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El-Hellani A, Watson CH, Huang M, Wilson CW, Fleshman CC, Petitti R, Pancake M, Bennett C, Keller-Hamilton BL, Jones J, Tran H, Bravo Cardenas R, Mays D, Ye W, Borthwick RP, Schaff J, Williamson RL, Wagener TL, Brinkman MC. Universal smoking machine adaptor for tobacco product testing. Tob Control 2024:tc-2023-058428. [PMID: 39009450 DOI: 10.1136/tc-2023-058428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Historically, tobacco product emissions testing using smoking machines has largely focused on combustible products, such as cigarettes and cigars. However, the popularity of newer products, such as electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes), has complicated emissions testing because the products' mouth-end geometries do not readily seal with existing smoking and vaping machines. The demand for emissions data on popularly used products has led to inefficient and non-standardised solutions, such as laboratories making their geometry-specific custom adaptors and/or employing flexible tubing, for each unique mouth-end geometry tested. A user-friendly, validated, universal smoking machine adaptor (USMA) is needed for testing the variety of tobacco products reflecting consumer use, including e-cigarettes, heated tobacco products, cigarettes, plastic-tipped cigarillos and cigars. METHODS A prototype USMA that is compatible with existing smoking/vaping machines was designed and fabricated. The quality of the seal between the USMA and different tobacco products, including e-cigarettes, cigars and cigarillos, was evaluated by examining the leak rate. RESULTS Unlike commercial, product-specific adaptors, the USMA seals well with a wide range of tobacco product mouth-end geometries and masses. This includes e-cigarettes with non-cylindrical mouth ends and cigarillos with cuboid-like plastic tips. USMA leak rates were lower than or equivalent to commercial, product-specific adaptors. CONCLUSION This report provides initial evidence that the USMA seals reliably with a variety of tobacco product mouth-end geometries and can be used with existing linear smoking/vaping machines to potentially improve the precision, repeatability and reproducibility of machine smoke yield data. Accurate and reproducible emissions testing is critical for regulating tobacco products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad El-Hellani
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Public Health, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Clifford H Watson
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Michelle Huang
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Clark W Wilson
- Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Division of Epidemiology, The Ohio State University College of Public Health, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Clint C Fleshman
- Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Division of Epidemiology, The Ohio State University College of Public Health, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Ryan Petitti
- Center for Design and Manufacturing Excellence, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Mary Pancake
- Center for Design and Manufacturing Excellence, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Chad Bennett
- Medicinal Chemistry Shared Resource, Drug Development Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Brittney L Keller-Hamilton
- Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Department of Internal Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Hang Tran
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Roberto Bravo Cardenas
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Darren Mays
- Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Department of Internal Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Wei Ye
- Center for Tobacco Products, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert P Borthwick
- Center for Tobacco Products, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Jason Schaff
- Center for Tobacco Products, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Raymond L Williamson
- Center for Tobacco Products, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Theodore L Wagener
- Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Department of Internal Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Marielle C Brinkman
- Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Division of Epidemiology, The Ohio State University College of Public Health, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Muthumalage T, Noel A, Thanavala Y, Alcheva A, Rahman I. Challenges in current inhalable tobacco toxicity assessment models: A narrative review. Tob Induc Dis 2024; 22:TID-22-102. [PMID: 38860150 PMCID: PMC11163881 DOI: 10.18332/tid/188197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Emerging tobacco products such as electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) and heated tobacco products (HTPs) have a dynamic landscape and are becoming widely popular as they claim to offer a low-risk alternative to conventional smoking. Most pre-clinical laboratories currently exploit in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo experimental models to assess toxicological outcomes as well as to develop risk-estimation models. While most laboratories have produced a wide range of cell culture and mouse model data utilizing current smoke/aerosol generators and standardized puffing profiles, much variation still exists between research studies, hindering the generation of usable data appropriate for the standardization of these tobacco products. In this review, we discuss current state-of-the-art in vitro and in vivo models and their challenges, as well as insights into risk estimation of novel products and recommendations for toxicological parameters for reporting, allowing comparability of the research studies between laboratories, resulting in usable data for regulation of these products before approval by regulatory authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandra Noel
- School of Veterinary Medicine Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, United States
