition of cancerous cells through multiple pathways. Moreover, the main mechanisms by which tannins induce antioxidant functions include: the reduction in oxidative stress, the ability to scavenge free radicals, and the modulation of specific enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase. HTs have also been shown to exert significant antimicrobial activity by suppressing microbial growth. The actions on the lipid metabolism are several, among which is the inhibition of lipid accumulation. Thus, tannins seem to induce a cardioprotective effect. In fact, through various mechanisms, such as the relaxation of the vascular smooth muscle, HTs were proven to be efficient against arterial hypertension. Therefore, the great number of studies in this field prove the growing interest on the utilization of natural bioactive compounds, such as HTs deriving from natural sources or obtained by circular economy models, as potential nutraceuticals or adjuvants therapies.

Valorization of Chlorella thermophila biomass cultivated in dairy wastewater for biopesticide production against bacterial rice blight: a circular biorefinery approach

Biopesticides offer a sustainable and efficient alternative to synthetic pesticides, providing a safer and more eco-friendly solution to pest management. The present work proposes an innovative approach that integrates crop protection and wastewater treatment using thermophilic microalgal strain Chlorella thermophila (CT) cultivated in nutrient-rich dairy wastewater as a growth medium. The microalgae was cultivated mixotrophically and was able to reduce both organic carbon as well as nutrient load of the dairy wastewater efficiently. The integrated circular biorefinery approach combines biomass cultivation, extraction of biopesticide compounds, and conversion to biocrude. The antimicrobial activity of the biopesticidal extracts against Xanthomonas oryzae and Pantoea agglomerans, the causative agent of bacterial rice blight, is assessed through in vitro studies. The biomass extract obtained is able to inhibit the growth of both the above-mentioned plant pathogens successfully. Mass spectroscopy analysis indicates the presence of Neophytadiene that has previously been reported for the inhibition of several pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Several other value-added products such as linoleic acid and nervonic acids were also been detected in the microalgal biomass which have extremely high nutraceutical and medicinal values. Furthermore, the study investigates the potential for co-production of biocrude from the biorefinery process via hydrothermal liquefaction. Overall, the findings of this present work represent an innovative and sustainable approach that combines wastewater treatment and crop protection using microalgal biomass.

Drought-stress induced changes of fatty acid composition affecting sunflower grain yield and oil quality

Water availability is the most important key factor affecting sunflower productivity and its oil quality. This study investigated the effect of drought stress on sunflower fatty acids and its effects on grain yield and related components. Thirteen sunflower hybrids were evaluated as randomized complete block design with three replications under normal and drought stress conditions in Karaj, Iran, during 2 years (2019 and 2020). Drought stress was imposed by water withholding during the reproductive stage. Drought stress accelerated the maturity of sunflower and caused a reduction in grain yield (30%), grains weight (11%), and grain numbers/head (22%) compared with normal irrigation. Means of grain yield were 2.7 and 1.8 t/ha under normal and drought stress conditions respectively. Grain numbers/head had higher correlation with grain yield than grains weight under both conditions. Among the fatty acids, the contents of palmitic and linoleic acids were increased (11% and 3%, respectively) while stearic and oleic acids were decreased (6% and 11%). The results indicated that sunflower hybrids benefit from the escape strategy differentially to adapt drought stress condition. However, this adaptation changes sunflower fatty acid profile that reduces grain yield and quality of sunflower oil in Karaj conditions in Iran. In order to achieve the higher yields and higher oil quality, it is necessary to avoid drought stress in sunflower production fields.

Effect of hexavalent chromium on growth performance and metabolism in broiler chicken

Hexavalent chromium Cr (VI) is one of the most hazardous heavy metals in the environment and is toxic to living organisms causing tissue damage, disruption of the intestinal microbiota and cancer. However, there is little information on the relationship between the Cr (VI) and broiler chickens. The current study was performed to investigate the effect of Cr (VI) on growth performance, serum biochemical analysis, histopathological observations, and metabolomics analysis in broilers. Results show that Cr (VI) exposure significantly decreased the body weight (p < 0.01) and caused liver damages in broilers. With the extension of Cr (VI) action time, the liver appeared obvious pathological changes, including hepatic cord disorder, incomplete hepatocyte additionally, decreased serum biochemical indices of calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), total protein (TP), phosphatase (ALP), and globin (GLB) significantly (p < 0.01). Moreover, metabolomics analysis indicated that 29 differential metabolites were identified, such as phytosphingosine, L-Serine, 12, 13-DHOME, Alpha-dimorphecolic acid, L-Methionine, L-Phenylalanine, 3-Dehydroshikimate, L-Tyrosine, and N-Acetyl-L-phenylalanine were significantly decreased under the action of Cr (VI) (p < 0.05). These 29 differential metabolites are mainly involved in 35 metabolic pathways, such as aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, phenylalanine metabolism, sphingolipid, and linoleic metabolism. The study revealed that exposure to Cr (VI) resulted in a decrease in growth performance and metabolism, with the hazards and toxicity in broiler chicken. The findings provided new insight and a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between Cr (VI) and broiler chickens.

Phytoconstituents, GC-MS Characterization of Omega Fatty Acids, and Antioxidant Potential of Less-Known Plant Rivina humilis L

Rivina humilis L. (Petiveriaceae), commonly known as the pigeon berry, accumulates betalains in berries. The present study was focused on identifying the phytoconstituents, mineral content, fatty acid composition, phenolics, flavonoids, antinutritional factors, and antioxidant activities of different plant parts (leaf, stem, root, and seeds), which are otherwise not well explored. Phytoconstituent analysis revealed seeds as a potential source of carbohydrates (50.15 g/100 g), proteins (10.96 g/100 g), and fats (11.25 g/100 g). Roots showed the highest fat (17.66 g/100 g) and dietary fiber (81.49 g/100 g). Leaves and roots contain more iron (29.59 and 29.39 mg/100 g), whereas seed has high zinc content (12.09 mg/100 g). Leaf oil showed 47.83 g/100 g of omega-3-fatty acid, confirmed by GC-MS analysis. Seed oil showed 22.23 g/100, 44.48 g/100, and 24.04 g/100 g of palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids, respectively. The leaf extract has the highest TPC (597.55 mg/100 g), followed by the seed (421.68 mg/100 g). The leaf's 80% ethanolic extract had high TFC (2442.19 mg/100 g), followed by 70% methanolic extract (1566.25 mg/100 g). The antinutritional profile indicated significant phytic acid and oxalates in the leaf (9.3 g/100 and 2.07 g/100 g) and stem (6.9 and 1.58 g/100 g) and low tannin content (<0.5 g/100 g). The leaf's 80% ethanolic extract exhibited double the TAA than 70% methanolic extract (1.52 g/100 g). The leaf with an 80% ethanolic extract had the lowest DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging EC50 (2.22 and 0.37 mg/mL). The leaf with an 80% ethanolic extract (479.73 mg/100 g) and seed (391.14 mg/100 g) had the highest FRAP activity. Our study proves that different parts of R. humilis had a good content of phytoconstituents, bioactives, and antioxidant activities. Hence, R. humilis leaves and seeds are a novel source of omega fatty acids and minerals reported for the first time and have potential applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Comparative study of the digestion and metabolism related genes' expression changes during the postnatal food change in different dietary mammals

