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Dong X, Yuan P, Song Y, Yi W. Optimizing Green-Gray Infrastructure for Non-Point Source Pollution Control under Future Uncertainties. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18147586. [PMID: 34300035 PMCID: PMC8303129 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18147586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Non-Point Source Pollution (NPS) caused by polluted and untreated stormwater runoff discharging into water bodies has become a serious threat to the ecological environment. Green infrastructure and gray infrastructure are considered to be the main stormwater management measures, and the issue of their cost-effectiveness is a widespread concern for decision makers. Multi-objective optimization is one of the most reliable and commonly used approaches in solving cost-effectiveness issues. However, many studies optimized green and gray infrastructure under an invariant condition, and the additional benefits of green infrastructure were neglected. In this study, a simulation-optimization framework was developed by integrated Stormwater Management Model (SWMM) and Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA-II) to optimize green and gray infrastructure for NPS control under future scenarios, and a realistic area of Sponge City in Nanchang, China, was used as a typical case. Different levels of additional benefits of green infrastructure were estimated in the optimizing process. The results demonstrated that green-gray infrastructure can produce a co-benefit if the green infrastructure have appropriate Value of Additional Benefits (VAB), otherwise, gray infrastructure will be a more cost-effectiveness measure. Moreover, gray infrastructure is more sensitive than green infrastructure and green-gray infrastructure under future scenarios. The findings of the study could help decision makers to develop suitable planning for NPS control based on investment cost and water quality objectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Dong
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China;
- School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China;
| | - Peng Yuan
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China;
- Correspondence: (P.Y.); (Y.S.); Tel.: +86-010-8491-5308 (Y.S.)
| | - Yonghui Song
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China;
- School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China;
- Correspondence: (P.Y.); (Y.S.); Tel.: +86-010-8491-5308 (Y.S.)
| | - Wenxuan Yi
- School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China;
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Urban Flood Management through Urban Land Use Optimization Using LID Techniques, City of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13131721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, many urban areas in Ethiopia have experienced frequent flood events as a result of climate change and urban sprawl. Unplanned and unsustainable poor urban storm water management strategies will aggravate the impact and frequency of flood occurrence. In this study, impacts of urbanization and climate change on generated flood magnitude are analyzed using the urban hydrological model of Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) and Low Impact Development (LID) sustainable land use optimization techniques. Three rainfall distribution patterns (TS1, TS2 and TS3) in combination with rainfall duration periods of 10, 30 and 60 min and a pessimistic climate change scenario of RCP 4.5 compared to RCP 8.5 are used for the analysis purpose for selected infiltration and storage LID techniques (Bio-Retention Cell, Infiltration Trench and Rain Barrel). The study results showed that combined LID techniques have a significant impact on urban flood reduction of up to 75%. This significant amount of flood reduction is greater than the amount of excess flood magnitude which occurred as a result of climate change using the most pessimistic climate change scenario. The study results also confirmed that rainfall patterns have a significant impact on peak discharge for shorter rainfall durations. This study highly recommends using cost effective, easy and environmental adaptive and sustainable LID techniques for urban flood management in addition to existing drainage structures.
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Detecting Groundwater Temperature Shifts of a Subsurface Urban Heat Island in SE Germany. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13101417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The subsurface beneath cities commonly shows a temperature anomaly, a so-called Subsurface Urban Heat Island (SUHI), due to anthropogenic heat input. This excess heat has multiple effects on groundwater and energy resources, such as groundwater chemistry or the efficiency of geothermal systems, which makes it necessary to investigate the temporal development of a SUHI. For this purpose, temperature profiles of 38 observation wells in the German city of Nuremberg were evaluated from 2015 to 2020 and the measured temperature changes were linked to the surface sealing. The results show that the groundwater temperatures changed between −0.02 K/a and +0.21 K/a, on average by +0.07 K/a during this period. A dependence between the temperature increase and the degree of sealing of the land surface was also observed. In areas with low surface sealing of up to 30% the warming amounts were 0.03 K/a on average, whereas in areas with high sealing of over 60% significantly higher temperature increases of 0.08 K/a on average were found. The results clearly emphasize that the subsurface urban heat island in its current state does not represent a completed process, but that more heat energy continues to enter the subsoil within the city than is the case with near-natural land surfaces.
