1
|
Cui T, Lu R, Liu C, Wu Z, Jiang X, Liu Y, Pan S, Li Y. Characteristics of second-hand exposure to aerosols from e-cigarettes: A literature review since 2010. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 926:171829. [PMID: 38537812 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, the use of electronic vaping products (also named e-cigarettes) has increased due to their appealing flavors and nicotine delivery without the combustion of tobacco. Although the hazardous substances emitted by e-cigarettes are largely found to be much lower than combustible cigarettes, second-hand exposure to e-cigarette aerosols is not completely benign for bystanders. This work reviewed and synthesized findings on the second-hand exposure of aerosols from e-cigarettes and compared the results with those of the combustible cigarettes. In this review, different results were integrated based upon sampling locations such as residences, vehicles, offices, public places, and experimental exposure chambers. In addition, the factors that influence the second-hand exposure levels were identified by objectively reviewing and integrating the impacts of combustible cigarettes and e-cigarettes on the environment. It is a challenge to compare the literature data directly to assess the effect of smoking/vaping on the indoor environment. The room volume, indoor air exchange rate, puffing duration, and puffing numbers should be considered, which are important factors in determining the degree of pollution. Therefore, it is necessary to calculate the "emission rate" to normalize the concentration of pollutants emitted under various experimental conditions and make the results comparable. This review aims to increase the awareness regarding the harmful effects of the second-hand exposure to aerosols coming from the use of cigarettes and e-cigarettes, identify knowledge gaps, and provide a scientific basis for future policy interventions with regard to the regulation of smoking and vaping.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tong Cui
- School of Civil Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China; School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecology Effects in Arid Region, Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Rui Lu
- RELX Science Center, Shenzhen RELX Tech. Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China.
| | - Chuan Liu
- RELX Science Center, Shenzhen RELX Tech. Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Zehong Wu
- RELX Science Center, Shenzhen RELX Tech. Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Xingtao Jiang
- RELX Science Center, Shenzhen RELX Tech. Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Yiqiao Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Song Pan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Built Environment and Energy Efficient Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Yanpeng Li
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecology Effects in Arid Region, Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710054, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kopa-Stojak PN, Pawliczak R. Comparison of the effects of active and passive smoking of tobacco cigarettes, electronic nicotine delivery systems and tobacco heating products on the expression and secretion of oxidative stress and inflammatory response markers. A systematic review. Inhal Toxicol 2024; 36:75-89. [PMID: 38394073 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2024.2319315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This work attempts to summarize current knowledge on the effects of active and passive smoking of cigarettes, electronic nicotine delivery systems and tobacco heating products on the expression and secretion of oxidative stress and inflammatory response mediators, and on their possible impact on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease development. MATERIALS AND METHODS The literature was searched by the terms: 'smoking', 'active smoking', 'passive smoking', 'main-stream smoke', 'side-stream smoke', 'secondhand smoke', 'cigarette' 'THP', 'tobacco heating product', 'ENDS', 'electronic nicotine delivery system', 'e-cigarette', 'electronic cigarette', oxidative stress', inflammatory response' and 'gene expression'. RESULTS Cigarette smoking (active and passive) induces oxidative stress and inflammatory response in the airways. We present the effect of active smoking of e-cigarettes (EC) and heat-not-burn (HnB) products on the increased expression and secretion of oxidative stress and inflammatory response markers. However, there is only a limited number of studies on the effect of their second-hand smoking, and those available mainly describe aerosol composition. DISCUSSION The literature provides data which confirm that active and passive cigarette smoking induces oxidative stress and inflammatory response in the airways and is a key risk factor of COPD development. Currently, there is a limited number of data about ENDS and THP active and passive smoking effects on the health of smokers and never-smokers. It is particularly important to assess the effect of such products during long-term use by never-smokers who choose them as the first type of cigarettes, and for never-smokers who are passively exposed to their aerosol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Natalia Kopa-Stojak
- Department of Immunopathology, Division of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Rafal Pawliczak
- Department of Immunopathology, Division of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cui T, Lu R, Liu Q, Jiang X, Li Y, Pan S. PM 1 exposure and spatial transmission of nicotine from the simulated second-hand vapor of pod-based electronic cigarettes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 897:165355. [PMID: 37419341 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes (E-cigarettes) have gained significant popularity in recent years as a substitute for combustible cigarettes. However, there is growing concern regarding the safety of E-cigarette products for both the users and those exposed passively to second-hand emissions, which contain nicotine and other toxic substances. In particular, the characteristics of second-hand PM1 exposure and the transmission of nicotine from E-cigarettes remain unclear. In this study, the untrapped mainstream aerosols from the E-cigarette and smoke from cigarettes were exhausted by the smoking machines which were operated under standardized puffing regimes to simulate second-hand vapor or smoke exposure. The concentrations and components of PM1 released from cigarettes and E-cigarettes were compared under varying environmental conditions and regulated using a heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system. Additionally, the ambient nicotine concentrations and the size distribution of the generated aerosols were determined at different distances from the release source. Results showed that PM1 accounted for the highest proportion (98 %) of the released particulate matter (PM1, PM2.5, and PM10). The mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) of cigarette smoke (0.5 ± 0.01 μm, geometric standard deviation (GSD) 1.97 ± 0.1) was smaller than that of E-cigarette aerosols (1.06 ± 0.14 μm, GSD 1.79 ± 0.19). The PM1 concentrations and chemical components were effectively reduced when the HVAC system was utilized. Nicotine concentrations in E-cigarette aerosols were comparable to those of combustible cigarette emissions when close to the exposure source (0 m), while they declined more rapidly than cigarette smoke emissions with increasing distance from the source. Furthermore, the maximum nicotine concentrations occurred in 1 μm and 0.5 μm particles in E-cigarette and cigarette emissions, respectively. These results provide a scientific basis for the assessment of E-cigarette and cigarette aerosol passive exposure risks, guiding the development of environmental and human health control measures for these products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tong Cui
- School of Civil Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China; School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecology Effects in Arid Region, Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Rui Lu
- RELX Technical Science Center, Shenzhen RELX Tech. Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Qianyun Liu
- RELX Technical Science Center, Shenzhen RELX Tech. Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Xingtao Jiang
- RELX Technical Science Center, Shenzhen RELX Tech. Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Yanpeng Li
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecology Effects in Arid Region, Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710054, China.