The changes in the expression of genes related to digestion and metabolism may be various in different dietary mammals from juvenile to adult, especially, the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) and red panda (Ailurus fulgens), which were once carnivores but have shifted to being specialized bamboo eaters, are unique features of their changes are more unclear. To elucidate the changing patterns of gene expression related to digestion and metabolism from juvenile to adult in different dietary mammals, we performed transcriptome analysis of the liver or pancreas in giant and red pandas, herbivorous rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and macaques (Macaca mulatta), carnivorous ferrets (Mustela putorius furo), and omnivorous mice (Mus musculus) from juvenile to adult. During the transition from juvenile to adulthood, giant and red pandas, as well as rabbits and macaques, show significant upregulation of key genes for carbohydrate metabolism, such as starch hydrolysis and sucrose metabolism, and unsaturated fatty acid metabolism, such as linoleic acid, while there is no significant difference in the expression of key genes for fatty acid β-oxidation. A large number of amino acid metabolism related genes were upregulated in adult rabbits and macaques compared to juveniles. While adult giant and red pandas mainly showed upregulation of key genes for arginine synthesis and downregulation of key genes for arginine and lysine degradation. In adult stages, mouse had significantly higher expression patterns in key genes for starch hydrolysis and sucrose metabolism, as well as lipid and protein metabolism. In contrast to general expectations, genes related to lipid, amino acid and protein metabolism were significantly higher expressed in adult group of ferrets, which may be related to their high metabolic levels. Our study elucidates the pattern of changes in the expression of genes related to digestion and metabolism from juvenile to adult in different dietary mammals, with giant and red pandas showing adaptations associated with specific nutritional limitations of bamboo.

Impact of dietary supplementation with Cinnamomum cassia essential oil on silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen): Toxicological effects and muscle antioxidant and fatty acid profiles

The aim of this study was to determine the biological effects of dietary supplementation with 0.05% and 0.1% cinnamon essential oil extracted from Cinnamomum cassia on silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen). The final body weight, weight gain, and specific growth rate were significantly higher in fish supplemented with 0.05% cinnamon essential oil than in the control(untreated) group. Muscle reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation levels were significantly lower in fish supplemented with 0.05% cinnamon essential oil but higher at the 0.1% concentration. Muscle antioxidant capacity against peroxyl radicals (ACAP) and superoxide dismutase activity were significantly higher in fish supplemented with 0.05% cinnamon essential oil, while ACAP levels were lower in fish supplemented with 0.1%. The total saturated fatty acid content was significantly higher in the muscle of supplemented fish than in controls, while the total monounsaturated fatty acid content was significantly higher only in fish fed 0.1% cinnamon essential oil. Finally, the total content of polyunsaturated fatty acids was significantly lower in fish fed 0.1% essential oil. Thus, data demonstrated that 0.05% C. cassia essential oil improves fish health by improving performance and muscle oxidant/antioxidant status. Higher doses of cinnamon essential oil produced oxidative stress in muscle, suggesting toxicity at the 0.1% level. Although this cinnamon essential oil diet exerted positive health effects, this diet impaired the muscle fatty acid profile, suggesting adverse impacts on human health.

Multi-omics profiling reveals potential alterations in rheumatoid arthritis with different disease activity levels

BACKGROUND

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, systemic autoimmune inflammatory disease, the pathogenesis of which is not clear. Clinical remission, or decreased disease activity, is the aim of treatment for RA. However, our understanding of disease activity is inadequate, and clinical remission rates for RA are generally poor. In this study, we used multi-omics profiling to study potential alterations in rheumatoid arthritis with different disease activity levels.

METHODS

Fecal and plasma samples from 131 rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and 50 healthy subjects were collected for 16S rRNA sequencing, internally transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing, and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The PBMCS were also collected for RNA sequencing and whole exome sequencing (WES). The disease groups, based on 28 joints and ESR (DAS28), were divided into DAS28L, DAS28M, and DAS28H groups. Three random forest models were constructed and verified with an external validation cohort of 93 subjects.

RESULTS

Our findings revealed significant alterations in plasma metabolites and gut microbiota in RA patients with different disease activities. Moreover, plasma metabolites, especially lipid metabolites, demonstrated a significant correlation with the DAS28 score and also associations with gut bacteria and fungi. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of plasma metabolites and RNA sequencing data demonstrated alterations in the lipid metabolic pathway in RA progression. Whole exome sequencing (WES) results have shown that non-synonymous single nucleotide variants (nsSNV) of the HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DRB5 gene locus were associated with the disease activity of RA. Furthermore, we developed a disease classifier based on plasma metabolites and gut microbiota that effectively discriminated RA patients with different disease activity in both the discovery cohort and the external validation cohort.

CONCLUSION

Overall, our multi-omics analysis confirmed that RA patients with different disease activity were altered in plasma metabolites, gut microbiota composition, transcript levels, and DNA. Our study identified the relationship between gut microbiota and plasma metabolites and RA disease activity, which may provide a novel therapeutic direction for improving the clinical remission rate of RA.

