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Jain R, Nadella M, Byrne R, Jayachandran N, Quinn M, Owens BD. Epidemiology of Testicular Trauma in Sports: Analysis of the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System Database. J Emerg Med 2024:S0736-4679(24)00194-X. [PMID: 39277497 DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2024.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The epidemiology of testicular trauma in sports on a national scale has not been well studied. Timely management and treatment after testicular trauma is critical to avoid serious, long-term ramifications of mismanagement. OBJECTIVE The aim was to analyze trends in sports-related testicular trauma based on specific sports and patient demographic characteristics over time. METHODS The National Electronic Injury Surveillance System was queried for emergency department cases between 2012 and 2021 with injuries in the pubic region related to 10 commonly played sports. Variables examined included patient age, race, disposition, and sport using incidence rate, incidence rate ratios, and χ2 analysis. RESULTS There were an estimated 28,844 emergency department cases of sports-related testicular trauma between 2012 and 2021. Young patients, aged between 10 and 14 years and 15 and 19 years, accounted for most cases, and results of χ2 analysis showed a significant difference in incidence based on age group (p < 0.01). Most injuries occurred while athletes played basketball, football, and soccer (73.6%). CONCLUSIONS Sports-related testicular trauma injury rates remained steady between 2012 and 2021, which suggests greater efforts are necessary to reduce the incidence of sports-related testicular trauma. Education efforts should focus on 10- to 19-year-olds because they have the highest incidence. Given the high incidence in sports like basketball and soccer compared with football and lacrosse, testicular trauma seems to be a risk for athletes competing both recreationally and competitively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishubh Jain
- Department of Orthopedics, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Mohnish Nadella
- Department of Orthopedics, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Rory Byrne
- Department of Orthopedics, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Nishant Jayachandran
- Department of Orthopedics, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Matthew Quinn
- Department of Orthopedics, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Brett D Owens
- Department of Orthopedics, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
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Carrière R, Trottier C, Drapeau V, Frenette É, Goulet C, Brochu C, Camiré M, Lemyre PN. Winner for Life: A three-year study of student-athletes' life skills development in a training programme for coaches and teachers. PSYCHOLOGY OF SPORT AND EXERCISE 2024; 71:102573. [PMID: 38048835 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2023.102573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Growing numbers of researchers have investigated how training programmes influence coaches' and teachers' ability to promote life skills development, and concurrently, athlete-related outcomes. This study aimed to examine high school student-athletes' development of life skills through a three-year programme called Winner for Life (Gagnant pour la vie). Delivered online to high school coaches and teachers, the programme targeted five life skills: (a) Goal Setting and Concentration (Year 1), (b) Healthy Eating Habits and Safety Behaviours (Year 2), and Physical and Mental Recovery (Year 3). In all, 148 student-athletes participated in the programme and completed questionnaires at five time points to assess life skills development. A general linear repeated measures model was used to assess changes over time. Missing data were handled using multiple imputations. Student-athletes reported higher scores on Goal Setting subscale at time 2 (vs. time 1) and time 3 (vs. time 2) and on Social Recovery subscale at time 2 (vs. time 1). They also reported lower scores on Sleep Quality subscale at time 3 (vs. time 2) and time 5 (vs. time 4). Additionally, a significant interaction was observed between student-athletes' age (mean = 13.5 years) at study start, and improvements on certain life skills subscales over time. Overall, the fact that student-athletes did not improve on all life skills could be explained by the COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns, which limited the programme's influence from time 3. Results should be considered in light of limitations regarding gender distribution and ceiling effects on student-athletes' scores. Recommendations to improve future life skills programmes are discussed, such as involving parents in delivery and encouraging life skills teaching over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxane Carrière
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education, and Interuniversity Research Centre on Teacher Training and the Teaching Profession (CRIFPE), Université Laval, Canada
| | - Christiane Trottier
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medecine, and Interuniversity Research Centre on Teacher Training and the Teaching Profession (CRIFPE), Université Laval, Canada
| | - Vicky Drapeau
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medecine, and Interuniversity Research Centre on Teacher Training and the Teaching Profession (CRIFPE), Université Laval, Canada
