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Jones ER, Laurent JGC, Young AS, MacNaughton P, Coull BA, Spengler JD, Allen JG. The Effects of Ventilation and Filtration on Indoor PM 2.5 in Office Buildings in Four Countries. BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT 2021; 200:107975. [PMID: 34366550 PMCID: PMC8336933 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.107975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is an airborne pollutant associated with negative acute and chronic human health outcomes. Although the majority of PM2.5 research has focused on outdoor exposures, people spend the majority of their time indoors, where PM2.5 of outdoor origin can penetrate. In this work, we measured indoor PM2.5 continuously for one year in 37 urban commercial offices with mechanical or mixed-mode ventilation in China, India, the United Kingdom, and the United States. We found that indoor PM2.5 concentrations were generally higher when and where outdoor PM2.5 was elevated. In India and China, mean workday indoor PM2.5 levels exceeded the World Health Organization's 24-hour exposure guideline of 25 µg/m3 about 17% and 27% of the time, respectively. Our statistical models found evidence that the operation of mechanical ventilation systems could mitigate the intrusion of outdoor PM2.5: during standard work hours, a 10 µg/m3 increase in outdoor PM2.5 was associated with 19.9% increase in the expected concentration of indoor PM2.5 (p<0.0001), compared to a larger 23.4% increase during non-work hours (p<0.0001). Finally, our models found that using filters with ratings of MERV 13-14 or MERV 15+ was associated with a 30.9% (95% CI: -55.0%, +6.2%) or 39.4% (95% CI: -62.0%, -3.4%) reduction of indoor PM2.5, respectively, compared to filters with lower MERV 7-12 ratings. Our results demonstrate the potential efficacy of mechanical ventilation with efficient filtration as a public health strategy to protect workers from PM2.5 exposure, particularly where outdoor levels of PM2.5 are elevated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R. Jones
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 401 Park Drive, 4 Floor West, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, 1350 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Corresponding author: ; 401 Park Drive, 4 Floor West, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | | | - Anna S. Young
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 401 Park Drive, 4 Floor West, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Piers MacNaughton
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 401 Park Drive, 4 Floor West, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Brent A. Coull
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 401 Park Drive, 4 Floor West, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - John D. Spengler
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 401 Park Drive, 4 Floor West, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Joseph G. Allen
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 401 Park Drive, 4 Floor West, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
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Payne-Sturges DC, Marty MA, Perera F, Miller MD, Swanson M, Ellickson K, Cory-Slechta DA, Ritz B, Balmes J, Anderko L, Talbott EO, Gould R, Hertz-Picciotto I. Healthy Air, Healthy Brains: Advancing Air Pollution Policy to Protect Children's Health. Am J Public Health 2019; 109:550-554. [PMID: 30789769 PMCID: PMC6417586 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2018.304902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Evidence is growing on the adverse neurodevelopmental effects of exposure to combustion-related air pollution. Project TENDR (Targeting Environmental Neurodevelopmental Risks), a unique collaboration of leading scientists, health professionals, and children's and environmental health advocates, has identified combustion-related air pollutants as critical targets for action to protect healthy brain development. We present policy recommendations for maintaining and strengthening federal environmental health protections, advancing state and local actions, and supporting scientific research to inform effective strategies for reducing children's exposures to combustion-related air pollution. Such actions not only would improve children's neurological development but also would have the important co-benefit of climate change mitigation and further improvements in other health conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon C Payne-Sturges
- Devon C. Payne-Sturges is with the Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park. Melanie A. Marty is with the Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis. Frederica Perera is with the Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health, Columbia University, New York, NY. Mark D. Miller and John Balmes are with the Division of Occupational Environmental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco. Maureen Swanson is with the Learning Disabilities Association of America, Pittsburgh, PA. Kristie Ellickson is with the Minnesota State Pollution Control Agency, Saint Paul. Deborah A. Cory-Slechta is with the University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY. Beate Ritz is with the Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles. Laura Anderko is with the School of Nursing and Health Studies, Georgetown University, Washington, DC. Evelyn O. Talbott is with the School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh. Robert Gould is with the School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco. Irva Hertz-Picciotto is with the Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine; the MIND Institute; and the Children's Center for Environmental Health, University of California, Davis
| | - Melanie A Marty
- Devon C. Payne-Sturges is with the Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park. Melanie A. Marty is with the Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis. Frederica Perera is with the Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health, Columbia University, New York, NY. Mark D. Miller and John Balmes are with the Division of Occupational Environmental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco. Maureen Swanson is with the Learning Disabilities Association of America, Pittsburgh, PA. Kristie Ellickson is with the Minnesota State Pollution Control Agency, Saint Paul. Deborah A. Cory-Slechta is with the University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY. Beate Ritz is with the Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles. Laura Anderko is with the School of Nursing and Health Studies, Georgetown University, Washington, DC. Evelyn O. Talbott is with the School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh. Robert Gould is with the School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco. Irva Hertz-Picciotto is with the Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine; the MIND Institute; and the Children's Center for Environmental Health, University of California, Davis
