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Millán-Jiménez A, Fernández-Fontán IM, Sobrino-Toro M, Fernández-Torres B. Protein supplement consumption prevalence, habits and complications in adolescents. An Pediatr (Barc) 2023; 99:240-251. [PMID: 37770287 DOI: 10.1016/j.anpede.2023.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The consumption of nutritional and protein supplements by adolescents may have important consequences for their health. METHODS Prospective observational study based on a survey of adolescents enrolled in 6 schools selected at random in the city of Seville. Our primary objective was to determine the actual consumption of dietary supplements in the adolescent population and quantifying their protein content. RESULTS We obtained a total of 263 valid responses that showed a prevalence of consumption of nutritional supplements of any kind of 19.01%, of which 56.0% (10.64% of the total) corresponded to adolescents that consumed protein supplements for a mean protein intake of 0.26 g/kg/day (SD, 0.18). The profile of consumers of any type of supplements differed from that of nonconsumers in age, use of long-term medication and weight loss or high-protein diets. The comparison of adolescents who consumed protein supplements versus nonprotein supplements only evinced a significant difference in the control of supplement consumption. Although most of these adolescents were not subject to external control, 25.92% of those who consumed protein supplements were monitored by a professional, compared to 7.38% of consumers of nonprotein supplements. In the group that consumed protein supplements, 85.18% of adolescents achieved the desired effect and 18.51% reported some form of negative effect. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of protein supplement consumption among adolescents in our area is 10.64%, with consumption of amounts corresponding to 25% of the recommended daily allowance of protein. The profile of protein supplement consumers is very similar to that of nonprotein supplement consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Millán-Jiménez
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain; Grupo de Investigación Transhumancias HUM-965, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
| | | | | | - Bartolomé Fernández-Torres
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain; Grupo de Investigación Transhumancias HUM-965, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain.
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Bone Turnover Markers and Osteokines in Adolescent Female Athletes of High- and Low-Impact Sports Compared With Nonathletic Controls. Pediatr Exerc Sci 2023; 35:41-47. [PMID: 35894972 DOI: 10.1123/pes.2022-0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This study examined differences in resting concentrations of markers of bone formation and resorption, and osteokines between female adolescent (12-16 y) swimmers, soccer players, and nonathletic controls. Resting, morning blood samples were obtained after an overnight fast from 20 swimmers, 20 soccer players, and 20 nonathletic controls, matched for age. carboxyl-terminal cross-linking telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX), amino-terminal propeptide of type I collagen (P1NP), total osteocalcin (OC), sclerostin, osteoprotegerin (OPG), and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL) were analyzed in serum. After controlling for percent body fat, there were no significant differences between swimmers and nonathletic controls in any of the measured markers. In contrast, soccer players had significantly higher P1NP (89.5 [25.6] ng·mL-1), OC (57.6 [22.9] ng·mL-1), and OPG (1052.5 [612.6] pg·mL-1) compared with both swimmers (P1NP: 66.5 [20.9] ng·mL-1; OC: 24.9 [12.5] ng·mL-1; OPG: 275.2 [83.8] pg·mL-1) and controls (P1NP: 58.5 [16.2] ng·mL-1; OC: 23.2 [11.9] ng·mL-1; OPG: 265.4 [97.6] pg·mL-1), with no differences in CTX, sclerostin, and RANKL. These results suggest that bone formation is higher in adolescent females engaged in high-impact sports like soccer compared with swimmers and controls.