| | - Song Pan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Built Environment and Energy Efficient Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhou X, Yan Z, Zhou X, Wang C, Liu H, Zhou H. RETRACTED: An assessment of volatile organic compounds pollutant emissions from wood materials: A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 308:136460. [PMID: 36116618 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xihe Zhou
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210037, China
| | - Zhisong Yan
- Zhejiang Shiyou Timber Co., Ltd., 1111 Shiyuan West Road, Huzhou, Zhejiang, 313009, China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Sinomaple Furnishing (Jiangsu) Co., Ltd., 99 Fen'an Dong Lu, Wujiang District, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215200, China
| | - Chengming Wang
- Holtrop & Jansma (Qingdao) Environmental Protection Equipment Co., Ltd., 8 Tongshun Road, High-tech District, Qingdao, Shandong, 266114, China
| | - Hailiang Liu
- Jiangsu Shenmao Plastic Products Co., Ltd., Wood Industrial District, Siyang, Jiangsu, 223798, China
| | - Handong Zhou
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210037, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sussman RA, Golberstein E, Polosa R. Analytic modeling and risk assessment of aerial transmission of SARS-CoV-2 virus through vaping expirations in shared micro-environments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:83020-83044. [PMID: 35754079 PMCID: PMC9244239 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20499-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that airborne transmission of COVID-19 in indoor spaces occurs through various respiratory activities: breathing, vocalizing, coughing, and sneezing. However, there is a complete lack of knowledge of its possible transmission through exhalations of e-cigarette aerosol (ECA), which is also a respiratory activity. E-cigarettes have become widely popular among smokers seeking a much safer way of nicotine consumption than smoking. Due to restrictive lockdown measures taken during the COVID-19 pandemic, many smokers and vapers (e-cigarette users) were confined to shared indoor spaces, making it necessary to assess the risk of SARS-CoV-2 virus aerial transmission through their exhalations. We summarize inferred knowledge of respiratory particles emission and transport through ECA, as well as a theoretical framework for explaining the visibility of exhaled ECA, which has safety implications and is absent in other respiratory activities (apart from smoking). We also summarize and briefly discuss the effects of new SARS-CoV-2 variants, vaccination rates, and environmental factors that may influence the spread of COVID-19. To estimate the risk of SARS-CoV-2 virus aerial transmission associated with vaping exhalations, we adapt a theoretical risk model that has been used to analyze the risks associated with other respiratory activities in shared indoor spaces. We consider home and restaurant scenarios, with natural and mechanical ventilation, with occupants wearing and not wearing face masks. We consider as "control case" or baseline risk scenario an indoor space (home and restaurant) where respiratory droplets and droplet nuclei are uniformly distributed and aerial contagion risk might originate exclusively from occupants exclusively rest breathing, assuming this to be the only (unavoidable) respiratory activity they all carry on. If an infected occupant uses an e-cigarette in a home or restaurant scenarios, bystanders not wearing face masks exposed to the resulting ECA expirations face a [Formula: see text] increase of risk of contagion with respect the control case. This relative added risk with respect to the control case becomes [Formula: see text] for high-intensity vaping, [Formula: see text], and over [Formula: see text] for speaking for various periods or coughing (all without vaping). Infectious emissions are significantly modified by mechanical ventilation, face mask usage, vaccination, and environmental factors, but given the lack of empiric evidence, we assume as a working hypothesis that all basic parameters of respiratory activities are equally (or roughly equally) affected by these factors. Hence, the relative risk percentages with respect to the control state should remain roughly the same under a wide range of varying conditions. By avoiding direct exposure to the visible exhaled vaping jet, wearers of commonly used face masks are well protected from respiratory droplets and droplet nuclei directly emitted by mask-less vapers. Compared to the control case of an already existing (unavoidable) risk from continuous breathing, vaping emissions in shared indoor spaces pose just a negligible additional risk of COVID-19 contagion. We consider that it is not necessary to take additional preventive measures beyond those already prescribed (1.5 m separation and wearing face masks) in order to protect bystanders from this contagion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto A Sussman
- Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Eliana Golberstein
- Myriad Pharmaceuticals Limited, Unit 3, 36 Greenpark Rd, Penrose, 1061, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Riccardo Polosa
- Center of Excellence for the Acceleration of HArm Reduction (CoEHAR), University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Edmiston JS, Rostami AA, Liang Q, Miller S, Sarkar MA. Computational modeling method to estimate secondhand exposure potential from exhalations during e-vapor product use under various real-world scenarios. Intern Emerg Med 2022; 17:2005-2016. [PMID: 36050572 PMCID: PMC9522680 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-022-03061-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Potential secondhand exposure of exhaled constituents from e-vapor product (EVP) use is a public health concern. We present a computational modeling method to predict air levels of exhaled constituents from EVP use. We measured select constituent levels in exhaled breath from adult e-vapor product users, then used a validated computational model to predict constituent levels under three scenarios (car, office, and restaurant) to estimate likely secondhand exposure to non-users. The model was based on physical/thermodynamic interactions between air, vapor, and particulate phase of the aerosol. Input variables included space setting, ventilation rate, total aerosol amount exhaled, and aerosol composition. Exhaled breath samples were analyzed after the use of four different e-liquids in a cartridge-based EVP. Nicotine, propylene glycol, glycerin, menthol, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein levels were measured and reported based on a linear mixed model for analysis of covariance. The ranges of nicotine, propylene glycol, glycerin, and formaldehyde in exhaled breath were 89.44-195.70 µg, 1199.7-3354.5 µg, 5366.8-6484.7 µg, and 0.25-0.34 µg, respectively. Acetaldehyde and acrolein were below detectable limits; thus, no estimated exposure to non-EVP users is reported. The model predicted that nicotine and formaldehyde exposure to non-users was substantially lower during EVPs use compared to cigarettes. The model also predicted that exposure to propylene glycol, glycerin, nicotine and formaldehyde among non-users was below permissible exposure limits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery S Edmiston