| | - Frederica Perera
- Devon C. Payne-Sturges is with the Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park. Melanie A. Marty is with the Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis. Frederica Perera is with the Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health, Columbia University, New York, NY. Mark D. Miller and John Balmes are with the Division of Occupational Environmental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco. Maureen Swanson is with the Learning Disabilities Association of America, Pittsburgh, PA. Kristie Ellickson is with the Minnesota State Pollution Control Agency, Saint Paul. Deborah A. Cory-Slechta is with the University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY. Beate Ritz is with the Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles. Laura Anderko is with the School of Nursing and Health Studies, Georgetown University, Washington, DC. Evelyn O. Talbott is with the School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh. Robert Gould is with the School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco. Irva Hertz-Picciotto is with the Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine; the MIND Institute; and the Children's Center for Environmental Health, University of California, Davis
| | - Mark D Miller
- Devon C. Payne-Sturges is with the Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park. Melanie A. Marty is with the Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis. Frederica Perera is with the Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health, Columbia University, New York, NY. Mark D. Miller and John Balmes are with the Division of Occupational Environmental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco. Maureen Swanson is with the Learning Disabilities Association of America, Pittsburgh, PA. Kristie Ellickson is with the Minnesota State Pollution Control Agency, Saint Paul. Deborah A. Cory-Slechta is with the University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY. Beate Ritz is with the Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles. Laura Anderko is with the School of Nursing and Health Studies, Georgetown University, Washington, DC. Evelyn O. Talbott is with the School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh. Robert Gould is with the School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco. Irva Hertz-Picciotto is with the Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine; the MIND Institute; and the Children's Center for Environmental Health, University of California, Davis
| | - Maureen Swanson
- Devon C. Payne-Sturges is with the Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park. Melanie A. Marty is with the Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis. Frederica Perera is with the Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health, Columbia University, New York, NY. Mark D. Miller and John Balmes are with the Division of Occupational Environmental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco. Maureen Swanson is with the Learning Disabilities Association of America, Pittsburgh, PA. Kristie Ellickson is with the Minnesota State Pollution Control Agency, Saint Paul. Deborah A. Cory-Slechta is with the University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY. Beate Ritz is with the Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles. Laura Anderko is with the School of Nursing and Health Studies, Georgetown University, Washington, DC. Evelyn O. Talbott is with the School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh. Robert Gould is with the School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco. Irva Hertz-Picciotto is with the Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine; the MIND Institute; and the Children's Center for Environmental Health, University of California, Davis
| | - Kristie Ellickson
- Devon C. Payne-Sturges is with the Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park. Melanie A. Marty is with the Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis. Frederica Perera is with the Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health, Columbia University, New York, NY. Mark D. Miller and John Balmes are with the Division of Occupational Environmental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco. Maureen Swanson is with the Learning Disabilities Association of America, Pittsburgh, PA. Kristie Ellickson is with the Minnesota State Pollution Control Agency, Saint Paul. Deborah A. Cory-Slechta is with the University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY. Beate Ritz is with the Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles. Laura Anderko is with the School of Nursing and Health Studies, Georgetown University, Washington, DC. Evelyn O. Talbott is with the School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh. Robert Gould is with the School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco. Irva Hertz-Picciotto is with the Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine; the MIND Institute; and the Children's Center for Environmental Health, University of California, Davis
| | - Deborah A Cory-Slechta
- Devon C. Payne-Sturges is with the Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park. Melanie A. Marty is with the Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis. Frederica Perera is with the Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health, Columbia University, New York, NY. Mark D. Miller and John Balmes are with the Division of Occupational Environmental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco. Maureen Swanson is with the Learning Disabilities Association of America, Pittsburgh, PA. Kristie Ellickson is with the Minnesota State Pollution Control Agency, Saint Paul. Deborah A. Cory-Slechta is with the University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY. Beate Ritz is with the Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles. Laura Anderko is with the School of Nursing and Health Studies, Georgetown University, Washington, DC. Evelyn O. Talbott is with the School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh. Robert Gould is with the School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco. Irva Hertz-Picciotto is with the Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine; the MIND Institute; and the Children's Center for Environmental Health, University of California, Davis
| | - Beate Ritz
- Devon C. Payne-Sturges is with the Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park. Melanie A. Marty is with the Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis. Frederica Perera is with the Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health, Columbia University, New York, NY. Mark D. Miller and John Balmes are with the Division of Occupational Environmental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco. Maureen Swanson is with the Learning Disabilities Association of America, Pittsburgh, PA. Kristie Ellickson is with the Minnesota State Pollution Control Agency, Saint Paul. Deborah A. Cory-Slechta is with the University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY. Beate Ritz is with the Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles. Laura Anderko is with the School of Nursing and Health Studies, Georgetown University, Washington, DC. Evelyn O. Talbott is with the School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh. Robert Gould is with the School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco. Irva Hertz-Picciotto is with the Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine; the MIND Institute; and the Children's Center for Environmental Health, University of California, Davis