| | - Éric Frenette
- Department of Educational Foundations and Practices, Faculty of Education, Université Laval, Canada
| | - Claude Goulet
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education, and Interuniversity Research Centre on Teacher Training and the Teaching Profession (CRIFPE), Université Laval, Canada
| | - Charlotte Brochu
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medecine, and Interuniversity Research Centre on Teacher Training and the Teaching Profession (CRIFPE), Université Laval, Canada
| | - Martin Camiré
- School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Canada
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Rivera DK, Brown J, Bay RC, Valovich McLeod TC. The Influence of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Baseline Concussion Symptom Assessments Among Adolescents. Cureus 2024; 16:e56235. [PMID: 38618453 PMCID: PMC11016293 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.56235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in the cancellation of high school sports in spring 2020, a modified resumption of sports in the 2020-2021 academic year, and a return to pre-pandemic sports in 2021-2022. This cancellation had a major impact on the quality of life of adolescent athletes, but it is unknown exactly how these pandemic-driven sports disruptions on athlete baseline (preseason) symptoms affected quality of life. Therefore, the current study retrospectively evaluated symptom inventories from Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing (ImPACT) assessments to determine whether the cancellation of sports during the COVID-19 pandemic affected baseline (preseason) self-reported symptoms among adolescent athletes. Methods Our study used a retrospective cohort design to evaluate high school athletes with complete ImPACT assessments in the academic years before (2018-2019 and 2019-2020), during (2020-2021), and after (2021-2022) the pandemic. Specifically, data from a 22-item symptom report called the Post-Concussion Symptom Scale (PCSS) assessed during ImPACT was collected and analyzed using generalized linear models with a Tweedie exponential dispersion model and post hoc Tukey's honestly significant difference tests. The main outcomes were the total symptom severity score and the affective cluster score. Secondary outcomes were the analysis of the vestibular-somatic, cognitive-sensory, and sleep-arousal symptom clusters. Results Of the 104,274 ImPACT assessments, the total symptom severity score on the PCSS was different across years (p<0.001). There were lower symptom scores in 2020-2021 (5.33, 95% CI = 5.13-5.54) than in 2018-2019 (6.82, 95% CI = 6.63-7.01), 2019-2020 (6.94, 95% CI = 6.75-7.14), and 2021-2022 (6.44, 95% CI = 6.25-6.64). The cluster scores on the PCSS for affective, cognitive-sensory, sleep-arousal, and vestibular-somatic were also lower (p<0.001) in 2020-2021 than in 2018-2019, 2019-2020, and 2021-2022. Conclusion Contrary to our expectations, total symptom severity and cluster scores on the PCSS during the pandemic (2020-2021) were significantly lower than during the years before and after the pandemic-driven sports disruptions, suggesting the pandemic did not negatively affect these athletes as expected. These results also suggested that self-reported symptoms utilized in the PCSS component of ImPACT may not be as sensitive to sports disruption among adolescent athletes as other quality-of-life measures, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniella K Rivera
- Osteopathic Medicine, A. T. Still University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Mesa, USA
| | - Jeremy Brown
- Medicine, Kaweah Health Medical Center, Visalia, USA
| | - R Curtis Bay
- Health Sciences, A. T. Still University School of Health Sciences, Mesa, USA
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Andrade A, D'Oliveira A, Neiva HP, Gaertner G, da Cruz WM. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the psychological aspects and mental health of elite soccer athletes: a systematic review. Front Psychol 2024; 14:1295652. [PMID: 38333426 PMCID: PMC10850388 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1295652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Investigation of the psychological impact on soccer athletes during the pandemic is essential given their unique challenges, including training disruptions and competition postponements. Understanding these effects will allow the development of specific strategies to preserve the mental health and performance of elite athletes, contributing to effective interventions with both short and long-term benefits. Objective To analyze the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the psychological aspects and mental health of elite soccer athletes. Method The review adhered to PRISMA criteria, and the study protocol was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (CRD42022341545). Searches were conducted until July 2023 in databases including Cochrane, PsycINFO, PubMed, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science. Only original, peer-reviewed studies in English, Portuguese, or Spanish assessing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the psychological aspects and mental health of elite soccer athletes were included. Results The search identified 1,055 records and 43 studies were included in this review between 2020 and 2023. In total, the sample included 16,321 soccer