1
|
Bhattarai H, Tai APK, Val Martin M, Yung DHY. Responses of fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) air quality to future climate, land use, and emission changes: Insights from modeling across shared socioeconomic pathways. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 948:174611. [PMID: 38992356 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Air pollution induced by fine particulate matter with diameter ≤ 2.5 μm (PM2.5) poses a significant challenge for global air quality management. Understanding how factors such as climate change, land use and land cover change (LULCC), and changing emissions interact to impact PM2.5 remains limited. To address this gap, we employed the Community Earth System Model and examined both the individual and combined effects of these factors on global surface PM2.5 in 2010 and projected scenarios for 2050 under different Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs). Our results reveal biomass-burning and anthropogenic emissions as the primary drivers of surface PM2.5 across all SSPs. Less polluted regions like the US and Europe are expected to experience substantial PM2.5 reduction in all future scenarios, reaching up to ~5 μg m-3 (70 %) in SSP1. However, heavily polluted regions like India and China may experience varied outcomes, with a potential decrease in SSP1 and increase under SSP3. Eastern China witness ~20 % rise in PM2.5 under SSP3, while northern India may experience ~70 % increase under same scenario. Depending on the region, climate change alone is expected to change PM2.5 up to ±5 μg m-3, while the influence of LULCC appears even weaker. The modest changes in PM2.5 attributable to LULCC and climate change are associated with aerosol chemistry and meteorological effects, including biogenic volatile organic compound emissions, SO2 oxidation, and NH4NO3 formation. Despite their comparatively minor role, LULCC and climate change can still significantly shape future air quality in specific regions, potentially counteracting the benefits of emission control initiatives. This study underscores the pivotal role of changes in anthropogenic emissions in shaping future PM2.5 across all SSP scenarios. Thus, addressing all contributing factors, with a primary focus on reducing anthropogenic emissions, is crucial for achieving sustainable reduction in surface PM2.5 levels and meeting sustainable pollution mitigation goals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hemraj Bhattarai
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Programme and Graduate Division of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Amos P K Tai
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Programme and Graduate Division of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Institute of Environment, Energy and Sustainability, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Maria Val Martin
- Leverhulme Centre for Climate Change Mitigation, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
| | - David H Y Yung
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Programme and Graduate Division of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang Y, Hu J, Wu Y, Kota SH, Zhang H, Gong K, Xie X, Yue X, Liao H, Huang L. Continued Rise in Health Burden from Ambient PM 2.5 in India under SSP Scenarios Until 2100 despite Decreasing Concentrations. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:8685-8695. [PMID: 38709795 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c02264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Forecasting alterations in ambient air pollution and the consequent health implications is crucial for safeguarding public health, advancing environmental sustainability, informing economic decision making, and promoting appropriate policy and regulatory action. However, predicting such changes poses a substantial challenge, requiring accurate data, sophisticated modeling methodologies, and a meticulous evaluation of multiple drivers. In this study, we calculate premature deaths due to ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure in India from the 2020s (2016-2020) to the 2100s (2095-2100) under four different socioeconomic and climate scenarios (SSPs) based on four CMIP6 models. PM2.5 concentrations decreased in all SSP scenarios except for SSP3-7.0, with the lowest concentration observed in SSP1-2.6. The results indicate an upward trend in the five-year average number of deaths across all scenarios, ranging from 1.01 million in the 2020s to 4.12-5.44 million in the 2100s. Further analysis revealed that the benefits of reducing PM2.5 concentrations under all scenarios are largely mitigated by population aging and growth. These findings underscore the importance of proactive measures and an integrated approach in India to improve atmospheric quality and reduce vulnerability to aging under changing climate conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiyi Wang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jianlin Hu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Yangyang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Sri Harsha Kota
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Kangjia Gong
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Xiaodong Xie
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Xu Yue
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Hong Liao
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Lei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu H, Zhang X, Deng L, Zhao Y, Tao S, Jia H, Xu J, Xia J. A simulation and risk assessment framework for water-energy-environment nexus: A case study in the city cluster along the middle reach of the Yangtze River, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169212. [PMID: 38097084 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
In the Anthropocene, there is a strong interlinkage among water, energy, and the environment. The water-energy-environment nexus (WEEN) has been vigorously advocated as an emerging development paradigm and a global research agenda. Based on the nexus concept, a framework for the WEEN complex system simulation and risk assessment is developed. The three metropolitan areas of the city cluster along the middle reaches of the Yangtze River (CCMRYR) are taken as the objects. Regional policies are combined with generic shared socio-economic pathways (SSPs) to form a localized SSPs suitable for the research region. The dynamic simulation of the WEEN complex system and the risk analysis are carried out with the combination of system dynamics models and copula functions. Results show that: There are obvious differences in water utilization, energy consumption, air pollutant emissions, and water pollutant emissions among the three metropolitan areas. The issue of high carbon intensity in the Wuhan Metropolitan Coordinating Region needs to be emphasized and solved from the perspective of optimizing the industrial structure. Adhering to