- Center for Research and Technology, Altria Client Services LLC, 601 East Jackson Street, Richmond, VA, 23219, USA
| | - Ali A Rostami
- Center for Research and Technology, Altria Client Services LLC, 601 East Jackson Street, Richmond, VA, 23219, USA
| | - Qiwei Liang
- Center for Research and Technology, Altria Client Services LLC, 601 East Jackson Street, Richmond, VA, 23219, USA
| | - Sandra Miller
- Center for Research and Technology, Altria Client Services LLC, 601 East Jackson Street, Richmond, VA, 23219, USA
| | - Mohamadi A Sarkar
- Center for Research and Technology, Altria Client Services LLC, 601 East Jackson Street, Richmond, VA, 23219, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Attfield KR, Zalay M, Zwack LM, Glassford EK, LeBouf RF, Materna BL. Assessment of worker chemical exposures in California vape shops. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2022; 19:197-209. [PMID: 35156905 PMCID: PMC8989644 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2022.2036341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
E-cigarettes are battery-operated devices that heat a liquid mixture to make an aerosol that is inhaled, or vaped, by the user. Vape shops are retail environments designed to fulfill customer demand for diverse e-liquid flavors and hardware options, which create unique worker exposure concerns. To characterize exposures to vape shop workers, especially to flavoring chemicals associated with known respiratory toxicity, this study recruited vape shops from the San Francisco Bay Area. In six shops, we measured air concentrations for volatile organic compounds, formaldehyde, flavoring chemicals, and nicotine in personal and/or area samples; analyzed components of e-liquids vaped during field visits; and assessed metals on surface wipe samples. Interviews and observations were conducted over the course of a workday in the same six shops and interviews were performed in an additional six where sampling was not conducted. Detections of the alpha-diketone butter flavoring chemicals diacetyl and/or 2,3-pentanedione were common: in the headspace of purchased e-liquids (18 of 26 samples), in personal air samples (5 of 16), and in area air samples (2 of 6 shops). Two exceedances of recommended exposure limits for 2,3-pentanedione (a short-term exposure limit and an 8-hr time-weighted average) were measured in personal air samples. Other compounds detected in the area and personal air samples included substitutes for diacetyl and 2,3-pentanedione (acetoin and 2,3-hexanedione) and compounds that may be contaminants or impurities. Furthermore, a large variety (82) of other flavoring chemicals were detected in area air samples. None of the 12 shops interviewed had a health and safety program. Six shops reported no use of any personal protective equipment (PPE) (e.g., gloves, chemical resistant aprons, eye protection) and the others stated occasional use; however, no PPE use was observed during any field investigation day. Recommendations were provided to shops that included making improvements to ventilation, hygiene, use of personal protective equipment, and, if possible, avoidance of products containing the alpha-diketone flavoring chemicals. Future research is needed to evaluate the long-term health risks among workers in the vape shop retail industry and for e-cigarette use generally. Specific areas include further characterizing e-liquid constituents and emissions, evaluating ingredient health risks, evaluating the contributions of different routes of exposure (dermal, inhalation, and ingestion), and determining effective exposure mitigation measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen R Attfield
- Environmental Health Investigations Branch, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California
| | | | - Leonard M Zwack
- Hazard Evaluations and Technical Assistance Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Eric K Glassford
- Hazard Evaluations and Technical Assistance Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Ryan F LeBouf
- Field Studies Branch, Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Barbara L Materna
- Occupational Health Branch, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yeh K, Li L, Wania F, Abbatt JPD. Thirdhand smoke from tobacco, e-cigarettes, cannabis, methamphetamine and cocaine: Partitioning, reactive fate, and human exposure in indoor environments. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 160:107063. [PMID: 34954646 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.107063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A source of chemical exposure to humans, thirdhand smoke (THS) refers to the contamination that persists indoors following the cessation of a smoking event. The composition of thirdhand smoke depends on the type of substance from which it originates. Although past studies have investigated the effects of tobacco THS on indoor air quality and human health, few have focused on the chemical composition and health impacts of other sources and components of THS. Here we review the state of knowledge of the composition and partitioning behavior of various types of indoor THS, with a focus on THS from tobacco, e-cigarettes, cannabis, and illicit substances (methamphetamine and cocaine). The discussion is supplemented by estimates of human exposure to THS components made with a chemical fate and exposure model. The modeling results show that while very volatile THS compounds (i.e., aromatics) are likely to be taken up by inhalation, highly water-soluble compounds tended to be dermally absorbed. Conversely, minimally volatile THS compounds with low solubility are predicted to be ingested through hand-to-mouth and object-to-mouth contact.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Yeh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - Li Li
- School of Public Health, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV 89557, United States
| | - Frank Wania
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Jonathan P D Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Oldham MJ, Bailey PC, Castro N, Lang Q, Salehi A, Rostami AA. Prediction of potential passive exposure from commercial electronic nicotine delivery systems using exhaled breath analysis and computational fluid dynamic techniques. J Breath Res 2021; 15. [PMID: 34544050 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/ac2884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Use of computational fluid dynamic (CFD) modeling to predict temporal and spatial constituent exposure for non-electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) users (passive exposure) provides a more efficient methodology compared to conducting actual exposure studies. We conducted a clinical study measuring exhaled breath concentrations of glycerin, propylene glycol, nicotine, benzoic acid, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein, menthol and carbon monoxide from use of eight different commercial ENDS devices and a non-menthol and menthol cigarette. Because baseline adjusted levels of other constituents were not consistently above the limit of detection, the mean minimum and maximum per puff exhaled breath concentrations (N= 20/product) of glycerin (158.7-260.9µg), propylene glycol (0.941-3.58µg), nicotine (0.10-1.06µg), and menthol (0.432-0.605µg) from use of the ENDS products were used as input parameters to predict temporal and spatial concentrations