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McKinlay BJ, Theocharidis A, Adebero T, Kurgan N, Fajardo VA, Roy BD, Josse AR, Logan-Sprenger HM, Falk B, Klentrou P. Correction: McKinlay et al. Effects of Post-Exercise Whey Protein Consumption on Recovery Indices in Adolescent Swimmers. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 7761. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:16311. [PMID: 36498451 PMCID: PMC9724923 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192316311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The authors of "Effects of Post-Exercise Whey Protein Consumption on Recovery Indices in Adolescent Swimmers" report an error in Table 1 of their article [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon J. McKinlay
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Alexandros Theocharidis
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Tony Adebero
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Nigel Kurgan
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Val A. Fajardo
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
- Centre for Bone and Muscle Health, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Brian D. Roy
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
- Centre for Bone and Muscle Health, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Andrea R. Josse
- Centre for Bone and Muscle Health, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Heather M. Logan-Sprenger
- Canadian Sport Institute Ontario, 857 Morningside Avenue, Toronto, ON M1C 0C7, Canada
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, ON L1G 0C5, Canada
| | - Bareket Falk
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
- Centre for Bone and Muscle Health, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Panagiota Klentrou
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
- Centre for Bone and Muscle Health, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
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Adolfsson P, Taplin CE, Zaharieva DP, Pemberton J, Davis EA, Riddell MC, McGavock J, Moser O, Szadkowska A, Lopez P, Santiprabhob J, Frattolin E, Griffiths G, DiMeglio LA. ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2022: Exercise in children and adolescents with diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2022; 23:1341-1372. [PMID: 36537529 PMCID: PMC10107219 DOI: 10.1111/pedi.13452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Adolfsson
- Department of PediatricsKungsbacka HospitalKungsbackaSweden
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Craig E. Taplin
- Department of Endocrinology and DiabetesPerth Children's HospitalNedlandsWestern AustraliaAustralia
- Telethon Kids InstituteUniversity of Western AustraliaPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
- Centre for Child Health ResearchUniversity of Western AustraliaPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Dessi P. Zaharieva
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of PediatricsSchool of Medicine, Stanford UniversityStanfordCaliforniaUSA
| | - John Pemberton
- Department of Endocrinology and DiabetesBirmingham Women's and Children's HospitalBirminghamUK
| | - Elizabeth A. Davis
- Department of Endocrinology and DiabetesPerth Children's HospitalNedlandsWestern AustraliaAustralia
- Telethon Kids InstituteUniversity of Western AustraliaPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
- Centre for Child Health ResearchUniversity of Western AustraliaPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | | | - Jonathan McGavock
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreation ManagementUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegManitobaCanada
- Diabetes Research Envisioned and Accomplished in Manitoba (DREAM) ThemeChildren's Hospital Research Institute of ManitobaWinnipegManitobaCanada
- Department of Pediatrics and Child HealthUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegManitobaCanada
- Diabetes Action Canada SPOR NetworkTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Othmar Moser
- Division Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, Department of Sport ScienceUniversity of BayreuthBayreuthGermany
- Interdisciplinary Metabolic Medicine Trials Unit, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal MedicineMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | - Agnieszka Szadkowska
- Department of Pediatrics, Diabetology, Endocrinology & NephrologyMedical University of LodzLodzPoland
| | - Prudence Lopez
- Department of PaediatricsJohn Hunter Children's HospitalNewcastleNew South WalesAustralia
- University of NewcastleNewcastleNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Jeerunda Santiprabhob
- Siriraj Diabetes CenterFaculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of PediatricsFaculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
| | | | | | - Linda A. DiMeglio
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and DiabetologyIndiana University School of Medicine, Riley Hospital for ChildrenIndianapolisIndianaUSA
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The Acute Effects of Milk Consumption on Systemic Inflammation after Combined Resistance and Plyometric Exercise in Young Adult Females. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14214532. [PMID: 36364794 PMCID: PMC9653881 DOI: 10.3390/nu14214532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
High-intensity/impact exercise elicits a transient increase in inflammatory biomarkers. Consuming nutrient-dense wholefoods, like milk, following exercise may modulate post-exercise inflammation and aid recovery. We examined the effect of post-exercise skim milk consumption (versus an isoenergetic, isovolumetric carbohydrate [CHO] drink) on acute exercise-induced inflammation in untrained females. Using a randomized crossover design, 13 healthy females (age = 20 ± 2.3 y; BMI = 21.0 ± 1.1 kg/m2) completed two bouts of combined resistance/plyometric exercise followed by either skim milk (MILK) or CHO at 5-min and 1 h post-exercise. Serum interleukin [IL]-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) concentrations were measured at pre-exercise, 15-min, 75-min, 24 h, and 48 h post-exercise. IL-6 increased 15-min post-exercise vs. all other timepoints (time effect, p = 0.017). Between 24 and 48 h, IL-10 decreased and increased in the MILK and CHO conditions, respectively (interaction, p = 0.018). There were no significant effects for IL-1β or TNF-α. Relative concentrations of IL-1β (p = 0.049) and IL-10 (p = 0.028) at 48 h post-exercise were lower in MILK vs. CHO. Milk post-exercise did not influence the absolute concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokines; however, there were divergent responses for the anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10, and milk reduced the relative inflammatory response at 48 h (vs. CHO) for IL-1β and IL-10. This demonstrates the potential for milk to modulate inflammation post-exercise in this sample.