| | - Yasmin Thanavala
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, United States
| | - Aleksandra Alcheva
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States
| | - Irfan Rahman
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, United States
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El-Hellani A, Adeniji A, Erythropel HC, Wang Q, Lamb T, Mikheev VB, Rahman I, Stepanov I, Strongin RM, Wagener TL, Brinkman MC. Comparison of emissions across tobacco products: A slippery slope in tobacco control. Tob Induc Dis 2024; 22:TID-22-57. [PMID: 38560551 PMCID: PMC10980913 DOI: 10.18332/tid/183797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
In this narrative review, we highlight the challenges of comparing emissions from different tobacco products under controlled laboratory settings (using smoking/vaping machines). We focus on tobacco products that generate inhalable smoke or aerosol, such as cigarettes, cigars, hookah, electronic cigarettes, and heated tobacco products. We discuss challenges associated with sample generation including variability of smoking/vaping machines, lack of standardized adaptors that connect smoking/vaping machines to different tobacco products, puffing protocols that are not representative of actual use, and sample generation session length (minutes or number of puffs) that depends on product characteristics. We also discuss the challenges of physically characterizing and trapping emissions from products with different aerosol characteristics. Challenges to analytical method development are also covered, highlighting matrix effects, order of magnitude differences in analyte levels, and the necessity of tailored quality control/quality assurance measures. The review highlights two approaches in selecting emissions to monitor across products, one focusing on toxicants that were detected and quantified with optimized methods for combustible cigarettes, and the other looking for product-specific toxicants using non-targeted analysis. The challenges of data reporting and statistical analysis that allow meaningful comparison across products are also discussed. We end the review by highlighting that even if the technical challenges are overcome, emission comparison may obscure the absolute exposure from novel products if we only focus on relative exposure compared to combustible products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad El-Hellani
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, United States
- Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, United States
| | - Ayomipo Adeniji
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, United States
- Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, United States
| | - Hanno C. Erythropel
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering & Applied Science, Yale University, New Haven, United States
- Yale Center for the Study of Tobacco Product Use and Addiction (YCSTP), Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
| | - Qixin Wang
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, United States
| | - Thomas Lamb
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, United States
| | - Vladimir B. Mikheev
- Battelle Public Health Center for Tobacco Research, Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, United States
| | - Irfan Rahman
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, United States
| | - Irina Stepanov
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, United States
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, United States
| | - Robert M. Strongin
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, United States
| | - Theodore L. Wagener
- Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, United States
| | - Marielle C. Brinkman
- Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, United States
- Division of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, United States
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Adeniji A, El-Hage R, Brinkman MC, El-Hellani A. Nontargeted Analysis in Tobacco Research: Challenges and Opportunities. Chem Res Toxicol 2023; 36:1656-1665. [PMID: 37903095 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.3c00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco products are evolving at a pace that has outstripped tobacco control, leading to a high prevalence of tobacco use in the population. Researchers have been tirelessly developing suitable techniques to assess these products' emissions, toxicity, and public health impact. The nonclinical testing of tobacco products to assess the chemical profile of emissions is needed for evidence-based regulations. This testing has largely relied on targeted analytical methods that focus on constituent lists that may fall short in determining the toxicity of newly designed tobacco products. Nontargeted analysis (NTA), or the process of identifying and quantifying compounds within a complex matrix without prior knowledge of its chemical composition, is a promising technique for tobacco regulation, but it is not without challenges. The lack of standardized methods for sample generation, sample preparation, chromatographic separation, compound identification, and data analysis and reporting must be addressed so that the quality and reproducibility of the data generated by NTA can be benchmarked. This review discusses the challenges and highlights the opportunities of NTA in studying tobacco product constituents and emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayomipo Adeniji
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio 43214, United States
| | - Rachel El-Hage
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23220, United States
| | - Marielle C Brinkman
- Division of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio 43214, United States
| | - Ahmad El-Hellani
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio 43214, United States
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5