Agronomic Investigation of Spray Dispersion of Metal-Based Nanoparticles on Sunflowers in Real-World Environments

In environmental and agronomic settings, even minor imbalances can trigger a range of unpredicted responses. Despite the widespread use of metal-based nanoparticles (NPs) and new bio-nanofertilizers, their impact on crop production is absent in the literature. Therefore, our research is focused on the agronomic effect of spray application of gold nanoparticles anchored to SiO₂ mesoporous silica (AuSi-NPs), zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs), and iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe₃O₄-NPs) on sunflowers under real-world environments. Our findings revealed that the biosynthetically prepared AuSi-NPs and ZnO-NPs were highly effective in enhancing sunflower seasonal physiology, e.g., the value of the NDVI index increased from 0.012 to 0.025 after AuSi-NPs application. The distribution of leaf trichomes improved and the grain yield increased from 2.47 t ha^-1 to 3.29 t ha^-1 after ZnO-NPs application. AuSi-NPs treatment resulted in a higher content of essential linoleic acid (54.37%) when compared to the NPs-free control (51.57%), which had a higher determined oleic acid. No NPs or residual translocated metals were detected in the fully ripe sunflower seeds, except for slightly higher silica content after the AuSi-NPs treatment. Additionally, AuSi-NPs and NPs-free control showed wide insect biodiversity while ZnO-NPs treatment had the lowest value of phosphorus as anti-nutrient. Contradictory but insignificant effect on physiology, yield, and insect biodiversity was observed in Fe₃O₄-NPs treatment. Therefore, further studies are needed to fully understand the long-term environmental and agricultural sustainability of NPs applications.

Untargeted, High-Resolution Metabolomics in Pediatric Eosinophilic Esophagitis

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is an inflammatory disease of unclear etiology. The aim of this study was to use untargeted plasma metabolomics to identify metabolic pathway alterations associated with EoE to better understand the pathophysiology.

METHODS

This prospective, case-control study included 72 children, aged 1-17 years, undergoing clinically indicated upper endoscopy (14 diagnosed with EoE and 58 controls). Fasting plasma samples were analyzed for metabolomics by high-resolution dual-chromatography mass spectrometry. Analysis was performed on sex-matched groups at a 2:1 ratio. Significant differences among the plasma metabolite features between children with and without EoE were determined using multivariate regression analysis and were annotated with a network-based algorithm. Subsequent pathway enrichment analysis was performed.

RESULTS

Patients with EoE had a higher proportion of atopic disease (85.7% vs 50%, P = 0.019) and any allergies (100% vs 57.1%, P = 0.0005). Analysis of the dual chromatography features resulted in a total of 918 metabolites that differentiated EoE and controls. Glycerophospholipid metabolism was significantly enriched with the greatest number of differentiating metabolites and overall pathway enrichment ( P < 0.01). Multiple amino and fatty acid pathways including linoleic acid were also enriched, as well as pyridoxine metabolism ( P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS

In this pilot study, we found differences in metabolites involved in glycerophospholipid and inflammation pathways in pediatric patients with EoE using untargeted metabolomics, as well as overlap with amino acid metabolome alterations found in atopic disease.

Association between Dietary Fatty Acid Intake and Liver Steatosis and Fibrosis in a Sample of Mexican-Origin Hispanic Adults with Overweight or Obesity

Rates of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) vary dramatically among Hispanic subpopulations, with Mexican-origin (MO) Hispanics experiencing a disproportionate burden. This study examined dietary fatty acid (FA) intake among overweight and obese MO Hispanic adults in the United States (US) and evaluated its association with liver steatosis and fibrosis. Participants (N = 285, MO Hispanic adults) completed 24-h dietary recalls to assess dietary FA exposure. Liver steatosis and fibrosis were estimated using transient elastography (FibroScan®). Multiple regression analysis tested relationships between FA intakes and liver steatosis or fibrosis, adjusting for age, sex, body mass index (BMI) and total energy. A total of 51% (n = 145) of participants were suspected to have NAFLD and 20% self-reported a type 2 diabetes diagnosis. No significant association was observed between Linoleic Acid and α-Linolenic Acid (LA:ALA) ratio, or omega-6 to omega-3 (n-6:n-3) ratio and liver steatosis. However, a one-point increase in the LA:ALA ratio resulted in a 1.01% increase in the liver fibrosis scores (95% CI: [1.00, 1.03]; p = 0.03), and a one-point increase in the n-6:n-3 ratio resulted in a 1.02% increase in liver fibrosis score (95% CI: [1.01, 1.03]; p = 0.01). Further research is needed to determine if modulation of FA intake could reduce NAFLD risk in this high-risk population.

In the Beginning Was the Bud: Phytochemicals from Olive (Olea europaea L.) Vegetative Buds and Their Biological Properties

Even though Olea europaea L. is one of the most important and well-studied crops in the world, embryonic parts of the plants remain largely understudied. In this study, comprehensive phytochemical profiling of olive vegetative buds of two Croatian cultivars, Lastovka and Oblica, was performed with an analysis of essential oils and methanol extracts as well as biological activities (antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic activities). A total of 113 different volatiles were identified in essential oils with hydrocarbons accounting for up to 60.30% and (Z)-3-heptadecene being the most abundant compound. Oleacein, oleuropein, and 3-hydroxytyrosol had the highest concentrations of all phenolics in the bud extracts. Other major compounds belong to the chemical classes of sugars, fatty acids, and triterpenoid acids. Antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic activities were determined for both cultivars. Apart from antioxidant activity, essential oils had a weak overall biological effect. The extract from cultivar Lastovka showed much better antioxidant activity than both isolates with both methods (with an oxygen radical absorbance capacity value of 1835.42 μM TE/g and DPPH IC₅₀ of 0.274 mg/mL), as well as antimicrobial activity with the best results against Listeria monocytogenes. The human breast adenocarcinoma MDA-MB-231 cell line showed the best response for cultivar Lastovka bud extract (IC₅₀ = 150 μg/mL) among three human cancer cell lines tested. These results demonstrate great chemical and biological potential that is hidden in olive buds and the need to increase research in the area of embryonic parts of plants.

Fatty foods and the risk of bladder cancer: A case-control study

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to explore the association between dietary fatty foods and the risk for bladder cancer.

METHODS

Patients newly diagnosed with bladder cancer (n = 113) and 292 controls were recruited. A food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used to investigate the food intake within 1 y. Multivariate logistic regression model was used to estimated odds ratio (OR) between different types of fatty food consumption and bladder cancer.