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McKinlay BJ, Wallace PJ, Olansky S, Woods S, Kurgan N, Roy BD, Josse AR, Falk B, Klentrou P. Intensified training in adolescent female athletes: a crossover study of Greek yogurt effects on indices of recovery. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2022; 19:17-33. [PMID: 35599913 PMCID: PMC9116412 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2022.2044732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background During a period of intensified exercise (e.g. training/identification camps), often undertaken by competitive youth athletes, the maintenance of muscle function and peak performance can become challenging due to an accumulation of fatigue. The provision of post-exercise dairy protein in adults has been previously shown to accelerate recovery; however, its efficacy in youth athletes is currently unknown. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of increased dairy protein consumption with plain Greek yogurt (GY) on performance and recovery indices during an intensified soccer training camp in adolescent female soccer players. Methods Thirteen players (14.3 ± 1.3 years) participated in a randomized, double blinded, crossover design study where they received 3 servings/day of either GY (~115 kcal, 17 g protein, ~11.5 g carbohydrates) or an isoenergetic carbohydrate control (CHO, ~115 kcal, 0.04 g protein, ~28.6 g carbohydrates) during two 5-day soccer-specific training camps. Performance was assessed before and after each training camp. Fasted, morning, creatine kinase (CK), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin 6 (IL6), interleukin 10 (IL10) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) were measured in plasma pre- and post-training. Results Training led to decrements in counter-movement jump (p = 0.01), broad jump (p = 0.04) and aerobic capacity (p = 0.006), with no effect of GY. A significant increase in anti-inflammatory cytokine IL10 was observed from pre- to post-training in GY (+26% [p = 0.008]) but not in CHO (p = 0.89). CRP and CK increased (+65% [p = 0.005] and +119% [p ≤ 0.001], respectively), while IGF-1 decreased (−34% [p ≤ 0.001]) from pre- to post-training with no difference between conditions. Conclusions These results demonstrate that consumption of GY did not offer any added recovery benefit with respect to measures of performance and in the attenuation of exercise-induced muscle damage above that achieved with energy-matched carbohydrate in this group of young female soccer players. However, regular consumption of GY may assist with the acute anti-inflammatory response during periods of intensified training in adolescent athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon J. McKinlay
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, Ontario, St. Catharines, Canada
- Faculty of Applied Health & Community Studies, Sheridan College, Brampton, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Bone & Muscle Health, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, Ontario, Canada
| | - Phillip J. Wallace
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, Ontario, St. Catharines, Canada
| | - Shai Olansky
- Centre for Bone & Muscle Health, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stacey Woods
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, Ontario, St. Catharines, Canada
- Centre for Bone & Muscle Health, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nigel Kurgan
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, Ontario, St. Catharines, Canada
- Centre for Bone & Muscle Health, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian D. Roy
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, Ontario, St. Catharines, Canada
- Centre for Bone & Muscle Health, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrea R. Josse
- Centre for Bone & Muscle Health, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, Ontario, Canada
- School of Kinesiology & Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bareket Falk
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, Ontario, St. Catharines, Canada
- Centre for Bone & Muscle Health, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, Ontario, Canada
| | - Panagiota Klentrou
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, Ontario, St. Catharines, Canada
- Centre for Bone & Muscle Health, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, Ontario, Canada
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Qiu F, Li J, Legerlotz K. Does Additional Dietary Supplementation Improve Physiotherapeutic Treatment Outcome in Tendinopathy? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Med 2022; 11:1666. [PMID: 35329992 PMCID: PMC8950117 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11061666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials was performed to evaluate the effects of dietary supplements in addition to physiotherapeutic treatment on pain and functional outcomes. PubMed, The Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Embase were searched from inception to November 2021 (Prospero registration: CRD42021291951). Studies were eligible if the interventions consisted of physiotherapeutic approaches that were combined with dietary supplementation and if they reported measures of pain and/or function. Six studies were included in the meta-analysis. Standardized mean differences (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated and analysed using a Review Manager software. Subgroup analysis was performed to explore possible associations between the study characteristics and the effectiveness of the intervention. Additional dietary supplementation during physiotherapeutic treatment significantly improved the reduction in pain score (SMD = −0.74, 95% CI, −1.37 to −0.10; p < 0.05), while it had no effect on functional outcomes (SMD = 0.29, 95% CI, 0.00 to 0.58; p > 0.05). This systematic review and meta-analysis suggests that additional nutritional interventions may improve physiotherapeutic treatment outcomes in the management of tendinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanji Qiu
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Jinfeng Li