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Underly R, Dull GM, Nudi E, Pionk T, Prevette K, Smith J. Using a Novel Connected Device for the Collection of Puffing Topography Data for the Vuse Solo Electronic Nicotine Delivery System in a Real-World Setting: Prospective Ambulatory Clinical Study. JMIR Form Res 2023; 7:e49876. [PMID: 37902830 PMCID: PMC10644193 DOI: 10.2196/49876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over the last decade, the use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDSs) has risen, whereas studies that describe how consumers use these products have been limited. Most studies related to ENDS use have involved study designs focused on use in a central location environment or attempted to measure use outcomes through subjective self-reported end points. The development of accurate and reliable tools to collect data in a naturalistic real-world environment is necessary to capture the complexities of ENDS use. Using connected devices in a real-world setting provides a convenient and objective approach to collecting behavioral outcomes with ENDS. OBJECTIVE The Product Use and Behavior instrument was developed and used to capture the use of the Vuse Solo ENDS in an ambulatory setting to best replicate real-world use behavior. This study aims to determine overall mean values for topography outcomes while also providing a definition for an ENDS use session. METHODS A prospective ambulatory clinical study was performed with the Product Use and Behavior instrument. Participants (n=75) were aged between 21 and 60 years, considered in good health, and were required to be established regular users of ENDSs. To better understand use behavior within the population, the sample was sorted into percentiles with bins based on daily puff counts. To frame these data in the relevant context, they were binned into low-, moderate-, and high-use categories (10th to 40th, 40th to 70th, and 70th to 100th percentiles, respectively), with the low-use group representing the nonintense category, the high-use group representing the intense category, and the moderate-use group being reflective of the average consumer. RESULTS Participants with higher daily use took substantially more puffs per use session (6.71 vs 4.40) and puffed more frequently (interpuff interval: 32.78 s vs 61.66 s) than participants in the low-use group. Puff duration remained consistent across the low-, moderate‑, and high-use groups (2.10 s, 2.18 s, and 2.19 s, respectively). The moderate-use group had significantly shorter session lengths (P<.001) than the high- and low-use groups, which did not differ significantly from each other (P=.16). CONCLUSIONS Using connected devices allows for a convenient and robust approach to the collection of behavioral outcomes related to product use in an ambulatory setting. By using the variables captured with these tools, it becomes possible to move away from predefined periods of use to better understand topography outcomes and define use sessions. The data presented here offer a possible method to define these sessions. These data also begin to frame international standards used for the analytical assessments of ENDSs in the correct context and begin to shed light on the differences between standardized testing regimens and actual use behavior. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov NCT04226404; https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04226404.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Underly
- Reynolds American Incorporated Services Company, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Gary M Dull
- Reynolds American Incorporated Services Company, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Evan Nudi
- Reynolds American Incorporated Services Company, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Timothy Pionk
- Reynolds American Incorporated Services Company, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Kristen Prevette
- Reynolds American Incorporated Services Company, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Jeffrey Smith
- R Street Institute, Washington DC, DC, United States
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6
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Wadkin R, Allen C, Fearon IM. E-cigarette puffing topography: The importance of assessing user behaviour to inform emissions testing. Drug Test Anal 2023; 15:1222-1232. [PMID: 36574584 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of the chemical composition of e-cigarette emissions is an important step in determining whether e-cigarettes offer both individual and population-level harm reduction potential. Commonly, e-cigarette emissions for chemical analysis are collected when using e-cigarettes according to standardised puffing regimens, such as those recommended by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) or the Cooperation Centre for Scientific Research Relative to Tobacco (CORESTA). While the use of such standard puffing regimens affords a degree of uniformity between studies and are also recommended by regulatory authorities who require the submission of e-cigarette emissions data to make decisions regarding allowing a product to be commercially marketed, the standardised regimens do not necessarily reflect human puffing behaviour. This can lead to under- or over-estimating real-world emissions from e-cigarettes and inaccuracy in determining their harm reduction potential. In this review, we describe how human puffing behaviour (topography) information can be collected both in the clinical laboratory and in the real world using a variety of different methodologies. We further discuss how this information can be used to dictate e-cigarette puffing regimens for collecting emissions for chemical analyses and how this may lead to better predictions both of human yields of e-cigarette emissions constituents and of risk assessments to predict e-cigarette tobacco harm reduction potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhys Wadkin
- Scientific Affairs, Broughton Life Sciences, Earby, UK
| | - Chris Allen
- Scientific Affairs, Broughton Life Sciences, Earby, UK