| | - John Balmes
- Devon C. Payne-Sturges is with the Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park. Melanie A. Marty is with the Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis. Frederica Perera is with the Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health, Columbia University, New York, NY. Mark D. Miller and John Balmes are with the Division of Occupational Environmental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco. Maureen Swanson is with the Learning Disabilities Association of America, Pittsburgh, PA. Kristie Ellickson is with the Minnesota State Pollution Control Agency, Saint Paul. Deborah A. Cory-Slechta is with the University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY. Beate Ritz is with the Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles. Laura Anderko is with the School of Nursing and Health Studies, Georgetown University, Washington, DC. Evelyn O. Talbott is with the School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh. Robert Gould is with the School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco. Irva Hertz-Picciotto is with the Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine; the MIND Institute; and the Children's Center for Environmental Health, University of California, Davis
| | - Laura Anderko
- Devon C. Payne-Sturges is with the Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park. Melanie A. Marty is with the Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis. Frederica Perera is with the Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health, Columbia University, New York, NY. Mark D. Miller and John Balmes are with the Division of Occupational Environmental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco. Maureen Swanson is with the Learning Disabilities Association of America, Pittsburgh, PA. Kristie Ellickson is with the Minnesota State Pollution Control Agency, Saint Paul. Deborah A. Cory-Slechta is with the University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY. Beate Ritz is with the Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles. Laura Anderko is with the School of Nursing and Health Studies, Georgetown University, Washington, DC. Evelyn O. Talbott is with the School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh. Robert Gould is with the School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco. Irva Hertz-Picciotto is with the Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine; the MIND Institute; and the Children's Center for Environmental Health, University of California, Davis
| | - Evelyn O Talbott
- Devon C. Payne-Sturges is with the Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park. Melanie A. Marty is with the Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis. Frederica Perera is with the Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health, Columbia University, New York, NY. Mark D. Miller and John Balmes are with the Division of Occupational Environmental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco. Maureen Swanson is with the Learning Disabilities Association of America, Pittsburgh, PA. Kristie Ellickson is with the Minnesota State Pollution Control Agency, Saint Paul. Deborah A. Cory-Slechta is with the University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY. Beate Ritz is with the Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles. Laura Anderko is with the School of Nursing and Health Studies, Georgetown University, Washington, DC. Evelyn O. Talbott is with the School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh. Robert Gould is with the School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco. Irva Hertz-Picciotto is with the Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine; the MIND Institute; and the Children's Center for Environmental Health, University of California, Davis
| | - Robert Gould
- Devon C. Payne-Sturges is with the Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park. Melanie A. Marty is with the Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis. Frederica Perera is with the Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health, Columbia University, New York, NY. Mark D. Miller and John Balmes are with the Division of Occupational Environmental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco. Maureen Swanson is with the Learning Disabilities Association of America, Pittsburgh, PA. Kristie Ellickson is with the Minnesota State Pollution Control Agency, Saint Paul. Deborah A. Cory-Slechta is with the University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY. Beate Ritz is with the Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles. Laura Anderko is with the School of Nursing and Health Studies, Georgetown University, Washington, DC. Evelyn O. Talbott is with the School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh. Robert Gould is with the School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco. Irva Hertz-Picciotto is with the Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine; the MIND Institute; and the Children's Center for Environmental Health, University of California, Davis
| | - Irva Hertz-Picciotto
- Devon C. Payne-Sturges is with the Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park. Melanie A. Marty is with the Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis. Frederica Perera is with the Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health, Columbia University, New York, NY. Mark D. Miller and John Balmes are with the Division of Occupational Environmental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco. Maureen Swanson is with the Learning Disabilities Association of America, Pittsburgh, PA. Kristie Ellickson is with the Minnesota State Pollution Control Agency, Saint Paul. Deborah A. Cory-Slechta is with the University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY. Beate Ritz is with the Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles. Laura Anderko is with the School of Nursing and Health Studies, Georgetown University, Washington, DC. Evelyn O. Talbott is with the School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh. Robert Gould is with the School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco. Irva Hertz-Picciotto is with the Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine; the MIND Institute; and the Children's Center for Environmental Health, University of California, Davis
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