athletes of different age groups. Anxiety, depression, mood states, and mental well-being were the most investigated variables. Increased levels of anxiety, depression, and worsening mental well-being were observed in elite soccer athletes. Maintaining fitness during the pandemic showed positive results. Other variables, such as coping, resilience, and sleep quality monitoring, were less widely investigated. Evaluating methodological quality was considered regular for observational and experimental studies. Conclusion The study reveals a negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on elite soccer athletes, considering psychological aspects and their mental health, notably heightened anxiety and depression. Observational methods predominated, showing mood swings linked to individual characteristics and fitness maintenance efforts. Studies with better-designed methodological approaches and controlled experimental interventions are recommended in the future to mitigate the negative effects of the pandemic on soccer players. Systematic review registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?, identifier (CRD42022341545).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandro Andrade
- Health and Sports Science Center – CEFID/Santa Catarina State University–UDESC, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
- Laboratory of Sports and Exercise Psychology–LAPE, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Anderson D'Oliveira
- Health and Sports Science Center – CEFID/Santa Catarina State University–UDESC, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
- Laboratory of Sports and Exercise Psychology–LAPE, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Henrique Pereira Neiva
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, Covilhã, Brazil
| | - Gilberto Gaertner
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, Covilhã, Brazil
| | - Whyllerton Mayron da Cruz
- Health and Sports Science Center – CEFID/Santa Catarina State University–UDESC, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
- Laboratory of Sports and Exercise Psychology–LAPE, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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Cheng M, van Niekerk M, Biviano G. Student-Athletes' Deteriorating Mental Health During COVID-19: Recommendations on Proactive Strategies for Addressing Unique Mental Health Needs. J Pediatr Psychol 2024; 49:27-34. [PMID: 37816146 DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsad071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
High school and college student-athletes face unique stressors that can negatively impact their mental health, which were exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. Although mental health issues are prevalent in athletic communities, there often remains stigma around mental health and reluctance to seek psychological support. Physical injury can be the cause or the result of the psychological struggles that athletes face-holistic care for the adolescent athlete population must incorporate both elements. Pediatric psychologists, allied healthcare professionals, sports organizations, academic institutions, coaches, caregivers, and student-athletes themselves all play an active role in shaping the mental health of student-athletes and are therefore responsible for creating a culture that prioritizes mental and physical wellness. This paper aims to provide clear recommendations for the various stakeholders on how to address the unique mental health needs of student-athletes. The recommendations presented are based on a review of existing literature in the field and on-the-ground experience working with student-athletes during the COVID-19 pandemic. There are several key interventions highlighted in this paper, including changing the athletic community's culture to prioritize the holistic well-being of athletes, as well as proactively offering mental health education, resources, and programming for student-athletes, with a particular emphasis on health equity to meet the needs of students most at risk. Commitment from pediatric psychologists and allied healthcare professionals, sports organizations, academic institutions, coaches, caregivers, and student-athletes will maximize the likelihood of improving student-athletes' psychological well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Cheng
- Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, USA
| | | | - Gina Biviano
- UCSF PlaySafe Sports Medicine Program, University of California San Francisco, USA
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Kusuma IY, Suherman S. The Pulse of Long COVID on Twitter: A Social Network Analysis. ARCHIVES OF IRANIAN MEDICINE 2024; 27:36-43. [PMID: 38431959 PMCID: PMC10915926 DOI: 10.34172/aim.2024.