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Kourtis IM, Tsihrintzis VA, Baltas E. A robust approach for comparing conventional and sustainable flood mitigation measures in urban basins. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 269:110822. [PMID: 32561019 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
An integrated methodological framework for assessing different flood mitigation measures in urban catchments is presented. The framework comprises hydrologic, hydraulic and economic indices aiming at quantifying the effect of different alternatives regarding flood hazard mitigation. The alternatives evaluated include both conventional drainage solutions and low impact development measures. The conventional drainage solutions were: (i) off-line detention tanks; and (ii) sewer enlargement. The low impact development measures included: (i) green roofs (GR); and (ii) permeable surfaces (PS). Each solution was modeled using SWMM5 with respect to flood reduction effectiveness, and the results were compared to those of the existing condition (i.e., no flood mitigation measures). All the examined solutions were also compared based on their construction and operation and maintenance costs for a typical lifespan (i.e., 30 years). The results of the simulation revealed that both low impact development measures and conventional drainage solutions were highly effective even for storm events with low probability of occurrence. However, sewer enlargement was found to be the best alternative from an economic perspective. Nevertheless, peak at the sewer exit increased and time to peak remained unchanged; as a result, local flooding problems are resolved but downstream flooding problems may be introduced. If other criteria are considered, i.e., traffic obstruction, noise, construction easiness, co-benefits and downstream impacts, low impact development measures become more attractive compared to conventional drainage solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis M Kourtis
- Centre for the Assessment of Natural Hazards and Proactive Planning & Laboratory of Reclamation Works and Water Resources Management, School of Rural and Surveying Engineering, National Technical University οf Athens, 9 Iroon Polytechniou St., Zografou, 15780, Athens, Greece.
| | - Vassilios A Tsihrintzis
- Centre for the Assessment of Natural Hazards and Proactive Planning & Laboratory of Reclamation Works and Water Resources Management, School of Rural and Surveying Engineering, National Technical University οf Athens, 9 Iroon Polytechniou St., Zografou, 15780, Athens, Greece.
| | - Evangelos Baltas
- Department of Water Resources, Hydraulic and Maritime Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Iroon Polytechniou St., Zografou, 15780, Athens, Greece.
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Yao L, Wu Z, Wang Y, Sun S, Wei W, Xu Y. Does the spatial location of green roofs affects runoff mitigation in small urbanized catchments? JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 268:110707. [PMID: 32510441 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Green roofs have been treated as practical low impact development (LID) strategies to retain stormwater runoff and alleviate the rainfall-induced flooding risks in urban regions. The purpose of this study was to analyze the hydrological effects of the spatial location of green roofs in urbanized catchments. In the built-up region of Beijing, 12 urbanized catchments with various architectural patterns were chosen as the study areas. To distinguish the spatial characteristics of roof surfaces, we defined the effective roof surfaces to distinguish from other types of roofs, which have more convenient or direct hydrological connections to drainage systems. A hydrological model was then used to simulate the stormwater mitigation performance of green roofs for the study catchments, which were assigned to different rainfall conditions. The simulation results confirmed the benefits of implementing green roofs for urban stormwater regulation. However, the spatial variability of green roofs showed inherent influences on the runoff mitigation capacity in urbanized catchments. Greening on effective roof surfaces would provide more effective stormwater regulation benefits, for reductions in both runoff volume and peak flow. In addition, the spatial arrangement characteristics of roof surfaces also influenced the hydrological efficiency of green roofs. The effect of the spatial location of green roofs on runoff mitigation was rainfall-dependent. These findings provide insights into the hydrological role of green roofs, and suggest that proper siting of LID facilities should be a consideration for urban stormwater management in order to fulfill the hydrological efficiency and cost-effectiveness planning target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yao
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China.
| | - Zhifeng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China.
| | - Yixu Wang
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China.
| | - Shuo Sun
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China.
| | - Wei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.
| | - Ying Xu
- School of Civil Engineering, Shandong Jiaotong University, Jinan, 250023, China.
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Evaluation of the Main Function of Low Impact Development Based on Rainfall Events. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12082231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Low Impact Development (LID) is one of the sustainable approaches to urban stormwater management in areas with rapid urbanization. Although LID has been shown to have a positive effect in flood reduction, the hydrological balance regulation effect of LID under a variety of rainfall events is not fully understood. In this study, we assessed the hydrological efficiency of LID at two residential–commercial mixed sites in Korea to investigate the main function of LID in terms of diverse rainfall characteristics. Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) was constructed to simulate the hydrological process numerical simulations in the pre-development, post-development and LID design scenarios, respectively. The model was calibrated and validated by using five observed rainfall–runoff events. Then, four single and four multiple LID practices (LIDs) were used to estimate their effectiveness under seven different designed rainfall events. The results indicate that LIDs substantially influence the hydrology cycle system, while the regulating effect varies with rainfall amounts. The efficiency of LIDs in flood reduction is proved to be more effective during lower storm events. However, LIDs should be designed to primarily prioritize the restoration of hydrological balance when the rainfall return period is longer.
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Framework, Procedure, and Tools for Comprehensive Evaluation of Sustainable Stormwater Management: A Review. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12051231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To better evaluate and enhance the performance and benefit of sustainable stormwater management (SSWM) in developing countries, this study proposes a comprehensive evaluation framework based on thorough literature review. This framework re-classifies evaluation goals and indicators into four aspects—stormwater system, integrated management, social engagement, and urban development. The purpose of this review is to provide a guideline for decision makers to choose appropriate goals and indicators according to different regional context. Meanwhile, a structured procedure for comprehensive evaluation of SSWM is proposed to guide a well-organised decision-making process. Furthermore, pros and cons of eight decision support tools, as well as their functional focus, are compared, aiming to provide references for SSWM in developing countries. Outcomes presented in this review are expected to support decision makers in the process of screening optimal SSWM strategies and monitoring SSWM projects.