RESULTS

The consumption of soybean oil, the largest proportion of cooking oil, in both groups were much higher than the Chinese recommended dietary intake, especially in the control group. Higher intake of red meat was also observed in bladder cancer cases, although lower intakes of marine fish, egg, milk, and dairy products and nuts were observed in controls. After adjusting for potential confounders, the intakes of marine fish and milk and dairy products were negatively correlated with bladder cancer, with the adjusted OR of 0.28 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.15-0.55) and 0.36 (95% CI, 0.19-0.69). Total nuts were related to a 76% reduction in bladder cancer risk (OR, 0.24; 95% CI, 0.12-0.48). There was clear and positive association between soybean oil and bladder cancer risk with OR of 3.47 (95 % CI, 1.69-7.14). In stratified analyses by sex and smoking status, the relationship was similar for most results, except for milk and dairy products. The negative correlation between milk and dairy products and bladder cancer risk was only found in men; and milk and dairy products and bladder cancer risk were irrelevant by smoking status. No significant association was found between the intakes of other foods and bladder cancer risk.

CONCLUSIONS

Intake of nuts and marine fish may be beneficial for the prevention of bladder cancer. The protective effect of milk and dairy products was only found in men with bladder cancer. High soybean oil intake was a risk factor for bladder cancer.

Serum metabolomic analysis reveals key metabolites in drug treatment of central precocious puberty in female children

Precocious puberty (PP) is a common condition among children. According to the pathogenesis and clinical manifestations, PP can be divided into central precocious puberty (CPP, gonadotropin dependent), peripheral precocious puberty (PPP, gonadotropin independent), and incomplete precocious puberty (IPP). Identification of the variations in key metabolites involved in CPP and their underlying biological mechanisms has increased the understanding of the pathological processes of this condition. However, little is known about the role of metabolite variations in the drug treatment of CPP. Moreover, it remains unclear whether the understanding of the crucial metabolites and pathways can help predict disease progression after pharmacological therapy of CPP. In this study, systematic metabolomic analysis was used to examine three groups, namely, healthy control (group N, 30 healthy female children), CPP (group S, 31 female children with CPP), and treatment (group R, 29 female children) groups. A total of 14 pathways (the top two pathways were aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis and phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis) were significantly enriched in children with CPP. In addition, two short peptides (His-Arg-Lys-Glu and Lys-Met-His) were found to play a significant role in CPP. Various metabolites associated with different pathways including amino acids, PE [19:1(9Z)0:0], tumonoic acid I, palmitic amide, and linoleic acid-biotin were investigated in the serum of children in all groups. A total of 45 metabolites were found to interact with a chemical drug [a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analog] and a traditional Chinese medicinal formula (DBYW). This study helps to understand metabolic variations in CPP after drug therapy, and further investigation may help develop individualized treatment approaches for CPP in clinical practice.

Sub-zero microRNA expression in the liver of the frozen hatchling painted turtle, Chrysemys picta marginata

The Midland painted turtle (Chrysemys picta marginata) are the highest known vertebrate species to experience and survive freezing and sub-zero temperatures. Painted turtles typically hatch from their eggs in the fall and remain underground in their nests until the following spring. While in these nests over the winter, hatchling turtles withstand over 50 % of their total extracellular body water freezing. Herein, the expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) was investigated in response to freezing stress in the hatchling painted turtle liver. A total of 204 known miRNAs were identified to be expressed in turtles, with 17 being upregulated and 13 being downregulated during freezing. KEGG and GO analyses suggested that upregulated miRNAs inhibit genes of cell cycle and Focal adhesion and Adherens junction, suggesting their role in downregulation of central metabolic processes necessary for metabolic rate depression (MRD) and maintaining the tissue homeostasis. Only 9 of the 36 enriched KEGG pathways were less targeted by miRNAs during freezing, including linoleic acid metabolism and multiple signaling pathways. These predicted upregulated pathways likely promote homeoviscous adaptation and expression of pro-survival/protective proteins for metabolic adaptations necessary for defence of liver during MRD. Overall, miRNA-seq analysis of liver revealed a strong role of miRNA in the adaptive strategy that not only enables hatchlings to substantially suppress their nonessential energy needs but also makes them flexible enough to restore and protect their basal organ functions by activating pro-survival processes.

Nutrition Education to Reduce Metabolic Dysfunction for Spinal Cord Injury: A Module-Based Nutrition Education Guide for Healthcare Providers and Consumers

Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in a high prevalence of neurogenic obesity and metabolic dysfunction. The increased risk for neurogenic obesity and metabolic dysfunction is mainly due to the loss of energy balance because of significantly reduced energy expenditure following SCI. Consequently, excessive energy intake (positive energy balance) leads to adipose tissue accumulation at a rapid rate, resulting in neurogenic obesity, systemic inflammation, and metabolic dysfunction. The purpose of this article is to review the existing literature on nutrition, dietary intake, and nutrition education in persons with SCI as it relates to metabolic dysfunction. The review will highlight the poor dietary intakes of persons with SCI according to authoritative guidelines and the need for nutrition education for health care professionals and consumers. Nutrition education topics are presented in a module-based format with supporting literature. The authors emphasize the role of a diet consisting of low-energy, nutrient-dense, anti-inflammatory foods consistent with the Dietary Guidelines for Americans' MyPlate to effectively achieve energy balance and reduce the risk for neurogenic obesity and metabolic dysfunction in individuals with SCI.

Linoleic acid binds to SARS-CoV-2 RdRp and represses replication of seasonal human coronavirus OC43

Fatty acids belong to a group of compounds already acknowledged for their broad antiviral efficacy. However, little is yet known about their effect on replication of human coronaviruses. To shed light on this subject, we first screened 15 fatty acids, three lipid-soluble vitamins, and cholesterol, on SARS-CoV-2 RdRp, and identified the four fatty acids with the highest RdRp inhibitory potential. Among them, linoleic acid was found to have the greatest interaction with SARS-CoV-2 RdRp, with its direct binding to the cavity formed by the RNA double helix and protein. Linoleic acid forms hydrophobic interactions with multiple residues, and at the same time forms electrostatic interactions including the hydrogen bond with Lys593 and Asp865. In line with these results, a dose-dependent inhibition of HCoV-OC43 replication in vitro was observed, additionally strengthened by data from in vivo study, which also confirmed anti-inflammatory potential of linoleic acid. Based on these results, we concluded that our study provides a new understanding of the antiviral properties of fatty acids against human coronaviruses including the SARS-CoV-2 strain. Particularly, they lays down a new prospect for linoleic acid's RdRp-inhibitory activity, as a candidate for further studies, which are warranted to corroborate the results presented here.