current development patterns, there will be successive peaks in water utilization, energy consumption, and carbon emissions in Wuhan, Dongting Lake, and Poyang Lake Metropolitan Coordinating Region by 2030, leading to high synergy risks at the systemic level, with maximum values of 0.84, 0.85, 0.62, respectively. A development path based on conservation priorities indicates that future policymaking needs to prioritize a resource-saving and pollution-control development pattern directed by technological upgrading against the backdrop of scarce natural resource endowments. The localized SSPs are a beneficial extension that enriches the narrative of regional-scale SSPs. The evolutionary trajectories and risk assessments of WEEN complex systems under different localized SSPs provide a sweeping insight into the consequences of policy decisions, thus enabling policymakers to appraise policy rationality and implement appropriate corrective measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haoyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Water System Science for Sponge City Construction, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Water System Science for Sponge City Construction, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Liangkun Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Water System Science for Sponge City Construction, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Ye Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Water System Science for Sponge City Construction, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Shiyong Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Water System Science for Sponge City Construction, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Haifeng Jia
- School of environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Water System Science for Sponge City Construction, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jun Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Water System Science for Sponge City Construction, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Turnock ST, Reddington CL, West JJ, O’Connor FM. The Air Pollution Human Health Burden in Different Future Scenarios That Involve the Mitigation of Near-Term Climate Forcers, Climate and Land-Use. GEOHEALTH 2023; 7:e2023GH000812. [PMID: 37593109 PMCID: PMC10427835 DOI: 10.1029/2023gh000812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Elevated surface concentrations of ozone and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) can lead to poor air quality and detrimental impacts on human health. These pollutants are also termed Near-Term Climate Forcers (NTCFs) as they can also influence the Earth's radiative balance on timescales shorter than long-lived greenhouse gases. Here we use the Earth system model, UKESM1, to simulate the change in surface ozone and PM2.5 concentrations from different NTCF mitigation scenarios, conducted as part of the Aerosol and Chemistry Model Intercomparison Project (AerChemMIP). These are then combined with relative risk estimates and projected changes in population demographics, to estimate the mortality burden attributable to long-term exposure to ambient air pollution. Scenarios that involve the strong mitigation of air pollutant emissions yield large future benefits to human health (25%), particularly across Asia for black carbon (7%), when compared to the future reference pathway. However, if anthropogenic emissions follow the reference pathway, then impacts to human health worsen over South Asia in the short term (11%) and across Africa (20%) in the longer term. Future climate change impacts on air pollutants can offset some of the health benefits achieved by emission mitigation measures over Europe for PM2.5 and East Asia for ozone. In addition, differences in the future chemical environment over regions are important considerations for mitigation measures to achieve the largest benefit to human health. Future policy measures to mitigate climate warming need to also consider the impact on air quality and human health across different regions to achieve the maximum co-benefits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven T. Turnock
- Met Office Hadley CentreExeterUK
- University of Leeds Met Office Strategic (LUMOS) Research GroupUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Carly L. Reddington
- Institute of Climate and Atmospheric Science (ICAS)School of Earth and EnvironmentUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - J. Jason West
- Department of Environmental Sciences and EngineeringUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNCUSA
| | - Fiona M. O’Connor
- Met Office Hadley CentreExeterUK
- Department of Mathematics and StatisticsGlobal Systems InstituteUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chen W, Lu X, Yuan D, Chen Y, Li Z, Huang Y, Fung T, Sun H, Fung JCH. Global PM 2.5 Prediction and Associated Mortality to 2100 under Different Climate Change Scenarios. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 37377020 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c03804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has severe adverse health impacts, making it crucial to reduce PM2.5 exposure for public health. Meteorological and emissions factors, which considerably affect the PM2.5 concentrations in the atmosphere, vary substantially under different climate change scenarios. In this work, global PM2.5 concentrations from 2021 to 2100 were generated by combining the deep learning technique, reanalysis data, emission data, and bias-corrected CMIP6 future climate scenario data. Based on the estimated PM2.5 concentrations, the future premature mortality burden was assessed using the Global Exposure Mortality Model. Our results reveal that SSP3-7.0 scenario is associated with the highest PM2.5 exposure, with a global concentration of 34.5 μg/m3 in 2100, while SSP1-2.6 scenario has the lowest exposure, with an estimated of 15.7 μg/m3 in 2100. PM2.5-related deaths for individuals under 75 years will decrease by 16.3 and 10.5% under SSP1-2.6 and SSP5-8.5, respectively, from 2030s to 2090s. However, premature mortality for elderly individuals (>75 years) will increase, causing the contrary trends of improved air quality and increased total PM2.5-related deaths in the four SSPs. Our results emphasize the need for stronger air pollution mitigation measures to offset the future burden posed by population age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wanying Chen
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
- Atmospheric Research Center, Guangzhou HKUST Fok Ying Tung Research Institute, Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Xingcheng Lu
- Department of Geography and Resource Management, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Dehao Yuan
- Department of Computer Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Yiang Chen
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
