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Gómez García AM, García-Rico E. Influence of Healthcare Delivery Type on Patients' Mental Health: Is Hospitalization Always a Stressful Factor? Can Allostatic Load Help Assess a Patient's Psychological Disorders? Clin Pract 2024; 14:995-1009. [PMID: 38921257 PMCID: PMC11202436 DOI: 10.3390/clinpract14030079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychological distress is a predictor of future health and disease data, with consequent implications for both the patient and the healthcare system. Taking advantage of the unprecedented situation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic we aimed to assess whether the type of medical care received by patients during the initial months of the pandemic influenced their evolution, particularly at the psychological level. Additionally, we investigated whether allostatic load was associated not only with physical but also psychological alterations. METHODS All the patients diagnosed with COVID-19 infection at HM Madrid Hospital during the month of March 2020 were studied, both those hospitalized (110) and those treated on an outpatient basis (46). They were psychologically evaluated using the Profile of Mood States (POMS) test. We calculated the allostatic load using different laboratory parameters. RESULTS Outpatient patients had significantly higher scores than hospitalized ones in Tension-Anxiety (52 ± 19.3 vs. 38 ± 4.3; p < 0.001). So, 36.9% of the outpatient patients exhibited anxiety. Allostatic load has not been correlated with patients' psychological alterations. CONCLUSIONS Psychological distress of outpatient patients should be taken into account in their management to improve mental health planning. This knowledge could provide comprehensive care to patients including their mental health, in the face of subsequent epidemics/pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana María Gómez García
- Internal Medicine Unit, Hospital Universitario HM Madrid, 28015 Madrid, Spain
- Facultad HM de Ciencias de la Salud de la Universidad Camilo José Cela, 28010 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo García-Rico
- Facultad HM de Ciencias de la Salud de la Universidad Camilo José Cela, 28010 Madrid, Spain
- Medical Oncology Unit, Hospital Universitario HM Torrelodones, 28250 Madrid, Spain
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José H, Oliveira C, Costa E, Matos F, Pacheco E, Nave F, Valentim O, Sousa L. Anxiety and Depression in the Initial Stage of the COVID-19 Outbreak in a Portuguese Sample: Exploratory Study. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:659. [PMID: 36900664 PMCID: PMC10001093 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11050659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In previous studies, it was found that the confinement to which the population was subjected during the quarantine of the COVID-19 pandemic increased the risk of anxiety and depression. OBJECTIVE to analyze the levels of anxiety and depression symptoms in Portugal residents during the quarantine of the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS This is a descriptive, transversal, and exploratory study of non-probabilistic sampling. Data collection was carried out between 6th and 31st of May 2020. Sociodemographic and health questionnaires PHQ-9 and GAD-7 were used. RESULTS The sample consisted of 920 individuals. The prevalence for depressive symptoms (PHQ-9 ≥ 5) was 68.2% and (PHQ-9 ≥ 10) was 34.8%, and for anxiety symptoms (GAD-7 ≥ 5) was 60.4% and (GAD-7 ≥ 10) was 20%. Depressive symptoms were moderately severe for 8.9% of the individuals, and 4.8% presented severe depression. Regarding the generalized anxiety disorder, we found that 11.6% of individuals present moderate symptoms, and 8.4% severe anxiety symptoms. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of depressive and anxiety symptoms were substantially higher than those previously found for the Portuguese population and when compared with other countries during the pandemic. Younger individuals, female, with chronic illness and medicated, were more vulnerable to depressive and anxious symptoms. In contrast, participants who maintained frequent levels of physical activity during confinement had their mental health protected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena José
- Escola Superior de Saúde Atlântica, Fábrica da Pólvora, 2730-036 Barcarena, Portugal
- The Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing, Coimbra Nursing School, 3045-043 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Oliveira
- Escola Superior de Saúde Atlântica, Fábrica da Pólvora, 2730-036 Barcarena, Portugal
- The Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing, Coimbra Nursing School, 3045-043 Coimbra, Portugal
- Research in Education and Community Intervention, 4410-372 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
- Escola Superior de Saúde Jean Piaget Algarve, 8300-025 Silves, Portugal
| | - Emília Costa
- The Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing, Coimbra Nursing School, 3045-043 Coimbra, Portugal
