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Dalrymple A, Badrock TC, Terry A, Bean EJ, Barber M, Hall PJ, Coburn S, McAughey J, Murphy J. Development of a novel method to measure material surface staining by cigarette, e-cigarette or tobacco heating product aerosols. Heliyon 2020; 6:e05012. [PMID: 32995648 PMCID: PMC7511806 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco smoke (CS) may visually stain indoor surfaces including ceilings, walls and soft furnishings over time. Potentially reduced risk products (PRRPs) such as e-cigarettes (EC) and tobacco heating products (THP) produce chemically less complex aerosols with significantly reduced levels of toxicants, particles and odour. However, the potential effects of EC and THP aerosols on the staining of indoor surfaces are currently unknown. In this study, an exposure chamber was developed as a model system to enable the accelerated staining of wallpaper and cotton samples by a scientific reference cigarette (3R4F), three THP (glo™, glo™ pro, glo™ sens) and an e-cigarette (iSwitch Maxx). Exposure to 3R4F reference cigarettes caused the greatest level of staining, which was significantly higher than glo™, glo™ pro, glo™ sens or iSwitch Maxx aerosols, all of which showed relatively little colour change. Exposure to 200–1000 puffs of 3R4F cigarette smoke resulted in a visible dose response effect to wallpaper and cotton samples which was not observed following exposure to glo™, glo™ pro, glo™ sens or iSwitch Maxx aerosols. Aging of the samples for 4 weeks post-exposure resulted in changes to the staining levels, however PRRP staining levels were minimal and significantly lower than 3R4F exposed samples. For the first time, diverse PRRPs across the tobacco and nicotine products risk continuum have been assessed in vitro for their impact on surface staining. CS exposure significantly increased the level of wallpaper and cotton staining, whereas exposure to glo™, glo™ pro, glo™ sens or iSwitch Maxx aerosols resulted in significantly reduced levels of staining, staining levels were also comparable to untreated control samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Dalrymple
- British American Tobacco, R&D, Southampton, Hampshire, SO15 8TL, UK
- Corresponding author.
| | | | - Anya Terry
- British American Tobacco, R&D, Southampton, Hampshire, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Emma-Jayne Bean
- British American Tobacco, R&D, Southampton, Hampshire, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Mark Barber
- Borgwaldt KC GmbH Schnackenburgallee 15, 22525, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Peter J. Hall
- Intertek Clinical Research Services, Hooton, Cheshire, CH66 7NZ, UK
| | - Steven Coburn
- British American Tobacco, R&D, Southampton, Hampshire, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - John McAughey
- British American Tobacco, R&D, Southampton, Hampshire, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - James Murphy
- British American Tobacco, R&D, Southampton, Hampshire, SO15 8TL, UK
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Li W, Ni J, Cai S, Liu Y, Shen C, Yang H, Chen Y, Tao J, Yu Y, Liu Q. Variations in microbial community structure and functional gene expression in bio-treatment processes with odorous pollutants. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17870. [PMID: 31780738 PMCID: PMC6883040 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54281-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Engineered microbial ecosystems in biofilters have been widely applied to treat odorous gases from industrial emissions. Variations in microbial community structure and function associated with the removal of odorous gases by biofilters are largely unknown. This study performed a metagenomic analysis to discover shifts in microbial community structures in a commercial scale biofilter after treating odorous gas. Our study identified 175,675 functional genes assigned into 43 functional KEGG pathways. Based on the unigene sequences, there were significant changes in microbial community structures in the biofilter after treating odorous gas. The dominant genera were Thiobacillus and Oceanicaulis before the treatment, and were Acidithiobacillus and Ferroplasma after the treatment. A clustering analysis showed that the number of down-regulated microbes exceeded the number of up-regulated microbes, suggesting that odorous gas treatment reduced in microbial community structures. A differential expression analysis identified 29,975 up- and 452,599 down-regulated genes. An enrichment analysis showed 17 classic types of xenobiotic biodegradation pathways. The results identified 16 and 15 genes involved in ammonia and sulfite metabolism, respectively; an analysis of their relative abundance identified several up-regulated genes, which may be efficient genes involved in removing odorous gases. The data provided in this study demonstrate the changes in microbial communities and help identify the dominant microflora and genes that play key roles in treating odorous gases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Li
- College of Qianjiang, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianguo Ni
- Hangzhou Ecological Environment Bureau of Xiaoshan Branch, Hangzhou, 311201, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoqin Cai
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Liu
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenjia Shen
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Huayun Yang
- College of Qianjiang, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuquan Chen
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Tao
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunfeng Yu
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Liu
- College of Qianjiang, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China. .,College of Life and Environmental Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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Zhuang X, Ni A, Liao L, Guo Y, Dai W, Jiang Y, Zhou H, Hu X, Du Z, Wang X, Liao X. Environment-wide association study to identify novel factors associated with peripheral arterial disease: Evidence from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999–2004). Atherosclerosis 2018; 269:172-177. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Cincinelli A, Martellini T. Indoor Air Quality and Health. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14111286. [PMID: 29068361 PMCID: PMC5707925 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14111286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Cincinelli
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Florence, Italy.
| | - Tania Martellini
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Florence, Italy.
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Forster M, McAughey J, Prasad K, Mavropoulou E, Proctor C. Assessment of tobacco heating product THP1.0. Part 4: Characterisation of indoor air quality and odour. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 93:34-51. [PMID: 28989082 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The tobacco heating product THP1.0, which heats but does not burn tobacco, was tested as part of a modified-risk tobacco product assessment framework for its impacts on indoor air quality and residual tobacco smoke odour. THP1.0 heats the tobacco to less than 240 °C ± 5 °C during puffs. An environmentally controlled room was used to simulate ventilation conditions corresponding to residential, office and hospitality environments. An analysis of known tobacco smoke constituents, included CO, CO2, NO, NO2, nicotine, glycerol, 3-ethenyl pyridine, sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, eight volatile organic compounds, four carbonyls, four tobacco-specific nitrosamines and total aerosol particulate matter. Significant emissions reductions in comparison to conventional cigarettes were measured for THP1.0. Levels of nicotine, acetaldehyde, formaldehyde and particulate matter emitted from THP1.0 exceeded ambient air measurements, but were more than 90% reduced relative to cigarette smoke emissions within the laboratory conditions defined Residual tobacco smoke odour was assessed by trained sensory panels after exposure of cloth, hair and skin to both mainstream and environmental emissions from the test products. Residual tobacco smoke odour was significantly lower from THP1.0 than from a conventional cigarette. These data show that using THP1.0 has the potential to result in considerably reduced environmental emissions that affect indoor air quality relative to conventional cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Forster
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK
| | - John McAughey
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK.
| | - Krishna Prasad
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Eleni Mavropoulou
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Christopher Proctor
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK
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