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long coronavirus disease (COVID) is a complex and multifaceted health condition with a range of severe symptoms that can last for weeks or even months after the acute phase of the illness has passed. Employing social network analysis (SNA) can rapidly provide significant health information to communities related to long COVID. This study aimed to identify the key themes, most influential users, and overall sentiments in the Twitter discourse on long COVID. METHODS Data were collected from a Twitter search with the specific keywords "long COVID" from December 1, 2022, to February 22, 2023, using NodeXL Pro. Visualizations, including network graphs and key influencers, were created using Gephi, and sentiment analysis was conducted with Azure Machine. RESULTS In total, 119,185 tweets from 94325 users were related to long COVID. Top influencers include medical professionals, researchers, journalists, and public figures, with news media platforms as primary information sources; the most common hashtag was #longCOVID, indicating that it is a significant issue of concern among the Twitter community. In the sentiment analysis, most tweets were negative. CONCLUSION The study highlights the importance of critically evaluating information shared by influential users and seeking out multiple sources of information when making health-related decisions. In addition, it emphasizes the value of examining social media conversations to understand public discourse on long COVID and suggests that future researchers could explore the role of social media in shaping public perceptions and behaviors related to health issues. Strategies for enhancing scientific journal engagement and influence in online discussions are discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikhwan Yuda Kusuma
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
- Pharmacy Study Program, Faculty of Health, Universitas Harapan Bangsa, 53182 Purwokerto, Indonesia
| | - Suherman Suherman
- Doctoral School of Educational Sciences, Faculty Humanities and Social Science, University of Szeged, 6722 Szeged, Hungary
- Mathematics Education, Faculty of Teaching and Teacher Education, Universitas Islam Negeri Raden Intan Lampung, Indonesia
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AlSamhori JF, Alshrouf MA, AlSamhori ARF, Alshadeedi FM, Madi AS, Alzoubi O. Implications of the COVID-19 pandemic on athletes, sports events, and mass gathering events: Review and recommendations. SPORTS MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2023; 5:165-173. [PMID: 37753427 PMCID: PMC10518794 DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2023.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19), which caused several respiratory diseases, was formally declared a global pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11, 2020, it affected the lifestyle and health of athletes, both directly through cardiorespiratory and other health related effects, and indirectly as the pandemic has forced the suspension, postponement, or cancellation of most professional sporting events around the world. In this review, we explore the journey of athletes throughout the pandemic and during their return to their competitive routine. We also highlight potential pitfalls during the process and summarize the recommendations for the optimal return to sport participation. We further discuss the impact of the pandemic on the psychology of athletes, the variance between the team and individual athletes, and their ability to cope with the changes. Moreover, we specifically reviewed the pandemic impact on younger professional athletes in terms of mental and fitness health. Finally, we shaded light on the various impacts of mass gathering events and recommendations for managing upcoming events.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad Ali Alshrouf
- Medical Internship, Jordan University Hospital, The University of Jordan, Amman, 11942, Jordan
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Rosa BV, Maldonado AJ, de Araújo AO, Neves LM, Rossi FE. Impact of the COVID-19 Lockdown on the Body Composition and Physical Performance of Athletes: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:2319. [PMID: 37628517 PMCID: PMC10454760 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11162319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Sporting events were cancelled, and sports training was banned to prevent the spread of COVID-19. These changes during the COVID-19 pandemic decreased the physical activity levels, increased sedentary time, and also impaired the mental health of elite and sub-elite athletes. The impact on body composition and physical performance is not clear, however, especially considering a systematic review with meta-analysis. Thus, our objective was to conduct a review in accordance with the PRISMA Statement studies published in scientific journals (PubMed, Web of Science, or Scopus databases) that investigated the effect that social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic had on the physical performance (muscle power, cardiorespiratory capacity, and sprint) or body composition (body weight, percentage of fat, fat mass, and fat-free mass) of athletes. Data from 24 studies indicate that, throughout the global lockdown, the athletes maintained muscle power, cardiorespiratory capacity, and sprint, and prevented significant changes in fat mass and fat-free mass. However, the total body weight (meta-analysis with 18 studies), showed a significant increase (p = 0.006), with a small ES = 0.12; 95% CI = 0.04 to 0.21. Furthermore, the time of follow-up, level of training, and the age of the athletes were possible moderators of these effects. The data reinforce the importance of general strength and endurance exercises sessions to maintain physical fitness during non-competitive periods or due to the mandatory lockdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Viana Rosa
- Immunometabolism of Skeletal Muscle and Exercise Research Group, Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University, Presidente Prudente 19060-900, SP, Brazil; (B.V.R.); (A.O.d.A.)