- Nursing Departamento, Escola Superior de Saúde da Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Filomena Matos
- The Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing, Coimbra Nursing School, 3045-043 Coimbra, Portugal
- Nursing Departamento, Escola Superior de Saúde da Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Eusébio Pacheco
- The Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing, Coimbra Nursing School, 3045-043 Coimbra, Portugal
- Nursing Departamento, Escola Superior de Saúde da Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Filipe Nave
- The Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing, Coimbra Nursing School, 3045-043 Coimbra, Portugal
- Nursing Departamento, Escola Superior de Saúde da Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Olga Valentim
- Nursing School of Lisbon (ESEL), 1600-096 Lisboa, Portugal
- Nursing Research, Innovation and Development Centre of Lisbon (CIDNUR), Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1600-096 Lisboa, Portugal
- Center for Health Technology and Services (CINTESIS@RISE), Research Group Innovation & Development in Nursing (NursID), 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís Sousa
- Escola Superior de Saúde Atlântica, Fábrica da Pólvora, 2730-036 Barcarena, Portugal
- Comprehensive Health Research Centre, 7000-811 Évora, Portugal
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Cuadrado E, Arenas A, Moyano M, La Gamma M. Development and Validation of the COVID-19 Worries and Fears Scale. Int J Public Health 2023; 67:1604600. [PMID: 36699953 PMCID: PMC9868128 DOI: 10.3389/ijph.2022.1604600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: How individuals perceive the risk of COVID-19 influences their mental health and protective behaviors. Therefore, the development of an instrument to capture COVID-19-related worries and fears is relevant. This study aims to develop and validate the CoV-WoFe to measure COVID-19-related worries and fears. Methods: An online questionnaire was completed by 593 participants during Christmas 2020 and by 328 participants during Summer 2021, from which 88 participants formed a longitudinal sample. Results: Analyses confirmed a robust adjustment for consistency over time and a gender-invariant bifactorial structure. Factor 1 represented worry about the health consequences of COVID-19 and Factor 2 represented the perceived physiological symptoms associated with fear of COVID-19. Construct validity was evidenced by: the expected relations between the CoV-WoFe and other theoretically related constructs; the serial mediating role of both dimensions in the relationship that security values establish with protective behaviors against COVID-19 and with anxiety; and the expected gender differences in the Cov-WoFe. Conclusion: The CoV-WoFe represents a short, valid, reliable, gender-invariant tool that is easy to apply in both the health professional and research context to assessCOVID-19-related worries and fears, which are variables of relevance for spread of the virus and for mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Cuadrado
- Department of Psychology, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Alicia Arenas
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Social Psychology, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Manuel Moyano
- Department of Psychology, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Martina La Gamma
- Department of Psychology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Cuadrado E, Rich-Ruiz M, Gutiérrez-Domingo T, Luque B, Castillo-Mayén R, Villaécija J, Farhane-Medina NZ. Regulatory emotional self-efficacy and anxiety in times of pandemic: a gender perspective. Health Psychol Behav Med 2022; 11:2158831. [PMID: 36606006 PMCID: PMC9809367 DOI: 10.1080/21642850.2022.2158831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The COVID-19 pandemic and resultant lockdown and containment measures have instigated substantial changes in our daily lives and have affected many people's mental health. This paper reports two studies exploring gender-based differences with regard to the impact of COVID-related confinement on individuals' self-efficacy to regulate negative emotions (RESE-NE) and anxiety. Methods Study 1 (cross-sectional; 269 participants; 52% women) explored the evolution of RESE-NE and anxiety. To this end, participants assessed their status at two time points: a retrospective assessment of the period before confinement in Spain, and a current assessment during confinement. Study 2 (longitudinal; 114 participants; 72.2% women) explored the evolution of the variables by adding a post-confinement time point and analyzed the mediating role of RESE-NE in the positivity-anxiety and resilience-anxiety relationships. Results The results confirmed that: (a) RESE-NE decreased and anxiety increased more among women than among men during confinement (Study 1); (b) women recovered their pre-pandemic levels of mental health more slowly than did men following confinement; and (c) the mediating role of RESE-NE could be observed in the two relationships under analysis. Conclusion In practical terms, the research highlights the need to pay special attention to women undergoing mental health interventions related to the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as to the differential burden that the pandemic may entail for men and women and to the contrasting social roles traditionally attributed to them. From the gender differences identified, it is possible to infer how stereotypes and social roles influence the behavior and mental health of men and women, leading them to cope differently with stressful situations such as confinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Cuadrado