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Hensel EC, Robinson RJ. A proposed cigarette emissions topography protocol reflecting smokers' natural environment use behavior. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266230. [PMID: 35381044 PMCID: PMC8982845 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The FTC, in 2008, rescinded its 1966 guidance regarding use of the Cambridge Filter Method, noting the yields from the method are relatively poor indicators of tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide exposure. This article proposes a set of puffing conditions for cigarette emissions testing, with the goal of developing product-specific emissions characterizations which can subsequently be used to realistically model the yield of particulate matter and constituents to the mouth of a smoker, while accounting for the actual puffing behavior of the smoker. METHODS Synthesis of data was conducted on data collected from a prior one-week observation of 26 adult cigarette smokers, using their usual brand cigarette in each smokers' natural environment including the puff flow rate, duration, volume and time of day of each puff taken were recorded with a cigarette topography monitor. Data was analyzed to determine the empirical joint probability function and cumulative distribution function of mean puff flow rate and puff duration. The joint CDF was used to define an emissions topography protocol using concepts common to computational grid generation. RESULTS Analysis of 8,250 cigarette puffs indicated the middle 95% of mean puff flow rates varied between 15 and 121 [mL/s] while the middle 95% of puff duration varied from 0.55 to 3.42 [s]. CONCLUSIONS Thirteen conditions of varying mean puff flow rate and puff duration are proposed for a comprehensive cigarette emissions topography protocol. The proposed protocol addresses inadequacies associated with common machine-puffing profiles used for generating cigarette emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward C. Hensel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Risa J. Robinson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York, United States of America
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Scherer G, Mütze J, Pluym N, Scherer M. Assessment of nicotine delivery and uptake in users of various tobacco/nicotine products. Curr Res Toxicol 2022; 3:100067. [PMID: 35330709 PMCID: PMC8938277 DOI: 10.1016/j.crtox.2022.100067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Today various tobacco and nicotine products are available, many of them can be regarded as potentially risk-reduced products when compared to the most frequently used product, combustible cigarettes (CCs). A commonality of these products is that they deliver nicotine, although in quite different amounts and uptake routes, the most common of which are inhalation through the lung and absorption through the oral mucosa. Product-specific nicotine delivery as well as the subject-related use patterns are important factors which determine the pharmacokinetics and achieved internal dose levels of the alkaloid. The latter two parameters are highly relevant for the long-term product loyalty and, consequently, for the implicated health risks, since the risk-reduced products will replace CCs in the long-term only when users will experience a similar level of satisfaction. We measured nicotine and its major metabolites in plasma, saliva and urine samples collected in a controlled clinical study with habitual users (10 per group) of CCs, electronic cigarettes (ECs), heated tobacco products (HTP), oral tobacco (OT), and nicotine replacement therapy (NRT). Non-users (NU) of any tobacco/nicotine products served as (negative) control group. Moderate to strong correlations were observed between the daily consumption and the urinary nicotine equivalents (comprising nicotine and its 10 major metabolites, Nic + 10) or plasma and saliva cotinine concentrations. The average daily nicotine dose as measured by the urinary excretion of Nic + 10 (reflecting approximately 95 % of the absorbed nicotine) amounted to 17 and 22 mg/24 h for smokers (CC) and OT users, respectively, while it was in the range of 6-12 mg/24 h for users of ECs, HTP and NRT products, with high inter-individual variations in each user group. The individual daily nicotine intake, which was calculated by applying product-specific models, showed none to good agreement with the corresponding internal nicotine dose measured by Nic + 10 excretion. Possible reasons for the observed deviations between calculated and objectively measured nicotine doses are discussed.
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Key Words
- 3-OH-Cot, trans-3′-hydroxycotinine
- 3-OH-Cot-gluc, trans-3′-hydroxycotinine-N,O-glucuronide
- B, blood
- CC, combustible cigarettes
- CI, 95%-confidence interval
- CNO, cotinine-N-1-oxide
- Combustible cigarettes
- Cot, cotinine
- Cot-gluc, cotinine-N-glucuronide
- EC, electronic cigarettes
- Electronic cigarettes
- HTP, heated tobacco product
- Heated tobacco products
- Hypybut, 4-OH-4-(3-pyridyl)-butanoic acid
- IQR, inter-quartile range (25th–75th percentile)
- LC-MS/MS, liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry
- NCot, norcotinine
- NNO, nicotine-N-1′-oxide
- NNic, nornicotine
- NRT, nicotine replacement therapy
- NU, non-user of any tobacco/nicotine product
- Nequ, nicotine equivalents
- Nic+10, nicotine and its 10 major metabolites Cot, 3-OH-Cot, Nic-gluc, Cot-gluc, 3-OH-Cot-gluc, NNic, NCot, NNO, CNO, Hypybut
- Nic, nicotine
- Nic-gluc, nicotine-N’-glucuronide
- Nicotine
- Nicotine gum
- OT, oral tobacco
- P, plasma
- S, saliva
- SD, standard deviation of the mean
- SEM, standard error of the mean
- Snus
- U, urine
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Scherer
- ABF Analytisch-Biologisches Forschungslabor GmbH, Semmelweisstr. 5, 82152 Planegg, Germany
| | - Janina Mütze
- ABF Analytisch-Biologisches Forschungslabor GmbH, Semmelweisstr. 5, 82152 Planegg, Germany
| | - Nikola Pluym
- ABF Analytisch-Biologisches Forschungslabor GmbH, Semmelweisstr. 5, 82152 Planegg, Germany
| | - Max Scherer
- ABF Analytisch-Biologisches Forschungslabor GmbH, Semmelweisstr. 5, 82152 Planegg, Germany