| | - Alberto Jimenez Maldonado
- Facultad de Deportes Campus Ensenada, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California México, Mexicali 22890, BC, Mexico;
| | - Ayrton Oliveira de Araújo
- Immunometabolism of Skeletal Muscle and Exercise Research Group, Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University, Presidente Prudente 19060-900, SP, Brazil; (B.V.R.); (A.O.d.A.)
| | - Lucas Melo Neves
- Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Santo Amaro University, Sao Paulo 04829-300, SP, Brazil;
- Bipolar Disorder Program (PROMAN), Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, University of São Paulo, Pacaembu 05508-220, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabricio Eduardo Rossi
- Immunometabolism of Skeletal Muscle and Exercise Research Group, Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University, Presidente Prudente 19060-900, SP, Brazil; (B.V.R.); (A.O.d.A.)
- Graduate Program in Science and Health, Federal University of Piauí (UFPI), Teresina 64049-550, PI, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Movement Science, São Paulo State University, Presidente Prudente 19060-900, SP, Brazil
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Wang X, Zong K, Gao Y, Li B, Wang S, Zhang L. The impact of COVID-19 lockdown on the quality of life of Chinese football referees: the chain mediating role of occupational stress and job burnout. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:1314. [PMID: 37430258 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-16248-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 lockdown measures have had a great negative impact on the development of sports competition in China, as well as on the quality of life of football referees. This study aims to explore the impact of lockdown measures implemented in response to the COVID-19 pandemic on the quality of life of football referees in China and its mechanism of action. METHODS The Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R), the Effort-Reward Imbalance Scale (ERI), the Maslach Burnout Inventory General Survey (MBI-GS), and the World Health Organization Quality of Life Brief Version (WHOQOL-BREF). The scale was used from August to September 2022. Using an online questionnaire, 350 questionnaires were sent out and 338 were returned, for a return rate of 96.57%. Invalid questionnaires were excluded, and 307 football referees with referee grades in 29 provinces registered with the CFA were surveyed. SPSS 24.0 and Mplus 8.0 were used for data analysis and structural equation model testing in this study. RESULTS The results showed that the COVID-19 lockdown had no significant impact on the quality of life of Chinese football referees. However, the COVID-19 lockdown can affect the quality of life of Chinese football referees through occupational stress or job burnout. Occupational stress and job burnout also play a chain intermediary role between the COVID-19 lockdown and the quality of life of Chinese football referees. In addition, this study further explores the quality of life by dividing it into four dimensions (physical, social, psychological, and environmental). The results show that all four dimensions satisfy the chain mediation model. CONCLUSIONS Therefore, the quality of life of Chinese football referees can be improved by reducing their occupational stress and job burnout during the COVID-19 lockdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianliang Wang
- School of Physical Education, Shandong University, Jinan, 250061, China
| | - Kehao Zong
- School of Physical Education, Shandong University, Jinan, 250061, China
| | - Yubo Gao
- School of Physical Education, Shandong University, Jinan, 250061, China
| | - Bochen Li
- School of Physical Education, Shandong University, Jinan, 250061, China
| | - Shuzhen Wang
- School of Physical Education, Shandong University, Jinan, 250061, China
| | - Liguo Zhang
- School of Physical Education, Shandong University, Jinan, 250061, China.