in an environmental chamber, office, restaurant, and car using different ENDS use scenarios. Among these indoor locations and ENDS use scenarios, the car with closed windows resulted in the greatest concentrations while opening the car windows produced the lowest concentrations. The CFD predicted average maximum glycerin and propylene glycol concentration ranged from 0.25 to 1068µg m-3and 1.5 pg m-3to 13.56µg m-3,respectively. For nicotine and menthol the CFD predicted maximum concentration ranged from 0.16 pg m-3to 4.02µg m-3and 0.068 pg m-3to 2.43µg m-3, respectively. There was better agreement for CFD-predicted nicotine concentrations than glycerin and propylene glycol with published reports highlighting important experimental and computational variables. Maximum measured nicotine levels from environmental tobacco smoke in offices, restaurants, and cars exceeded our maximum average CFD predictions by 7-97 times. For all the measured exhaled breath constituents and CFD predicted constituents, except for propylene glycol and glycerin, concentrations were less from use of ENDS products compared to combustible cigarettes. NCT number: NCT04143256.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Oldham
- Product Stewardship, JUUL Labs, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Patrick C Bailey
- Scientific Affairs, JUUL Labs, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Nicolas Castro
- Modelling and Simulation, Altria Client Services, LLC, Richmond, VA, United States of America
| | - Qiwei Lang
- Regulatory Sciences, JUUL Labs, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Armin Salehi
- Modelling and Simulation, Altria Client Services, LLC, Richmond, VA, United States of America
| | - Ali A Rostami
- Modelling and Simulation, Altria Client Services, LLC, Richmond, VA, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Toxicology of flavoring- and cannabis-containing e-liquids used in electronic delivery systems. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 224:107838. [PMID: 33746051 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) were introduced in the United States in 2007 and by 2014 they were the most popular tobacco product amongst youth and had overtaken use of regular tobacco cigarettes. E-cigarettes are used to aerosolize a liquid (e-liquid) that the user inhales. Flavorings in e-liquids is a primary reason for youth to initiate use of e-cigarettes. Evidence is growing in the scientific literature that inhalation of some flavorings is not without risk of harm. In this review, 67 original articles (primarily cellular in vitro) on the toxicity of flavored e-liquids were identified in the PubMed and Scopus databases and evaluated critically. At least 65 individual flavoring ingredients in e-liquids or aerosols from e-cigarettes induced toxicity in the respiratory tract, cardiovascular and circulatory systems, skeletal system, and skin. Cinnamaldehyde was most frequently reported to be cytotoxic, followed by vanillin, menthol, ethyl maltol, ethyl vanillin, benzaldehyde and linalool. Additionally, modern e-cigarettes can be modified to aerosolize cannabis as dried plant material or a concentrated extract. The U.S. experienced an outbreak of lung injuries, termed e-cigarette, or vaping, product use-associated lung injury (EVALI) that began in 2019; among 2,022 hospitalized patients who had data on substance use (as of January 14, 2020), 82% reported using a delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (main psychoactive component in cannabis) containing e-cigarette, or vaping, product. Our literature search identified 33 articles related to EVALI. Vitamin E acetate, a diluent and thickening agent in cannabis-based products, was strongly linked to the EVALI outbreak in epidemiologic and laboratory studies; however, e-liquid chemistry is highly complex, and more than one mechanism of lung injury, ingredient, or thermal breakdown product may be responsible for toxicity. More research is needed, particularly with regard to e-cigarettes (generation, power settings, etc.), e-liquids (composition, bulk or vaped form), modeled systems (cell type, culture type, and dosimetry metrics), biological monitoring, secondhand exposures and contact with residues that contain nicotine and flavorings, and causative agents and mechanisms of EVALI toxicity.
Collapse
|
11
|
Li L, Nguyen C, Lin Y, Guo Y, Fadel NA, Zhu Y. Impacts of electronic cigarettes usage on air quality of vape shops and their nearby areas. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 760:143423. [PMID: 33162144 PMCID: PMC7937385 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid growth of the electronic cigarette (e-cig) market, there is an increasing number of vape shops that exclusively sell e-cigs. The use of e-cigs in the vape shop is a primary source of indoor particles, which might transport to its nearby indoor spaces in the multiunit setting. In this study, six pairs of vape shops and neighboring businesses in Southern California were recruited for real-time measurements of particulate pollutants between February 2017 and October 2019. The mean (SD) particle number concentration (PNC) and PM2.5 concentration in the studied vape shops were 2.8 × 104 (2.3 × 104) particles/cm3 and 276 (546) μg/m3, which were substantially higher than those in neighboring businesses and outdoor areas. In addition, 24-h time-weighted average (TWA) nicotine sampling was conducted in the six pairs and three additional pairs. Nicotine was detected in the air of all the studied vape shops and neighboring businesses, in which the mean (SD) concentration was 2.59 (1.02) and 0.17 (0.13) μg/m3, respectively. Inside vape shops, the dilution-corrected vaping density (puffs/h/100 m3) is a strong predictor of the particle concentration, and nicotine concentration highly depends on the air exchange rate (AER). Out of the six studied pairs, PNCs in five vape shops and PM2.5 in two vape shops were significantly correlated with those in their neighboring businesses. This correlation was stronger when the door of the vape shop was closed. When the door was open, environmental electronic vaping (EEV) aerosols, especially smaller particles, could transport from the vape shop to the outdoor environment. Overall, e-cig usage in the vape shop impacts both its own and nearby air quality, raising concerns regarding the risk of exposure to EEV aerosols in the surrounding environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liqiao Li
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1772, United States
| | - Charlene Nguyen
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1772, United States
| | - Yan Lin
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1772, United States
| | - Yuening Guo
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1772, United States
| | - Nour Abou Fadel
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Environment and Sustainability, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1772, United States
| | - Yifang Zhu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1772, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Tarran R, Barr RG, Benowitz NL, Bhatnagar A, Chu HW, Dalton P, Doerschuk CM, Drummond MB, Gold DR, Goniewicz ML, Gross ER, Hansel NN, Hopke PK, Kloner RA, Mikheev VB, Neczypor EW, Pinkerton KE, Postow L, Rahman I, Samet JM, Salathe M, Stoney CM, Tsao PS, Widome R, Xia T, Xiao D, Wold LE. E-Cigarettes and Cardiopulmonary Health. FUNCTION 2021; 2:zqab004. [PMID: 33748758 PMCID: PMC7948134 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqab004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