Effect of Olive Pomace Oil on Cardiovascular Health and Associated Pathologies

Background: olive pomace oil (OPO) is a nutritionally relevant fat due to its high oleic acid content (C18:1) and the presence of a wide range of minor bioactive components. Although numerous in vitro and preclinical studies have been developed to study some of its characteristic components, the health effect of prolonged OPO consumption is unknown. Methods: a randomised, blinded, cross-over, controlled clinical trial was carried out in 31 normocholesterolemic and 37 hypercholesterolemic subjects. Participants consumed 45 g/day of OPO or sunflower oil (SO) for 4 weeks, each preceded by a 3-week run-in/wash-out phase with corn oil (CO). Results: regular consumption of OPO and SO had no statistically significant effect on any of the markers related to lipid profile, blood pressure, and endothelial function in both groups, except for eNOS levels, which were close to statistical significance due to the effect of oil (OPO and SO) (p = 0.083). A decrease in visceral fat (p = 0.028) in both groups was observed after OPO intake, accompanied by an increment of leptin (p = 0.017) in the hypercholesterolemic group. Conclusion: reducing visceral fat after prolonged OPO intake might contribute to improve cardiometabolic status, with a potentially positive effect on the vascular tone. Further clinical trials are needed to confirm the present results.

The fatty acid composition of serum phospholipids in adolescents is associated with body composition in early adulthoods: an eight-year follow-up study

The fatty acid composition is associated with obesity. Omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) could have a beneficial role in the prevention and treatment of many disorders, including cardiometabolic diseases. A cohort of 84 men and 131 women were examined in adolescence and after 8 years. Body weight (BW) and fat mass (FM) were measured. The composition of fatty acids (FAs) of serum phospholipids was assessed using gas chromatography. Statistics: PLS method. Aim: to determine the relationships between FAs in adolescence and FM (explanatory variable 1, EV1) and BW (explanatory variable 2, EV2) in adulthood. In the predictive models, a cluster of FAs in boys explained 47.2 % of EV1 and a cluster of 6 FAs in girls explained 32.3 % of EV1 measured in adulthood. FAs measured in adolescents explained 23.7 % of EV2 in early adults regardless of gender. A significant negative association was found between 18:1n-9c and EV1 in males and EV2 in both genders. We found a significant negative association between 18:2n-6 and 20:0 and both EV1 and EV2. In all analyses, we found a significant negative association of 20:1n-9 and 18:3n-3 with EV1-2 in both genders. A significant positive association was found in 20:3n-6 with EV1 and EV2 in males. 20:4n-6 was positively associated with EV1 in females and EV2 in both genders. A positive association between FM and very long chain n- 6 PUFAs was also observed. It is concluded that serum MUFAs and essential PUFAs in adolescence are associated with lower BW and FM in adulthood.

Towards Sustainable Sources of Omega-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Northern Australian Tropical Crossbred Beef Steers through Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Lipogenic Genes for Meat Eating Quality

This study aimed to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in lipogenic genes of northern Australian tropically adapted crossbred beef cattle and to evaluate associations with healthy lipid traits of the Longissimus dorsi (loin eye) muscle. The hypothesis tested was that there are significant associations between SNP loci encoding for the fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4), stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) and fatty acid synthase (FASN) genes and human health beneficial omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω3 LC-PUFA) within the loin eye muscle of northern Australian crossbred beef cattle. Brahman, Charbray, and Droughtmaster crossbred steers were fed on Rhodes grass hay augmented with desmanthus, lucerne, or both, for 140 days and the loin eye muscle sampled for intramuscular fat (IMF), fat melting point (FMP), and fatty acid composition. Polymorphisms in FABP4, SCD, and FASN genes with significant effects on lipid traits were identified with next-generation sequencing. The GG genotype at the FABP4 g.44677239C>G locus was associated with higher proportion of linoleic acid than the CC and CG genotypes (p < 0.05). Multiple comparisons of genotypes at the SCD g.21266629G>T locus indicated that the TT genotype had significantly higher eicosapentaenoic, docosapentaenoic, and docosahexaenoic acids than GG genotype (p < 0.05). Significant correlations (p < 0.05) between FASN SNP and IMF, saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids were observed. These results provide insights into the contribution of lipogenic genes to intramuscular fat deposition and SNP marker-assisted selection for improvement of meat-eating quality, with emphasis on alternate and sustainable sources of ω3 LC-PUFA, in northern Australian tropical crossbred beef cattle, hence an acceptance of the tested hypothesis.

MicroRNA-200c coordinates HNF1 homeobox B and apolipoprotein O functions to modulate lipid homeostasis in alcoholic fatty liver disease

Hepatic steatosis is an initial manifestation of alcoholic liver disease. An imbalance of hepatic lipid processes including fatty acid uptake, esterification, oxidation, and triglyceride secretion leads to alcoholic fatty liver (AFL). However, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of AFL remain elusive. Here, we show that mice deficient in microRNAs (miRs)-141 and -200c display resistance to the development of AFL. We found that miR-200c directly targets HNF1 homeobox B (Hnf1b), a transcriptional activator for microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (Mttp), as well as apolipoprotein O (ApoO), an integral component of the mitochondrial contact site and cristae organizing system complex. We show that expression of these miRs is significantly induced by chronic ethanol exposure, which is accompanied by reduced HNF1B and APOO levels. Furthermore, miR-141/200c deficiency normalizes ethanol-mediated impairment of triglyceride secretion, which can be attributed to the restored levels of HNF1B and MTTP, as well as phosphatidylcholine abundance. Moreover, we demonstrate that miR-141/200c deficiency restores ethanol-mediated inhibition of APOO expression and mitochondrial dysfunction, improving mitochondrial antioxidant defense capacity and fatty acid oxidation. Taken together, these results suggest that miR-200c contributes to the modulation of lipid homeostasis in AFL disease by cooperatively regulating Hnf1b and ApoO functions.

Protecting Superfood Olive Crop from Pests and Pathogens Using Image Processing Techniques: A Review

Background:

Olive (Oleo europaea L.) cultivars are widely cultivated all over the world. However, they are often attacked by pests and pathogens. This deteriorates the quality of the crop, leading to less yield of olive oil. The different infections that cause comparable disease symptoms on olive leaves can be classified using image processing techniques.

Objective:

The olive has established itself as a superfood and a possible source of medicine, owing to the rapid increase in the availability of data in the field of nutrigenomics. The goal of this review is to underline the importance of applying image processing techniques to detect and classify diseases early.