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Cui D, Zhang X, Guo J. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on physical activity and sleep among healthy adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1149215. [PMID: 37457076 PMCID: PMC10344672 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1149215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on physical and mental health, while physical activity and sleep are two important indicators of the impact that have been explored in recent studies. However, the results of studies with different measurement methods and populations with different levels of physical activity have been diverse in that physical activity and sleep are affected by the COVID-19 pandemic in some studies but not in others. Our study aimed to investigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on physical activity and sleep and the role of measurement methods and populations on results. Methods PubMed, Web of Science, and CNKI databases were used to search for related studies systematically. Study characteristics and data on physical activity and sleep were collected and analyzed from each included study. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to estimate pooled effect sizes. Results A total of 13 articles were included in the systematic review, 11 of which were included in the meta-analysis. We found that moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) time was 0.33 (95% CI 0.07 to 0.59) and sleep quality was 0.37 (95% CI 0.21 to 0.53) decreased, while sleep duration was -0.24 (95% CI -0.28 to -0.20) increased during the lockdown; overall physical activity time had no significant difference (p = 0.07) during the lockdown. The "wearables" subgroup had no heterogeneity (p = 0.89, I2 = 0) in sleep duration, while MVPA time measured by subjective scales was not significantly changed. The "elite athletes" subgroup had lower heterogeneity (p = 0.69, I2 = 0) in sleep duration than general adults, while the results of sleep quality for population subgroups were significant and there was no heterogeneity within either. Conclusion The COVID-19 pandemic had a significant impact on MVPA time, sleep duration, and sleep quality, instead of overall physical activity time among healthy adults. The results of MVPA time and sleep duration were greatly influenced by the measurement methods, and sleep behavior differed among populations with varying physical activity levels. Thus, when researching physical activity, especially MVPA time, should consider measurement methods, and more attention should be given to differences in populations when researching sleep behavior.
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Baize D, Meriaux-Scoffier S, Chrétien A, Hayotte M, Piponnier E, d'Arripe-Longueville F. Sleep Assessment in Competitive Athletes: Development and Validation of French Versions of the Athens Insomnia Scale and the Athlete Sleep Behavior Questionnaire. Sleep Sci 2023; 16:183-196. [PMID: 37425979 PMCID: PMC10325846 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1770803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The purpose of this study was to develop and validate French versions of two questionnaires assessing competitive athletes' sleep: the Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS-FR) and the Athlete Sleep Behavior Questionnaire (ASBQ-FR). Methods Four complementary studies were carried out, with a total sample of 296 French competitive athletes from different sports and expertise levels. The studies aimed to develop preliminary versions of the AIS-FR and the ASBQ-FR (study 1), and then to examine their respective dimensionality and reliability (study 2), temporal stability (study 3), and concurrent validity (study 4). The dimensionality was established using confirmatory factor analysis. Similar and correlated psychological factor scales were used to examine the concurrent validity (the Insomnia Severity Index, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule). Results The AIS-FR consists of eight items with two subfactors: nocturnal symptoms and diurnal symptoms, assessed by a uniformized 4-point Likert-type scale. The ASBQ-FR is composed of 15 items with three subfactors, which differs from the original English version: behaviors affecting sleep, behaviors related to anxiety, and sleep disturbances. Due to the Covid context and curfews, three items of the original scale were excluded from the statistical analyses because non-applicable. Both scales presented satisfactory psychometric properties. Discussion The AIS-FR and ASBQ-FR appear to be valid and reliable tools that can be used with competitive athletes for everyday training and research purposes. An ASBQ-FR version that includes the three excluded items should undergo validation testing once pandemic restrictions are eased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Baize
- Sport Sciences department, LAMHESS, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | | | - Aurélia Chrétien
- Sport Sciences department, LAMHESS, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Meggy Hayotte
- Sport Sciences department, LAMHESS, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Enzo Piponnier
- Sport Sciences department, LAMHESS, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