E-cigarettes have surged in popularity over the last few years, particularly among youth and young adults. These battery-powered devices aerosolize e-liquids, comprised of propylene glycol and vegetable glycerin, typically with nicotine, flavors, and stabilizers/humectants. Although the use of combustible cigarettes is associated with several adverse health effects including multiple pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases, the effects of e-cigarettes on both short- and long-term health have only begun to be investigated. Given the recent increase in the popularity of e-cigarettes, there is an urgent need for studies to address their potential adverse health effects, particularly as many researchers have suggested that e-cigarettes may pose less of a health risk than traditional combustible cigarettes and should be used as nicotine replacements. This report is prepared for clinicians, researchers, and other health care providers to provide the current state of knowledge on how e-cigarette use might affect cardiopulmonary health, along with research gaps to be addressed in future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Tarran
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - R Graham Barr
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Neal L Benowitz
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Aruni Bhatnagar
- Department of Medicine, American Heart Association Tobacco Regulation Center University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Hong W Chu
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Pamela Dalton
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Claire M Doerschuk
- Department of Medicine, Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - M Bradley Drummond
- Department of Medicine, Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Diane R Gold
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and the Channing Division of Network Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maciej L Goniewicz
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Eric R Gross
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nadia N Hansel
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Robert A Kloner
- Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Vladimir B Mikheev
- Individual and Population Health, Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Evan W Neczypor
- Biomedical Science Program, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kent E Pinkerton
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Lisa Postow
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Irfan Rahman
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | | | - Matthias Salathe
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Catherine M Stoney
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Philip S Tsao
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Rachel Widome
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Tian Xia
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - DaLiao Xiao
- Department of Basic Sciences, Lawrence D Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Loren E Wold
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Colleges of Medicine and Nursing, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Room air constituent concentrations from use of electronic nicotine delivery systems and cigarettes using different ventilation conditions. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1736. [PMID: 33462299 PMCID: PMC7814121 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-80963-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
To assess potential exposure of non-users to exhaled constituents from pod and cartridge electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) products, an environmental clinical study was conducted with (n = 43) healthy adult smokers. Room air concentrations of 34 selected constituents (nicotine, propylene glycol, glycerin, 15 carbonyls, 12 volatile organic compounds, and 4 trace metals) and particle number concentration (0.3 to 25 µm) were compared from use of two ENDS products and conventional cigarettes using room ventilations representative of a residential, an office or a hospitality setting over a 4-h. exposure period. Products used were JUUL ENDS, Virginia Tobacco flavor (Group I), VUSE Solo, Original flavor (Group II) (5.0 and 4.8% nicotine by weight, respectively) and subjects' own conventional cigarettes (Group III). Cumulative 4-h room air sampling and particle counting were performed during prescribed (Groups I and II) and ad libitum product use (all Groups). Conventional cigarette use resulted in significantly more constituents detected and higher 4-h cumulative constituent concentrations compared to use of the ENDS products tested, except for the predominant ENDS ingredients, propylene glycol and glycerin. Use of conventional cigarettes also resulted in greater total particle number concentration than either prescribed or ad libitum use of either of the ENDS used in this study.
Collapse
|
14
|
Son Y, Giovenco DP, Delnevo C, Khlystov A, Samburova V, Meng Q. Indoor Air Quality and Passive E-cigarette Aerosol Exposures in Vape-Shops. Nicotine Tob Res 2021; 22:1772-1779. [PMID: 32445475 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntaa094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Direct emissions of nicotine and harmful chemicals from electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) have been intensively studied, but secondhand and thirdhand e-cigarette aerosol (THA) exposures in indoor environments are understudied. AIMS AND METHODS Indoor CO2, NO2, particulate matter (PM2.5), aldehydes, and airborne nicotine were measured in five vape-shops to assess secondhand exposures. Nicotine and tobacco-specific nitrosamines were measured on vape-shop surfaces and materials (glass, paper, clothing, rubber, and fur ball) placed in the vape-shops (14 days) to study thirdhand exposures. RESULTS Airborne PM2.5, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and nicotine concentrations during shop opening hours were 21, 3.3, 4.0, and 3.8 times higher than the levels during shop closing hours, respectively. PM2.5 concentrations were correlated with the number of e-cigarette users present in vape-shops (ρ = 0.366-0.761, p < .001). Surface nicotine, 4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-4-(3-pyridyl)butanal (NNA), and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) were also detected at levels of 223.6 ± 313.2 µg/m2, 4.78 ± 11.8 ng/m2, and 44.8 ± 102.3 ng/m2, respectively. Substantial amounts of nicotine (up to 2073 µg/m2) deposited on the materials placed within the vape-shops, and NNA (up to 474.4 ng/m2) and NNK (up to 184.0 ng/m2) were also formed on these materials. The deposited nicotine concentrations were strongly correlated with the median number of active vapers present in a vape-shop per hour (ρ = 0.894-0.949, p = .04-.051). NNK levels on the material surfaces were significantly associated with surface nicotine levels (ρ=0.645, p = .037). CONCLUSIONS Indoor vaping leads to secondhand and THA exposures. Thirdhand exposures induced by e-cigarette vaping are comparable or higher than that induced by cigarette smoking. Long-term studies in various microenvironments are needed to improve our understanding of secondhand and THA exposures. IMPLICATIONS This study adds new convincing evidence that e-cigarette vaping can cause secondhand and THA exposures. Our findings can inform Occupational Safety and Health Administration, state authorities, and other government agencies regarding indoor air policies related to e-cigarette use, particularly in vape-shops. There is an urgent need to ensure that vape-shops maintain suitable ventilation systems and cleaning practices to protect customers, employees, and bystanders. Our study also demonstrates that nicotine can deposit or be adsorbed on baby's clothes and toys, and that tobacco-specific nitrosamines can form and retain on baby's clothes, highlighting children's exposure to environmental e-cigarette aerosol and THA at home is of a particular concern.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yeongkwon Son