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain,Department of Psychology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain, Esther Cuadrado Department of Psychology, University of Cordoba, Calle San Alberto Magno s/n, Córdoba14071, Spain
| | - Manuel Rich-Ruiz
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain,Department of Nursing, Pharmacology and Physiotherapy, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Tamara Gutiérrez-Domingo
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain,Department of Psychology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Bárbara Luque
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain,Department of Psychology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Rosario Castillo-Mayén
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain,Department of Psychology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Joaquín Villaécija
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain,Department of Psychology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Naima Z. Farhane-Medina
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain,Department of Psychology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
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Delpino FM, da Silva CN, Jerônimo JS, Mulling ES, da Cunha LL, Weymar MK, Alt R, Caputo EL, Feter N. Prevalence of anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis of over 2 million people. J Affect Disord 2022; 318:272-282. [PMID: 36096370 PMCID: PMC9462928 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Uncertainty, disruptions in daily routines, and concerns for the health and well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic are likely associated with increases in generalized anxiety. The present study aimed to systematically review the literature in order to identify the update prevalence of anxiety in the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS A systematic review and meta-analysis. It included studies that assessed the prevalence of anxiety among the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic. RESULTS In total, we included 194 studies. The general prevalence of anxiety was 35.1 %, affecting approximately 851,000 participants. The prevalence in low and middle-income countries (35.1 %; 95%CI: 29.5 % to 41.0 %) was similar compared to high-income countries (34.7 %; 95%CI: 29.6 % to 40.1 %). In studies that provided the proportion of cases in each level of anxiety disorder, mild-to-moderate anxiety affected one quarter of the participants. One in ten cases with anxiety during the COVID-19 may be living with severe or extremely anxiety disorder. Most instruments estimated similar prevalence of anxiety disorders with notable difference in the prevalence estimated by the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 2-item (GAD-2), Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). CONCLUSION One in three adults were living with anxiety disorder during the COVID-19 pandemic worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Mendes Delpino
- Postgraduate Program in Nursing, Federal University of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | | | - Jeferson Santos Jerônimo
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Eliete Stark Mulling
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Larissa Leal da Cunha
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Marina Krause Weymar
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Alt
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Eduardo L. Caputo
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Natan Feter
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Marcos-Pardo PJ, Abelleira-Lamela T, Vaquero-Cristobal R, González-Gálvez N. Changes in life satisfaction, depression, general health and sleep quality of Spanish older women during COVID-19 lockdown and their relationship with lifestyle: an observational follow-up study. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e061993. [PMID: 36002204 PMCID: PMC9412044 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-061993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJETIVES To analyse the effects of COVID-19 lockdown on mental well-being variables of older women, and to determine the influence of lifestyle and age on such effects. The hypothesis of the study was that all parameters related to mental well-being would worsen in older women during the COVID-19 lockdown. DESIGN Observational follow-up study. Pre lockdown measurements were taken before the lockdown. Post lockdown measurements were taken as soon as began the de-escalation. SETTING Senior centres in the Region of Murcia (Spain). PARTICIPANTS The sample was composed of 40 older women volunteers, over 54 years of age (mean age=62.35±8.15 years). PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES Pre lockdown and post lockdown evaluations were carried out face to face. The following questionnaires were completed: Satisfaction with Life Scale, The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, The Short Form 36 Health Survey, The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire and Prevention with Mediterranean Diet. RESULTS Post lockdown, a worsening was found in the variables of life satisfaction (p=0.001); depression (p<0.001), quality of life in physical role (p=0.006), pain (p=0.004), emotional role (p<0.001) and mental health (p<0.001); and sleep quality (p=0.018), sleep latency (p=0.004), sleep disturbances (p=0.002) and global sleep quality score (p=0.002). It was found how age influenced the variables of pain (p=0.003) and social role (p=0.047), as well as the influence of a healthy lifestyle on the variables analysed (F=6.214; p=0.017). Adherence to the Mediterranean diet was shown to be a protective factor against increased depression (p=0.03). Spending time sitting was shown to be a risk factor for physical role health (p=0.002), as was advanced age on health due to worsening pain (p=0.005), or an unhealthy lifestyle on increased consumption of sleeping aids (p=0.017). CONCLUSION The lockdown had a great negative impact on Spanish older women on mental well-being variables. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT04958499.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Jorge Marcos-Pardo
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, Universidad de Almeria, Almeria, Andalucía, Spain
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
- Active Aging, Exercise and Health/HEALTHY-AGE Network, Consejo Superior de Deportes, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tomás Abelleira-Lamela
- Injury prevention in sport Research Group (PRELEDE), Faculty of Sport, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Raquel Vaquero-Cristobal
- Active Aging, Exercise and Health/HEALTHY-AGE Network, Consejo Superior de Deportes, Madrid, Spain
- Injury prevention in sport Research Group (PRELEDE), Faculty of Sport, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Noelia González-Gálvez
- Active Aging, Exercise and Health/HEALTHY-AGE Network, Consejo Superior de Deportes, Madrid, Spain
- Injury prevention in sport Research Group (PRELEDE), Faculty of Sport, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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Mental Health Consequences of COVID-19 Pandemic Period in the European Population: An Institutional Challenge. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19159347. [PMID: 35954706 PMCID: PMC9367746 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19159347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The worldwide spread of SARS-CoV-2 has been responsible for an infectious pandemic, with repercussions on socio-economic aspects and on the physical and mental health of the general population. The present systematic review aimed to evaluate the data belonging to the European framework, analyzing the population by age group. Original articles and reviews on the state of mental health of the general European population have been researched starting from 2021. Initially, a total of 1764 studies were found, among which a total of 75 were selected. Youth were the age group most affected by pandemic consequences on mental health, with emotional and behavioral alterations observed from a third to more than a half of children and adolescents examined. Among both adolescents and adults, the female gender had a higher prevalence of psychopathological symptoms. The main risk factors were poor social support, economic difficulties, and, in particular, unemployment or job changes. Additional individual risk factors were the perception of loneliness, the presence of pre-pandemic mental illness/distress, and some personality traits, such as neuroticism, impulsiveness, and the use of maladaptive coping strategies. Unexpectedly, the elderly maintained good resilience towards change, even if a stress factor was represented by the feeling of loneliness and poor social contact. As regards suicidal behaviors, among adolescents, there was an increase in attempts of 25%, with a greater risk for the female gender. This risk increased also among adults, in association with symptoms of anxiety and depression, and poor socio-environmental conditions. In conclusion, some population groups were found to be at greater risk of psychological burden during pandemic waves, thus representing priority targets for socio-health interventions.
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Lakshmi KP, Chandra S, Sathyapalan D, Jain K. Panic disorder in COVID-19 patients admitted in a tertiary care hospital in South India. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/1995-7645.354523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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