- Atmospheric Research Center, Guangzhou HKUST Fok Ying Tung Research Institute, Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Zhenning Li
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Yeqi Huang
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Tung Fung
- Department of Geography and Resource Management, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Haochen Sun
- Department of Mathematics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Jimmy C H Fung
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
- Atmospheric Research Center, Guangzhou HKUST Fok Ying Tung Research Institute, Guangzhou 511458, China
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Xiang S, Guo X, Kou W, Zeng X, Yan F, Liu G, Zhu Y, Xie Y, Lin X, Han W, Gao Y. Substantial short- and long-term health effect due to PM 2.5 and the constituents even under future emission reductions in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 874:162433. [PMID: 36841405 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Heavy pollution events of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) frequently occur in China, seriously affecting the human health. However, how meteorological factors and anthropogenic emissions affect PM2.5 and the major constituents, as well as the subsequent health effect, remains unclear. Here, based on regional climate and air quality models Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) and Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ), the PM2.5 and major constituents in China at present and mid-century under the carbon neutral scenario Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP)1-2.6 are simulated. Due to anthropogenic emission reduction, concentrations of PM2.5 and the constituents decrease substantially in SSP1-2.6. The long-term exposure premature deaths at present are 2.23 million per year in mainland China, which is projected to increase by 76 % under SSP1-2.6 despite emission reduction, primarily attributable to aging which strikingly offsets the effect of air quality improvement. The number of annual premature deaths resulting from short-term exposure is 228,104 in mainland China at present, which is projected to decrease in the future. Using North China Plain as an example, we identify that among the major constituents of PM2.5, organic carbon leads to the most short-term exposure deaths considering the largest exposure-response coefficient. Regarding the abnormally meteorological conditions, we find, relative to low relative humidity (RH) and non-stagnation, the compound events, defined as concurrence of high RH and atmospheric stagnation, exhibit an amplified role inducing larger premature deaths compared to the additive effect of the individual event of high RH and atmospheric stagnation. This nonlinear effect occurs at both present and future, but diminished in future due to emission reductions. Our study highlights the importance of considering both the long- and short-term premature deaths associated with PM2.5 and the constituents, as well as the critical effect of extreme weather events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Xiang
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System (FDOMES) and Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, and Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Xiuwen Guo
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System (FDOMES) and Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, and Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Wenbin Kou
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System (FDOMES) and Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, and Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Xinran Zeng
- Zhejiang Institute of Meteorological Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Feifan Yan
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System (FDOMES) and Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, and Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Guangliang Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Computer Networks, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250101, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhu
- China National Environmental Monitoring Centre, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yang Xie
- School of Economics and Management, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiaopei Lin
- Frontier Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System (FDOMES) and Physical Oceanography Laboratory, Ocean University of China, and Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Wei Han
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System (FDOMES) and Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, and Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266100, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang Y, Hu J, Huang L, Li T, Yue X, Xie X, Liao H, Chen K, Wang M. Projecting future health burden associated with exposure to ambient PM 2.5 and ozone in China under different climate scenarios. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 169:107542. [PMID: 36194980 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Projecting future air pollution and related health burdens remains challenging because of the complex interactions among future emissions, population, and climate change. In this study, we estimated the premature deaths attributed to ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ozone (O3) from 2015 to 2100 under four socioeconomic climate scenarios based on an age-stratified assessment method. We found that PM2.5 will decrease in all shared socioeconomic pathway (SSP) scenarios and O3 will decrease in the SSP1-2.6 and SSP2-4.5 scenarios, contributing to a decrease in premature mortality together with the declining total population in China. However, the benefits of a decline in population size and PM2.5 and O3 concentrations over time will be largely offset by population aging, and premature death caused by PM2.5 and O3 will continue to rise till 2060-2080. This impact was greater for the O3-related deaths than those for PM2.5. Our study highlights the importance of future prevention strategies that must jointly improve air quality and susceptibility to aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiyi Wang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jianlin Hu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Lei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Tiantian Li
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Yue
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Xiaodong Xie
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Hong Liao
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Kai Chen
- Yale Center on Climate Change and Health, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT 06520-8034, USA
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA; RENEW Institute, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|