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ.,Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV
| | - Daniel P Giovenco
- Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Cristine Delnevo
- Center for Tobacco Studies, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ.,Cancer Prevention and Control Research Program, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - Andrey Khlystov
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV
| | - Vera Samburova
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV
| | - Qingyu Meng
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ.,Center for Tobacco Studies, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Dalrymple A, Badrock TC, Terry A, Bean EJ, Barber M, Hall PJ, Coburn S, McAughey J, Murphy J. Development of a novel method to measure material surface staining by cigarette, e-cigarette or tobacco heating product aerosols. Heliyon 2020; 6:e05012. [PMID: 32995648 PMCID: PMC7511806 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco smoke (CS) may visually stain indoor surfaces including ceilings, walls and soft furnishings over time. Potentially reduced risk products (PRRPs) such as e-cigarettes (EC) and tobacco heating products (THP) produce chemically less complex aerosols with significantly reduced levels of toxicants, particles and odour. However, the potential effects of EC and THP aerosols on the staining of indoor surfaces are currently unknown. In this study, an exposure chamber was developed as a model system to enable the accelerated staining of wallpaper and cotton samples by a scientific reference cigarette (3R4F), three THP (glo™, glo™ pro, glo™ sens) and an e-cigarette (iSwitch Maxx). Exposure to 3R4F reference cigarettes caused the greatest level of staining, which was significantly higher than glo™, glo™ pro, glo™ sens or iSwitch Maxx aerosols, all of which showed relatively little colour change. Exposure to 200–1000 puffs of 3R4F cigarette smoke resulted in a visible dose response effect to wallpaper and cotton samples which was not observed following exposure to glo™, glo™ pro, glo™ sens or iSwitch Maxx aerosols. Aging of the samples for 4 weeks post-exposure resulted in changes to the staining levels, however PRRP staining levels were minimal and significantly lower than 3R4F exposed samples. For the first time, diverse PRRPs across the tobacco and nicotine products risk continuum have been assessed in vitro for their impact on surface staining. CS exposure significantly increased the level of wallpaper and cotton staining, whereas exposure to glo™, glo™ pro, glo™ sens or iSwitch Maxx aerosols resulted in significantly reduced levels of staining, staining levels were also comparable to untreated control samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annette Dalrymple
- British American Tobacco, R&D, Southampton, Hampshire, SO15 8TL, UK
- Corresponding author.
| | | | - Anya Terry
- British American Tobacco, R&D, Southampton, Hampshire, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Emma-Jayne Bean
- British American Tobacco, R&D, Southampton, Hampshire, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Mark Barber
- Borgwaldt KC GmbH Schnackenburgallee 15, 22525, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Peter J. Hall
- Intertek Clinical Research Services, Hooton, Cheshire, CH66 7NZ, UK
| | - Steven Coburn
- British American Tobacco, R&D, Southampton, Hampshire, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - John McAughey
- British American Tobacco, R&D, Southampton, Hampshire, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - James Murphy
- British American Tobacco, R&D, Southampton, Hampshire, SO15 8TL, UK
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
With the rapid increase in electronic cigarette (e-cig) users worldwide, secondhand exposure to e-cig aerosols has become a serious public health concern. We summarize the evidence on the effects of e-cigs on indoor air quality, chemical compositions of mainstream and secondhand e-cig aerosols, and associated respiratory and cardiovascular effects. The use of e-cigs in indoor environments leads to high levels of fine and ultrafine particles similar to tobacco cigarettes (t-cigs). Concentrations of chemical compounds in e-cig aerosols are generally lower than those in t-cig smoke, but a substantial amount of vaporized propylene glycol, vegetable glycerin, nicotine, and toxic substances, such as aldehydes and heavy metals, has been reported. Exposures to mainstream e-cig aerosols have biologic effects but only limited evidence shows adverse respiratory and cardiovascular effects in humans. Long-term studies are needed to better understand the dosimetry and health effects of exposures to secondhand e-cig aerosols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liqiao Li
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1772, USA;
| | - Yan Lin
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1772, USA;
| | - Tian Xia
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1772, USA
| | - Yifang Zhu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1772, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
With the rapid increase in electronic cigarette (e-cig) users worldwide, secondhand exposure to e-cig aerosols has become a serious public health concern. We summarize the evidence on the effects of e-cigs on indoor air quality, chemical compositions of mainstream and secondhand e-cig aerosols, and associated respiratory and cardiovascular effects. The use of e-cigs in indoor environments leads to high levels of fine and ultrafine particles similar to tobacco cigarettes (t-cigs). Concentrations of chemical compounds in e-cig aerosols are generally lower than those in t-cig smoke, but a substantial amount of vaporized propylene glycol, vegetable glycerin, nicotine, and toxic substances, such as aldehydes and heavy metals, has been reported. Exposures to mainstream e-cig aerosols have biologic effects but only limited evidence shows adverse respiratory and cardiovascular effects in humans. Long-term studies are needed to better understand the dosimetry and health effects of exposures to secondhand e-cig aerosols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liqiao Li
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1772, USA;
| | - Yan Lin
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1772, USA;
| | - Tian Xia
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1772, USA