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Mascaro L, Drummond SPA, Leota J, Boardman JM, Hoffman D, Rajaratnam SMW, Aidman E, Facer-Childs ER. Cognitive fitness modulates gender differences in sleep and mental health among competitive athletes under chronic stress. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1118822. [PMID: 36969596 PMCID: PMC10031072 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1118822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Mental fitness is increasingly considered a key component of an athlete’s competitive arsenal. Active domains of mental fitness include cognitive fitness, sleep, and mental health; and these domains can differ between men and women athletes. Our study investigated the associations of cognitive fitness and gender to sleep and mental health, and the interaction between cognitive fitness and gender on sleep and mental health, in competitive athletes during the COVID-19 pandemic.Methods: 82 athletes competing at levels from regional/state to international (49% women, M-age = 23.3 years) completed measures of self-control, intolerance of uncertainty, and impulsivity (together representing constructs of cognitive fitness), items about sleep (total sleep time, sleep latency, and mid-sleep time on free days) and a measure of mental health (depression, anxiety, and stress).Results: Women athletes reported lower self-control, higher intolerance of uncertainty, and higher positive urgency impulsivity compared with men athletes. Women reported sleeping later, but this gender difference disappeared after controlling for cognitive fitness. Women athletes—after controlling for cognitive fitness—reported higher depression, anxiety, and stress. Across genders, higher self-control was associated with lower depression, and lower intolerance of uncertainty was associated with lower anxiety. Higher sensation seeking was associated with lower depression and stress, and higher premeditation was associated with greater total sleep time and anxiety. Higher perseverance was associated with higher depression for men—but not women—athletes.Conclusion: Women athletes in our sample reported poorer cognitive fitness and mental health compared to men athletes. Most cognitive fitness factors protected competitive athletes under chronic stress, but some exposed them to poorer mental health. Future work should examine the sources of gender differences. Our findings suggest a need to develop tailored interventions aimed at improving athlete wellbeing, with a particular focus on women athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Mascaro
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sean P. A. Drummond
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Josh Leota
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Johanna M. Boardman
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Daniel Hoffman
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- St Kilda Football Club, Australian Football League, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Shantha M. W. Rajaratnam
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Eugene Aidman
- Defence Science & Technology Group, Edinburgh, SA, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Elise R. Facer-Childs
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- St Kilda Football Club, Australian Football League, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Danny Frawley Centre for Health and Wellbeing, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Elise R. Facer-Childs,
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Abstract
A considerable amount of human behavior occurs within the context of sports. In recent years there have been notable advances in psychological science research applied to understanding athletic endeavor. This work has utilized a number of novel theoretical, methodological, and data analytic approaches. We review the current evidence related to developmental considerations, intrapersonal athlete factors, group processes, and the role of the coach in explaining how athletes function within the sport domain. This body of work sheds light on the diverse ways in which psychological processes contribute to athletic strivings. It also has the potential to spark interest in domains of psychology concerned with achievement as well as to encourage cross-domain fertilization of ideas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Beauchamp
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada;
| | - Alan Kingstone
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada;
| | - Nikos Ntoumanis
- Danish Centre for Motivation and Behaviour Science, Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark;
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14
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Seshadri DR, Harlow ER, Thom ML, Emery MS, Phelan DM, Hsu JJ, Düking P, De Mey K, Sheehan J, Geletka B, Flannery R, Calcei JG, Karns M, Salata MJ, Gabbett TJ, Voos JE. Wearable technology in the sports medicine clinic to guide the return-to-play and performance protocols of athletes following a COVID-19 diagnosis. Digit Health 2023; 9:20552076231177498. [PMID: 37434736 PMCID: PMC10331194 DOI: 10.1177/20552076231177498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has enabled the adoption of digital health platforms for self-monitoring and diagnosis. Notably, the pandemic has had profound effects on athletes and their ability to train and compete. Sporting organizations worldwide have reported a significant increase in injuries manifesting from changes in training regimens and match schedules resulting from extended quarantines. While current literature focuses on the use of wearable technology to monitor athlete workloads to guide training, there is a lack of literature suggesting how such technology can mediate the return to sport processes of athletes infected with COVID-19. This paper bridges this