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Qiu S, Yin H, Deng J, Li M. Cost-effectiveness Analysis of Green-Gray Stormwater Control Measures for Non-Point Source Pollution. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E998. [PMID: 32033389 PMCID: PMC7037396 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17030998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The control of non-point source pollution (NPS) is an essential target in urban stormwater control. Green stormwater control measures (SCMs) have remarkable efficiency for pollution control, but suffer from high maintenance,operation costs and poor performance in high-intensity rainfall events. Taking the Guilin Road subwatershed in Rizhao, China, as a case study, a scheme for coupling gray and green stormwater control measures is proposed, and the gray SCMs are introduced to compensate for the shortcomings of green SCMs. The System for Urban Stormwater Treatment and Analysis Integration (SUSTAIN) model was employed to investigate the cost-effectiveness of three scenarios (green SCMs only, gray SCMs only, and coupled green-gray SCMs). The results show that the optimal solutions for the three scenarios cost USD 1.23, 0.79, and 0.80 million, respectively. The NPS control ability of the coupled green-gray scenario is found to be better than that of the other two scenarios under rainfall events above moderate rain. This study demonstrates that coupled green-gray stormwater control management can not only effectively control costs, but can also provide better pollution control in high-intensity rainfall events, making it an optimal scheme for effective prevention and control of urban non-point source pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Qiu
- School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210000, China; (S.Q.); (M.L.)
| | - Haiwei Yin
- School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210000, China; (S.Q.); (M.L.)
| | - Jinling Deng
- International Institute for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210000, China;
| | - Muhan Li
- School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210000, China; (S.Q.); (M.L.)
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Xiong W, Li Y, Pfister S, Zhang W, Wang C, Wang P. Improving water ecosystem sustainability of urban water system by management strategies optimization. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 254:109766. [PMID: 31733479 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Water management strategies play an important role in water shortage alleviation. This study evaluates the cost and water ecosystem benefit of 14 water management strategies in Beijing in the future scenarios for 2020 and 2035. In addition, optimal implements of abatement strategies are obtained within the context of legislated targets, with the consideration of interaction among strategies. The result shows that Beijing can meet its commitments for total water use and pollution control by the water management strategies implementation in both 2020 and 2035. For 14 water management strategies analyzed in this study, 5 options with negative abatement cost value achieve 12.2-24.1% of the total water ecosystem benefit in 2020 and 2035. Wastewater reclamation is the most efficient strategy in water ecosystem impact (WEI) reduction, which contributes 38.4% of the total WEI reduction with an abatement cost of 1.6 Yuan/m3 H2O -eq. However, the sequence of optimal strategy implementation rate is not in accordance with the abatement cost of the strategies. The most cost-effective option is the water-efficient shower head, while the highest implementation rate is found for promotion of production technologies. A comparison between water management optimization with and without the consideration of interactions among strategies shows that taking the interaction among strategies into account imposes almost no influence on the total WEI reduction. But it has impacts on optimal implementation rate of each water management option and the cost estimation (+10.8%) of water management implementation. Such a systematic analysis of water management strategies provides general recommendations on sustainable water resource management in water scarce regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China
| | - Yi Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China.
| | - Stephan Pfister
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, John-von-Neumann-Weg 9, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wenlong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China
| | - Chao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China
| | - Peifang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China
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Zhang W, Zhong X, Che W, Sun H, Zhang H. A laboratory study to determine the use of polluted river sediment as a substrate for extensive green roofs. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2018; 78:2247-2255. [PMID: 30699076 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2018.501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, laboratory-scale green (e.g. living) roof platforms were established to assess the potential use of polluted river sediment in their substrate mixture. The mean runoff retention of the green roof platforms, which contained peat and/or river sediment, after 11 artificial rainfall events was >72%, significantly higher than traditional roofs. However, green roof platforms that had been filled with peat soil showed chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) leaching. Green roofs that had used river sediment showed good leaching control for COD, TN and TP. The cumulative leaching masses from the green roofs contained 30% (COD), 42% (TN) and 47% (TP) as much as the total leaching mass from traditional roofs, and the Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb leaching risk from green roofs when river sediments are used as part of a substrate mixture was relatively low. Despite some nutrient leaching in the initial phase of runoff from the green roofs, river sediment has the potential to be used as a substrate for extensive green roofs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Urban Sewage System Construction and Risk Control, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, 100044 Beijing, China E-mail: ; Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Future Urban Design, 100044 Beijing, China
| | - Xing Zhong
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Urban Sewage System Construction and Risk Control, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, 100044 Beijing, China E-mail:
| | - Wu Che
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Urban Sewage System Construction and Risk Control, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, 100044 Beijing, China E-mail: ; Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Future Urban Design, 100044 Beijing, China
| | - Huichao Sun
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Urban Sewage System Construction and Risk Control, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, 100044 Beijing, China E-mail:
| | - Hailong Zhang
- Zhuanghe Urban-Rural Planning and Development Bureau, Zhuanghe 116400, China
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