| | - Yifang Zhu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1772, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhao D, Aravindakshan A, Hilpert M, Olmedo P, Rule AM, Navas-Acien A, Aherrera A. Metal/Metalloid Levels in Electronic Cigarette Liquids, Aerosols, and Human Biosamples: A Systematic Review. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2020; 128:36001. [PMID: 32186411 PMCID: PMC7137911 DOI: 10.1289/ehp5686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) have become popular, in part because they are perceived as a safer alternative to tobacco cigarettes. An increasing number of studies, however, have found toxic metals/metalloids in e-cigarette emissions. OBJECTIVE We summarized the evidence on metal/metalloid levels in e-cigarette liquid (e-liquid), aerosols, and biosamples of e-cigarette users across e-cigarette device systems to evaluate metal/metalloid exposure levels for e-cigarette users and the potential implications on health outcomes. METHODS We searched PubMed/TOXLINE, Embase®, and Web of Science for studies on metals/metalloids in e-liquid, e-cigarette aerosols, and biosamples of e-cigarette users. For metal/metalloid levels in e-liquid and aerosol samples, we collected the mean and standard deviation (SD) if these values were reported, derived mean and SD by using automated software to infer them if data were reported in a figure, or calculated the overall mean (mean ± SD) if data were reported only for separate groups. Metal/metalloid levels in e-liquids and aerosols were converted and reported in micrograms per kilogram and nanograms per puff, respectively, for easy comparison. RESULTS We identified 24 studies on metals/metalloids in e-liquid, e-cigarette aerosols, and human biosamples of e-cigarette users. Metal/metalloid levels, including aluminum, antimony, arsenic, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, iron, lead, manganese, nickel, selenium, tin, and zinc, were present in e-cigarette samples in the studies reviewed. Twelve studies reported metal/metalloid levels in e-liquids (bottles, cartridges, open wick, and tank), 12 studies reported metal/metalloid levels in e-cigarette aerosols (from cig-a-like and tank devices), and 4 studies reported metal/metalloid levels in human biosamples (urine, saliva, serum, and blood) of e-cigarette users. Metal/metalloid levels showed substantial heterogeneity depending on sample type, source of e-liquid, and device type. Metal/metalloid levels in e-liquid from cartridges or tank/open wicks were higher than those from bottles, possibly due to coil contact. Most metal/metalloid levels found in biosamples of e-cigarette users were similar or higher than levels found in biosamples of conventional cigarette users, and even higher than those found in biosamples of cigar users. CONCLUSION E-cigarettes are a potential source of exposure to metals/metalloids. Differences in collection methods and puffing regimes likely contribute to the variability in metal/metalloid levels across studies, making comparison across studies difficult. Standardized protocols for the quantification of metal/metalloid levels from e-cigarette samples are needed. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP5686.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhao
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Atul Aravindakshan
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Markus Hilpert
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Pablo Olmedo
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Legal Medicine and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Ana M. Rule
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ana Navas-Acien
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Angela Aherrera
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Khachatoorian C, Jacob P, Benowitz NL, Talbot P. Electronic cigarette chemicals transfer from a vape shop to a nearby business in a multiple-tenant retail building. Tob Control 2019; 28:519-525. [PMID: 30158206 PMCID: PMC6458093 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electronic cigarettes (ECs) are nicotine delivery devices that produce aerosol without combustion of tobacco; therefore, they do not produce sidestream smoke. Nevertheless, many users exhale large clouds of aerosol that can result in passive exposure of non-users. Analogous to thirdhand cigarette smoke, the exhaled aerosol also settles on indoor surfaces where it can produce a residue. We refer to this residue as EC exhaled aerosol residue (ECEAR). Our objective was to determine if exhaled EC aerosol transferred from a vape shop in a multiple-tenant retail building, where it was produced, to a nearby business (field site) where it could deposit as ECEAR. METHODS We examined the build-up of ECEAR in commonly used materials (cotton towel and paper towels) placed inside the field site across from the vape shop. Materials were subjected to short-term (days) and long-term (months) exposures. Nicotine, other alkaloids and tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) were identified and quantified in controls and field site samples using analytical chemical techniques. RESULTS Nicotine and other alkaloids were detected after 1 day of exposure in the field site, and these chemicals generally increased as exposure times increased. TSNAs, which have been linked to carcinogenesis, were also detected in short-term and long-term exposed samples from the field site. CONCLUSIONS In a multiple-tenant retail building, chemicals in EC aerosol travelled from a vape shop into an adjacent business where they deposited forming ECEAR. Regulatory agencies and tenants occupying such buildings should be aware of this potential environmental hazard.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Careen Khachatoorian
- Cellular Molecular and Developmental Biology Program, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Peyton Jacob
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Neal L. Benowitz
- Departments of Medicine, Psychiatry and Bioengineering & Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Prue Talbot
- Department of Molecular, Cell & Systems Biology University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
[Exposure of vapers to formaldehyde and acrolein: A systematic review]. Rev Mal Respir 2019; 36:752-800. [PMID: 31285084 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Although recognized as less dangerous than conventional cigarettes, the toxicity of the electronic cigarette vapor's toxicity remains to be fully assessed. This review explores vapers' exposition to formaldehyde and acrolein. METHOD Systematic PubMed search for reports regarding formaldehyde or acrolein or their metabolites in electronic cigarette vapor, in vapers, or in ambient air. RESULTS Fifty-two publications were selected. Found in almost all studies on vaper, formaldehyde is 8 times out of 11 - and acrolein constantly - in lower amounts than those found in conventional cigarettes. Acrolein's metabolite is found in all studies in vapers. The concentrations of formaldehyde and/or acrolein generated during vapor production may be affected by the characteristics of the E-liquid, voltage, vaping topography, and by the flavor additives. CONCLUSION In the current state of knowledge, we must continue to support and help smokers to quit smoking, and for those who are engaged in a harm reduction approach, to minimize the duration of their electronic cigarette use.