Method:

PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar were used to conduct a systematic literature search using the keywords olive oil, pest and pathogen of olives, and metabolic profiling.

Results:

Infections caused by infectious diseases frequently result in significant losses and lowquality olive oil yields. Early detection of disease infestations can safeguard the olive plant and its yield.

Results:

This strategy can help protect the crop from disease spread, and early detection and classification of the disease can aid in prompt prophylaxis of diseased olive plants before the disease worsens. Protecting olive plants from pests and pathogens can help keep the yield and quality of olive oil consistent.

Mediterranean-Type Diets as a Protective Factor for Asthma and Atopy

We are currently riding the second wave of the allergy epidemic, which is ongoing in affluent societies, but now also affecting developing countries. This increase in the prevalence of atopy/asthma in the Western world has coincided with a rapid improvement in living conditions and radical changes in lifestyle, suggesting that this upward trend in allergic manifestations may be associated with cultural and environmental factors. Diet is a prominent environmental exposure that has undergone major changes, with a substantial increase in the consumption of processed foods, all across the globe. On this basis, the potential effects of dietary habits on atopy and asthma have been researched rigorously, but even with a considerable body of evidence, clear associations are far from established. Many factors converge to obscure the potential relationship, including methodological, pathophysiological and cultural differences. To date, the most commonly researched, and highly promising, candidate for exerting a protective effect is the so-called Mediterranean diet (MedDi). This dietary pattern has been the subject of investigation since the mid twentieth century, and the evidence regarding its beneficial health effects is overwhelming, although data on a correlation between MedDi and the incidence and severity of asthma and atopy are inconclusive. As the prevalence of asthma appears to be lower in some Mediterranean populations, it can be speculated that the MedDi dietary pattern could indeed have a place in a preventive strategy for asthma/atopy. This is a review of the current evidence of the associations between the constituents of the MedDi and asthma/atopy, with emphasis on the pathophysiological links between MedDi and disease outcomes and the research pitfalls and methodological caveats which may hinder identification of causality. MedDi, as a dietary pattern, rather than short-term supplementation or excessive focus on single nutrient effects, may be a rational option for preventive intervention against atopy and asthma.

Wheat and Barley Grass Juice Addition to a Plant-Based Feed Improved Growth and Flesh Quality of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio)

Simple Summary

Several plant extract additives are being increasingly used in aquaculture for their positive effects on fish growth and immunity. Plant extract additives are called phytogenics. The chemical composition of the additives influences their biological activity. The plant extracts used in this study were wheat grass juice and barley grass juice. Their inclusion in a plant-based diet for common carp improved growth performance and flesh quality. The positive effects of the plant extracts could be attributed to their contents of unsaturated fatty acids, essential amino acids, sugars and organic acids.

Abstract

Phytogenics are plant extract additives used for their bioactive properties. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of plant extracts, wheat grass juice (WGJ) and barley grass juices (BGJ) addition to fish diet on growth and meat quality of common carp. Fish (51 ± 33 g initial weight) were fed for four weeks with three plant-based diets: (1) control feed (Con), (2) control feed supplemented with 2% WGJ (Con+WGJ), and (3) control feed supplemented with 2% BGJ (Con+BGJ). The results showed that the inclusion of the two juices in the plant-based feed stimulated the growth and improved meat quality by lowering the fat and ash content. Feed conversion ratio and condition factor were not affected. There were no significant differences in Fe and Zn contents of meat; however, Cu decreased, while Mn was lower in the Con+WGJ group and higher in the Con+BGJ group compared to Con. A high content of unsaturated fatty acids (FA, oleic acid and linoleic acid) and desirable ratios of saturated/unsaturated FA (0.27–0.29) and Ω6/Ω3 (2.5–2.78) were found in all groups. The juices were characterized in terms of lipid profile and polar compounds by GC-MS technique. The observed positive effects can be attributed to the rich composition of juices that included unsaturated FA, amino acids, sugars and organic compounds.

Resolvins' Obesity-Driven Deficiency: The Implications for Maternal-Fetal Health

Since pregnancy is already characterized by mild but significant inflammatory activity in physiological conditions, when complicated by obesity the probability of a persistent inflammatory state increases, with consequent multiple repercussions that add up to the complications associated with acute inflammation. In this context, the role of resolvins, specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs), deriving from omega-3 essential fatty acids, may be crucial. Indeed, differential production in numerous high-risk conditions associated with both childbirth and neonatal health, the correlation between maternal omega-3 intake and resolvin concentrations in maternal blood and at the placental level, and the high values found in breast milk in the first month of breastfeeding, are some of the most important hallmarks of these autacoids. In addition, a growing body of scientific evidence supports the lack of SPMs, at the level of immune-metabolic tissues, in the case of obesity. Furthermore, the obesity-related lack of SPMs seems to be decisive in the context of the current outbreak of COVID-19, as it appears to be one of the causes associated with the higher incidence of complications and negative outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The usefulness of metabolomics in this field appears clear, given that through the metabolome it is possible to observe the numerous and complex interactions between the mother, the placenta and the fetus in order to identify specific biomarkers useful in the prediction, diagnosis and monitoring of the various obstetric conditions. However, further investigations are needed in order to evaluate the possible use of some resolvins as biomarkers of maternal–fetal outcomes but also to establish adequate integration values in pregnant women with omega-3 fatty acids or with more active derivatives that guarantee optimal SPM production under risky conditions.

Linoleic Acid Intake and Physical Function: Pilot Results from the Health ABC Energy Expenditure Sub-Study

Background:

Dietary fat quality is important for health and physical functioning in older adults. Linoleic acid is a dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid that is necessary for optimal inner-mitochondrial membrane function. However, limited evidence exists for examining the role of linoleic acid intake on indices of mobility and physical function. In this pilot study, we sought to examine the associations between linoleic acid intake and physical functioning in older adults.

Methods:

This secondary analysis of data from the Health, Aging, and Body Composition energy expenditure sub-study was conducted for our investigation. Ability to complete physical tasks such as climbing a flight of stairs, walking a quarter mile, and lifting 10 lbs. was self-reported. Daily linoleic acid intake was estimated from a food frequency questionnaire. Persons with daily linoleic acid intake below approximately 85% of Adequate Intake were considered as having low linoleic acid intake. Covariate-adjusted logistic models were used for the analyses.