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Hensel EC, Eddingsaas NC, Saleh QM, Jayasekera S, Sarles SE, Thomas M, Myers BT, DiFrancesco G, Robinson RJ. Nominal Operating Envelope of Pod and Pen Style Electronic Cigarettes. Front Public Health 2021; 9:705099. [PMID: 34485231 PMCID: PMC8415835 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.705099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS) employ integrated sensors to detect user puffing behavior and activate the heating coil to initiate aerosol generation. The minimum puff flow rate and duration at which the ENDS device begins to generate aerosol are important parameters in quantifying the viable operating envelope of the device and are essential to formulating a design of experiments for comprehensive emissions characterization. An accurate and unbiased method for quantifying the flow condition operating envelope of ENDS is needed to quantify product characteristics across research laboratories. This study reports an accurate, unbiased method for measuring the minimum and maximum aerosolization puff flow rate and duration of seven pod-style, four pen-style and two disposable ENDS. The minimum aerosolization flow rate ranged from 2.5 to 23 (mL/s) and the minimum aerosolization duration ranged from 0.5 to 1.0 (s) across the ENDS studied. The maximum aerosolization flow rate was defined to be when the onset of liquid aspiration was evident, at flow rates ranging from 50 to 88 (mL/s). Results are presented which provide preliminary estimates for the effective maximum aerosolization flow rate and duration envelope of each ENDS. The variation in operating envelope observed between ENDS products of differing design by various manufacturers has implications for development of standardized emissions testing protocols and data reporting required for regulatory approval of new products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward C Hensel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Nathan C Eddingsaas
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Qutaiba M Saleh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Shehan Jayasekera
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - S Emma Sarles
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Mahagani Thomas
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Bryan T Myers
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Gary DiFrancesco
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Risa J Robinson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, United States
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10
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Jayasekera S, Hensel E, Robinson R. Feasibility of Using the Hexoskin Smart Garment for Natural Environment Observation of Respiration Topography. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:7012. [PMID: 34209193 PMCID: PMC8297348 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18137012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background: Limited research has been done to measure ambulatory respiratory behavior, in particular those associated with tobacco use, in the natural environment due to a lack of monitoring techniques. Respiratory topography parameters provide useful information for modeling particle deposition in the lung and assessing exposure risk and health effects associated with tobacco use. Commercially available Wearable Respiratory Monitors (WRM), such as the Hexoskin Smart Garment, have embedded sensors that measure chest motion and may be adapted for measuring ambulatory lung volume. Methods: Self-reported "everyday" and "some days" Hookah and Cigarette smokers were recruited for a 3-day natural environment observation study. Participants wore the Hexoskin shirt while using their preferred tobacco product. The shirt was calibrated on them prior to, during, and after the observation period. A novel method for calculating the calibration parameters is presented. Results: NH = 5 Hookah and NC = 3 Cigarette participants were enrolled. Calibration parameters were obtained and applied to the observed chest motion waveform from each participant to obtain their lung volume waveform. Respiratory topography parameters were derived from the lung volume waveform. Conclusion: The feasibility of using the Hexoskin for measuring ambulatory respiratory topography parameters in the natural environment is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Risa Robinson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY 14623, USA; (S.J.); (E.H.)
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Feasibility Assessment of Wearable Respiratory Monitors for Ambulatory Inhalation Topography. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18062990. [PMID: 33799472 PMCID: PMC8000968 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18062990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Background: Natural environment inhalation topography provides useful information for toxicant exposure, risk assessment and cardiopulmonary performance. Commercially available wearable respiratory monitors (WRMs), which are currently used to measure a variety of physiological parameters such as heart rate and breathing frequency, can be leveraged to obtain inhalation topography, yet little work has been done. This paper assesses the feasibility of adapting these WRMs for measuring inhalation topography. Methods: Commercially available WRMs were compiled and assessed for the ability to report chest motion, data analysis software features, ambulatory observation capabilities, participant acceptability, purchasing constraints and affordability. Results: The following WRMs were found: LifeShirt, Equivital EQ02 LifeMonitor, Smartex WWS, Hexoskin Smart Garment, Zephyr BioHarness, Nox T3&A1, BioRadio, SleepSense Inductance Band, and ezRIP & zRIP Durabelt. None of the WRMs satisfied all six assessment criteria in a manner enabling them to be used for inhalation topography without modification and development. Conclusions: The results indicate that there are WRMs with core technologies and characteristics that can be built upon for ambulatory inhalation topography measurement in the NE.
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