Collapse
|
21
|
Larcombe AN. Early-life exposure to electronic cigarettes: cause for concern. THE LANCET RESPIRATORY MEDICINE 2019; 7:985-992. [PMID: 31160239 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-2600(19)30189-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Electronic nicotine delivery systems, or ENDS, are devices that heat and aerosolise a solution of propylene glycol, glycerine, nicotine, and flavourings. They have only achieved widespread use in the past 5 years or so, and therefore evidence around their potential to effect health is scarce. Importantly, they are often viewed as safer than tobacco cigarettes, meaning that at-risk populations, including pregnant women, might be more inclined to use them. No human studies, however, have assessed the potential for maternal ENDS use to effect the health of a developing baby. Experimental research suggests that nicotine alone is likely to adversely affect the fetus. Further, there is a misconception that ENDS do not produce second-hand aerosols. This misconception might put infants and young children at risk because their parents are more likely to use ENDS around them than they are to use tobacco cigarettes. Emerging evidence also proposes that nicotine and other substances produced by ENDS can deposit onto surfaces, and subsequently be exposed to infants and children; a process known as third-hand exposure. Finally, ENDS are often refillable, and instances of accidental poisonings of children who drink nicotine-containing refills have occurred. Thus, there are a multitude of ways that, with respect to early-life exposures and health, ENDS are a cause for concern.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander N Larcombe
- Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia; School of Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Khachatoorian C, Jacob P, Sen A, Zhu Y, Benowitz NL, Talbot P. Identification and quantification of electronic cigarette exhaled aerosol residue chemicals in field sites. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 170:351-358. [PMID: 30623881 PMCID: PMC6410739 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electronic cigarette (EC) users may exhale large clouds of aerosol that can settle on indoor surfaces forming ECEAR (EC exhaled aerosol residue). Little is known about the chemical composition or buildup of this residue. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to identify and quantify ECEAR chemicals in two field sites: an EC user's living room and a multi-user EC vape shop. METHODS We examined the buildup of ECEAR in commonly used materials (cotton, polyester, or terrycloth towel) placed inside the field sites. Materials were subjected to different lengths of exposure. Nicotine, nicotine alkaloids, and tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) were identified and quantified in unexposed controls and field site samples using analytical chemical techniques. RESULTS Nicotine and nicotine alkaloids were detected in materials inside the EC user's living room. Concentrations of ECEAR chemicals remained relatively constant over the first 5 months, suggesting some removal of the chemicals by air flow in the room approximating a steady state. ECEAR chemicals were detected in materials inside the vape shop after 6 h of exposure and levels continually increased over a month. By 1 month, the nicotine in the vape shop was 60 times higher than in the EC user's living room. ECEAR chemical concentrations varied in different locations in the vape shop. Control fabrics had either no detectable or very low concentrations of chemicals. CONCLUSIONS In both field sites, chemicals from exhaled EC aerosols were deposited on indoor surfaces and accumulated over time forming ECEAR. Non-smokers, EC users, and employees of vape shops should be aware of this potential environmental hazard.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Careen Khachatoorian
- Cell, Molecular, and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Peyton Jacob
- Departments of Medicine and Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Amy Sen
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Yifang Zhu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Neal L Benowitz
- Departments of Medicine and Bioengineering & Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Prue Talbot
- Department of Molecular, Cell & Systems Biology University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Gómez Lueso M, Mitova MI, Mottier N, Schaller M, Rotach M, Goujon-Ginglinger CG. Development and validation of a method for quantification of two tobacco-specific nitrosamines in indoor air. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1580:90-99. [PMID: 30391037 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive and accurate method for the quantification of 1'-Demethyl-1'-nitrosonicotine (NNN) and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-Pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) in indoor air was developed and validated. To this aim, a novel approach for the collection of two tobacco-specific nitrosamines, using silica sorbent cartridges followed by simplified sample preparation and isotope dilution liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry, was applied. This procedure led to a substantial improvement in terms of sensitivity and sample throughput as compared with methods using conventional trapping. For the validation, a matrix-based approach using an accuracy profile procedure was selected. The evaluated matrices were background air samples, environmental aerosols of a heat-not-burn tobacco product (Tobacco Heating System [THS] 2.2, commercialized under the brand IQOS®), a rechargeable electronic cigarette (Solaris®), and the environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) of a conventional cigarette (Marlboro Gold®). The method showed excellent recoveries, sensitivity, and precision. The limits of detection of the method for NNN and NNK were 0.0108 ng/m3 and 0.0136 ng/m3, respectively. The calibration range of the instrument spanned 0.2-60 ng/mL. The calculated lower working range limit (LWRL) of the method for NNN was 0.126 ng/m3, and the LWRL for NNK was 0.195 ng/m3. The method was applied to evaluate surrogate environmental aerosols generated using smoking machines. This model is reliable but gives a large overestimation of the possible impact of THS 2.2 and e-cigarettes on indoor air, because the retention of NNN and NNK in the body of the consumers is not taken into account. As a consequence, the values reported do not reflect a real-life setting. The contents of the two target compounds in the surrogate environmental aerosols were 0.0830 ± 0.0153 ng/m3 of NNN and 0.0653 ± 0.0138 ng/m3 of NNK for THS 2.2, 0.0561 ± 0.0296 ng/m3 of NNN for e-cigarettes, and 0.816 ± 0.109 ng/m3 of NNN and 4.13 ± 1.04 ng/m3 NNK for cigarettes. These values correspond to 10% of the measured ETS concentration for NNN in environmental aerosols of THS 2.2 and 7% for those of e-cigarettes. For NNK, the value for the environmental aerosol of THS 2.2 was 2% of the ETS value.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Gómez Lueso
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Maya I Mitova
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Nicolas Mottier
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland; Service de la Consommation et des Affaires Vétérinaires, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Mathieu Schaller
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Michel Rotach
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|