Results:

The final analytical sample included 317 participants aged 74.4 ± 2.8 years who consumed 18.9 ± 11.4 g/day of linoleic acid, with 78 (24.6%) participants having low daily linoleic acid intake. Persons with low daily linoleic acid intake had 2.58 (95% confidence interval: 1.27–5.24) greater odds for a limitation in climbing stairs.

Conclusions:

Our pilot investigation found that low daily linoleic acid intake could be associated with physical function in older adults. Dietitians working with older patients may want to consider the importance of daily linoleic acid intake for health and certain physical function tasks.

Multi-Functional Development and Utilization of Rapeseed: Comprehensive Analysis of the Nutritional Value of Rapeseed Sprouts

Rapeseed is the third largest oil crop in the world and the largest oil crop in China. The multi-functional development and utilization of rapeseed is an effective measure for the high-quality development of rapeseed industry in China. In this study, several basic nutrients of eight rapeseed sprouts and five bean sprouts (3–5 varieties each) were determined, including sugar, crude protein, crude fiber, vitamin E, minerals, fatty acids, amino acids, and glucosinolates. Data analysis revealed that compared with bean sprouts, rapeseed sprouts were nutritionally balanced and were richer in active nutrients such as glucose, magnesium, selenium, vitamin E, and glucosinolate. Moreover, rapeseed sprouts exhibited reasonable amino acid composition and abundant unsaturated fatty acids (accounting for 90.32% of the total fatty acids). All these results indicated the potential of rapeseed sprout as a functional vegetable. Subsequently, three dominant nutrients including vitamin E, glucosinolate, and selenium were investigated in seeds and sprouts of 44 B. napus L. varieties. The results showed that germination raised the ratio of α-tocopherol/γ-tocopherol from 0.53 in seeds to 9.65 in sprouts, greatly increasing the content of α-tocopherol with the strongest antioxidant activity among the eight isomers of vitamin E. Furthermore, germination promoted the conversion and accumulation of glucosinolate components, especially, glucoraphanin with strong anti-cancer activity with its proportion increased from 1.06% in seeds to 1.62% in sprouts. In addition, the contents of selenium, vitamin E, and glucosinolate in rapeseed sprouts were highly correlated with those in seeds. Furthermore, these three dominant nutrients varied greatly within B. napus varieties, indicating the great potential of rapeseed sprouts to be further bio-enhanced. Our findings provide reference for the multi-purpose development and utilization of rapeseed, lay a theoretical foundation for the development of rapeseed sprout into a functional vegetable, and provide a novel breeding direction.

Phytochemical Characterization, Antioxidant Activity, and Cytotoxicity of Methanolic Leaf Extract of Chlorophytum Comosum (Green Type) (Thunb.) Jacq

Chlorophytum genus has been extensively studied due to its diverse biological activities. We evaluated the methanolic extract of leaves of Chlorophytum comosum (Green type) (Thunb.) Jacques, the species that is less studied compared to C. borivilianum. The aim was to identify phytoconstituents of the methanolic extract of leaves of C. comosum and biological properties of its different fractions. Water fraction was analyzed with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry. Nineteen compounds belonging to different chemical classes were identified in the methanolic extract of leaves of C. comosum (Green type) (Thunb.) Jacques. In addition to several fatty acids, isoprenoid and steroid compounds were found among the most abundant constituents. One of the identified compounds, 4'-methylphenyl-1C-sulfonyl-β-d-galactoside, was not detected earlier in Chlorophytum extracts. The water fraction was toxic to HeLa cells but not to Vero cells. Our data demonstrate that methanolic extract of leaves of C. comosum can be a valuable source of bioactive constituents. The water fraction of the extract exhibited promising antitumor potential based on a high ratio of HeLa vs. Vero cytotoxicity.

Aeroterrestrial and Extremophilic Microalgae as Promising Sources for Lipids and Lipid Nanoparticles in Dermal Cosmetics

Microscopic prokaryotic and eukaryotic algae (microalgae), which can be effectively grown in mass cultures, are gaining increasing interest in cosmetics. Up to now, the main attention was on aquatic algae, while species from aeroterrestrial and extreme environments remained underestimated. In these habitats, algae accumulate high amounts of some chemical substances or develop specific compounds, which cause them to thrive in inimical conditions. Among such biologically active molecules is a large family of lipids, which are significant constituents in living organisms and valuable ingredients in cosmetic formulations. Therefore, natural sources of lipids are increasingly in demand in the modern cosmetic industry and its innovative technologies. Among novelties in skin care products is the use of lipid nanoparticles as carriers of dermatologically active ingredients, which enhance their penetration and release in the skin strata. This review is an attempt to comprehensively cover the available literature on the high-value lipids from microalgae, which inhabit aeroterrestrial and extreme habitats (AEM). Data on different compounds of 87 species, subspecies and varieties from 53 genera (represented by more than 141 strains) from five phyla are provided and, despite some gaps in the current knowledge, demonstrate the promising potential of AEM as sources of valuable lipids for novel skin care products.

Maternal and Neonatal Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Intake and Risk of Neurodevelopmental Impairment in Premature Infants

The N3 and N6 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (AA) are essential for proper neurodevelopment in early life. These fatty acids are passed from mother to infant via the placenta, accreting into fetal tissues such as brain and adipose tissue. Placental transfer of LCPUFA is highest in the final trimester, but this transfer is abruptly severed with premature birth. As such, efforts have been made to supplement the post-natal feed of premature infants with LCPUFA to improve neurodevelopmental outcomes. This narrative review analyzes the current body of evidence pertinent to neurodevelopmental outcomes after LCPUFA supplementation in prematurely born infants, which was identified via the reference lists of systematic and narrative reviews and PubMed search engine results. This review finds that, while the evidence is weakened by heterogeneity, it may be seen that feed comprising 0.3% DHA and 0.6% AA is associated with more positive neurodevelopmental outcomes than LCPUFA-deplete feed. While no new RCTs have been performed since the most recent Cochrane meta-analysis in 2016, this narrative review provides a wider commentary; the wider effects of LCPUFA supplementation in prematurely born infants, the physiology of LCPUFA accretion into preterm tissues, and the physiological effects of LCPUFA that affect neurodevelopment. We also discuss the roles of maternal LCPUFA status as a modifiable factor affecting the risk of preterm birth and infant neurodevelopmental outcomes. To better understand the role of LCPUFAs in infant neurodevelopment, future study designs must consider absolute and relative availabilities of all LCPUFA species and incorporate the LCPUFA status of both mother and infant in pre- and postnatal periods.