- Department of Kinesiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA;
| | - Kirsten Legerlotz
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099 Berlin, Germany;
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Beigpoor A, McKinlay BJ, Kurgan N, Plyley MJ, O'Leary D, Falk B, Klentrou P. Cytokine concentrations in saliva vs. plasma at rest and in response to intense exercise in adolescent athletes. Ann Hum Biol 2021; 48:389-392. [PMID: 34514917 DOI: 10.1080/03014460.2021.1980105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salivary measures are advantageous in conducting large paediatric studies involving repeated measures. However, research measuring salivary cytokines in youth is limited. AIM Compare salivary with plasma concentrations of inflammatory cytokines at rest and following exercise in adolescent swimmers (21 male, 22 female). METHODS Following collection of resting saliva and blood samples, participants performed a bout of high-intensity interval swimming, with samples taken again ∼15 min post-swimming and analysed for interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin 10 (IL-10), and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). RESULTS Resting IL-10 was significantly lower, while IL-6 and TNF-α were significantly higher in saliva compared with plasma. IL-10 increased from pre- to post-swimming in plasma, but less so in saliva (51% vs. 29%; p = 0.02). TNF-α decreased post-swimming in saliva, but not in plasma (-27% vs -1%; p = 0.01). IL-6 decreased post-swimming in saliva compared with plasma (-21% vs. -3%; p = 0.06). Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) revealed no association between salivary and plasma IL-6 and TNF-α, while IL-10 showed a weak correlation only at rest (ICC = 0.39; p = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Differences in concentrations and exercise responses, along with weak correlations, suggest that salivary cytokine levels are not an accurate representation of blood cytokine levels, and should not be used as a surrogate measure in paediatric studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abrisham Beigpoor
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Canada
| | - Brandon J McKinlay
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Canada
| | - Nigel Kurgan
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Canada
| | - Michael J Plyley
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Canada
| | - Deborah O'Leary
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Canada.,Brock-Niagara Centre for Health and Well-Being, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Canada
| | - Bareket Falk
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Canada
| | - Panagiota Klentrou
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Canada
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Klentrou P. Special Issue on Health, Physical Activity, and Performance in Youth. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18178975. [PMID: 34501565 PMCID: PMC8430991 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18178975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota Klentrou
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
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Sanderson M, McKinlay BJ, Theocharidis A, Kouvelioti R, Falk B, Klentrou P. Changes in Inflammatory Cytokines and Irisin in Response to High Intensity Swimming in Adolescent versus Adult Male Swimmers. Sports (Basel) 2020; 8:E157. [PMID: 33271764 PMCID: PMC7760547 DOI: 10.3390/sports8120157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Swimming is a popular youth sport that is considered beneficial for cardiovascular fitness. However, the potential inflammatory outcomes of high intensity swimming in younger swimmers are unclear, as is the response of irisin, a myokine released during exercise with anti-inflammatory properties. This study compared the plasma concentrations of interleukins 1-beta (IL-1β), 6 (IL-6), 10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and irisin in response to intense swimming between adolescent and adult male swimmers. Thirty-two swimmers (16 adolescents, 14 ± 1 years; 16 adults, 21.5 ± 3.1 years) completed a high intensity interval swimming trial. At rest, only TNF-α was higher (33%, p < 0.05) in adolescents compared with adults. There was an overall significant increase in IL-1β from pre- to post-swimming (3% in adolescents, 24% in adults), but no significant interaction. IL-10 significantly increased in both groups (+34% in adolescents, +56% in adults). IL-6 and TNF-α increased significantly (+32% and +26%, respectively) in adults, but not in adolescents (+2% and -9%, respectively). Adults showed a small, but significant decrease in irisin (-5%), with no change in adolescents. The lack of an IL-6, TNF-α and irisin response to intense swimming in adolescent swimmers may suggest a blunted inflammatory and myokine response following high intensity exercise in trained youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm Sanderson
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada; (M.S.); (B.J.M.); (A.T.); (R.K.); (B.F.)
| | - Brandon J. McKinlay
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada; (M.S.); (B.J.M.); (A.T.); (R.K.); (B.F.)
- Centre for Bone and Muscle Health, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Alexandros Theocharidis
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada; (M.S.); (B.J.M.); (A.T.); (R.K.); (B.F.)
| | - Rozalia Kouvelioti
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada; (M.S.); (B.J.M.); (A.T.); (R.K.); (B.F.)
- Centre for Bone and Muscle Health, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Bareket Falk
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada; (M.S.); (B.J.M.); (A.T.); (R.K.); (B.F.)
- Centre for Bone and Muscle Health, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Panagiota Klentrou
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada; (M.S.); (B.J.M.); (A.T.); (R.K.); (B.F.)
- Centre for Bone and Muscle Health, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
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