Combined Metabolome and Transcriptome Analyses of Young, Mature, and Old Rhizome Tissues of Zingiber officinale Roscoe

Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) is known for its unique pungent taste and useability in traditional Chinese medicine. The main compounds in ginger rhizome can be classified as gingerols, diarylheptanoids, and volatile oils. The composition and concentrations of the bioactive compounds in ginger rhizome might vary according to the age of the rhizome. In this regard, the knowledge on the transcriptomic signatures and accumulation of metabolites in young (Y), mature (M), and old (O) ginger rhizomes is scarce. This study used HiSeq Illumina Sequencing and UPLC-MS/MS analyses to delineate how the expression of key genes changes in Y, M, and O ginger rhizome tissues and how it affects the accumulation of metabolites in key pathways. The transcriptome sequencing identified 238,157 genes of which 13,976, 11,243, and 24,498 were differentially expressed (DEGs) in Y vs. M, M vs. O, and Y vs. O, respectively. These DEGs were significantly enriched in stilbenoid, diarylheptanoid, and gingerol biosynthesis, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, plant-hormone signal transduction, starch and sucrose metabolism, linoleic acid metabolism, and α-linoleic acid metabolism pathways. The metabolome profiling identified 661 metabolites of which 311, 386, and 296 metabolites were differentially accumulated in Y vs. M, Y vs. O, and M vs. O, respectively. These metabolites were also enriched in the pathways mentioned above. The DEGs and DAMs enrichment showed that the gingerol content is higher in Y rhizome, whereas the Y, M, and O tissues differ in linoleic and α-linoleic acid accumulation. Similarly, the starch and sucrose metabolism pathway is variably regulated in Y, M, and O rhizome tissues. Our results showed that ginger rhizome growth slows down (Y > M > O) probably due to changes in phytohormone signaling. Young ginger rhizome is the most transcriptionally and metabolically active tissue as compared to M and O. The transitioning from Y to M and O affects the gingerol, sugars, linoleic acid, and α-linoleic acid concentrations and related gene expressions.

An updated review on efficacy and benefits of sweet almond, evening primrose and jojoba oils in skin care applications

Renewed consumer and industry interest in natural ingredients has led to a large growth of natural cosmetics. This has put pressure on formulation skills and product claims when it comes to using natural compounds. Taking a strategic and comprehensive approach in viewing natural ingredients, including natural oils, as 'active' ingredients rather than just providing for so-called 'natural' claims, aids both innovation and development. Given the ever-increasing consumer demand for natural ingredients, and more importantly the demand for effective natural ingredients including plant oils, it is important for the cosmetic industry to re-evaluate them in this context. The objectives of this review are to provide an update of three popular cosmetic plant oils - Sweet Almond, Evening Primrose, and Jojoba - in terms of their cosmetic applications as 'active' ingredients. This review highlights the activity of these oils, in the management of dry skin, ageing skin, juvenile skin, atopic dermatitis, scalp conditions, and their wider potential. Attention is given to formulation considerations where the content of these oils impacts product oxidation, skin penetration and stratum corneum homeostasis. Benefits of these oils have been well documented both pre-clinically and clinically. Historically, they have been used for hundreds if not thousands of years for their management and treatment of various skin and other ailments. Given the discrepancies in some clinical data presented for a variety of dermatoses, the importance of the choice of oil and how to formulate with them within the context of the epidermal barrier function, skin penetration, and toxicity, cannot be underestimated. Care should be taken in terms of the quality and stability of theses oils, as well as ensuring best formulation type, if the reported activities of these oils are to be achieved with consistency. Despite discrepancies in the literature and questionable study designs, it is clear, that Sweet Almond, Evening Primrose and Jojoba oils, do have skin care benefits for both adult and juvenile applications. They are effective ingredients for skin care preparations to strengthen stratum corneum integrity, recovery, and lipid ratio. Nevertheless, further experimental data are required concerning the impact on stratum corneum physiology and structure.

Antioxidant Properties and Cytoprotective Effect of Pistacia lentiscus L. Seed Oil against 7β-Hydroxycholesterol-Induced Toxicity in C2C12 Myoblasts: Reduction in Oxidative Stress, Mitochondrial and Peroxisomal Dysfunctions and Attenuation of Cell Death

Aging is characterized by a progressive increase in oxidative stress, which favors lipid peroxidation and the formation of cholesterol oxide derivatives, including 7β-hydroxycholesterol (7β-OHC). This oxysterol, which is known to trigger oxidative stress, inflammation, and cell death, could contribute to the aging process and age-related diseases, such as sarcopenia. Identifying molecules or mixtures of molecules preventing the toxicity of 7β-OHC is therefore an important issue. This study consists of determining the chemical composition of Tunisian Pistacia lentiscus L. seed oil (PLSO) used in the Tunisian diet and evaluating its ability to counteract the cytotoxic effects induced by 7β-OHC in murine C2C12 myoblasts. The effects of 7β-OHC (50 µM; 24 h), associated or not with PLSO, were studied on cell viability, oxidative stress, and on mitochondrial and peroxisomal damages induction. α-Tocopherol (400 µM) was used as the positive control for cytoprotection. Our data show that PLSO is rich in bioactive compounds; it contains polyunsaturated fatty acids, and several nutrients with antioxidant properties: phytosterols, α-tocopherol, carotenoids, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds. When associated with PLSO (100 µg/mL), the 7β-OHC-induced cytotoxic effects were strongly attenuated. The cytoprotection was in the range of those observed with α-tocopherol. This cytoprotective effect was characterized by prevention of cell death and organelle dysfunction (restoration of cell adhesion, cell viability, and plasma membrane integrity; prevention of mitochondrial and peroxisomal damage) and attenuation of oxidative stress (reduction in reactive oxygen species overproduction in whole cells and at the mitochondrial level; decrease in lipid and protein oxidation products formation; and normalization of antioxidant enzyme activities: glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD)). These results provide evidence that PLSO has similar antioxidant properties than α-tocopherol used at high concentration and contains a mixture of molecules capable to attenuate 7β-OHC-induced cytotoxic effects in C2C12 myoblasts. These data reinforce the interest in edible oils associated with the Mediterranean diet, such as PLSO, in the prevention of age-related diseases, such as sarcopenia.