gap by providing recommendations to guide team physicians and athletic trainers on the utility of wearable technology for improving the well-being of athletes who may be asymptomatic, symptomatic, or tested negative but have had to quarantine due to a close exposure. We start by describing the physiologic changes that occur in athletes infected with COVID-19 with extended deconditioning from a musculoskeletal, psychological, cardiopulmonary, and thermoregulatory standpoint and review the evidence on how these athletes may safely return to play. We highlight opportunities for wearable technology to aid in the return-to-play process by offering a list of key parameters pertinent to the athlete affected by COVID-19. This paper provides the athletic community with a greater understanding of how wearable technology can be implemented in the rehabilitation process of these athletes and spurs opportunities for further innovations in wearables, digital health, and sports medicine to reduce injury burden in athletes of all ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhruv R Seshadri
- University Hospitals Sports Medicine Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ethan R Harlow
- University Hospitals Sports Medicine Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Mitchell L Thom
- University Hospitals Sports Medicine Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Michael S Emery
- Sports Cardiology Center, Heart, Vascular, and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Dermot M Phelan
- Sanger Heart and Vascular Institute, Atrium Health, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Hsu
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Peter Düking
- Integrative and Experimental Exercise Science, Department of Sport Science, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Benjamin Geletka
- University Hospitals Sports Medicine Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
- University Hospitals Rehabilitation Services and Sports Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Robert Flannery
- University Hospitals Sports Medicine Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jacob G Calcei
- University Hospitals Sports Medicine Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Michael Karns
- University Hospitals Sports Medicine Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Michael J Salata
- University Hospitals Sports Medicine Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Tim J Gabbett
- Gabbett Performance Solutions, Brisbane, Australia
- Centre for Health Research, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, Australia
- School of Science, Psychology and Sport, Federation University, Ballarat, Australia
| | - James E Voos
- University Hospitals Sports Medicine Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
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15
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Cook JD, Charest J. Sleep and Performance in Professional Athletes. CURRENT SLEEP MEDICINE REPORTS 2023; 9:56-81. [PMID: 36683842 PMCID: PMC9843114 DOI: 10.1007/s40675-022-00243-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Sleep is an essential human behavior that plays a key role in proper biopsychosocial development as well as short- and long-term biological, physical, psychological, and cognitive health. Sleep plays a key role in athletic performance, influencing an athlete's ability to train, recover, and perform, as well as their overall wellness. Over the recent decade, the awareness of sleep's import has penetrated just about every professional sport domain. The purpose of the review was to identify and synthesize the literature published within the past 5 years (2018-2022) that relates to sleep and performance in professional athletes. Literature related to nonprofessional, high-level athletes (e.g., collegiate; Olympic) was omitted as well as those associated with non-traditional professional sports (e.g., eSports). Recent Findings Results from 38 articles were incorporated into this review, which covered (1) the sleep's role in the training, physical injury prevention and recovery, competitive performance, and mental health of professional athletes, (2) common sleep problems and disorders in professional athletes, and (3) the impact of unique challenges from training, travel, competition, and other factors on sleep health. Additionally, we provide an orientation to utilized strategies and interventions to assist with sleep health in professional athletes, as well as conclude with a commentary on critical steps forward. Summary Sleep plays a critically important role in the training, recovery, performance, and overall wellness of professional athletes. Professional athletes are vulnerable to a variety of sleep-related problems and disorders, due to unique factors related to training, travel, and competition, among other factors. Improved, standardized research methodology and partnerships between professional athletes, coaches, teams, and organizations and researchers are necessary to advance the knowledge of sleep and performance in professional athletes, including identifying sport-specific differences and variation across individual characteristics, as well as developing individualizable, dynamic, and appropriate interventions for improving sleep health among professional athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse D. Cook
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
| | - Jonathan Charest
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB Canada
- Centre for Sleep & Human Performance, 106, 51 Sunpark Drive SE, Calgary, AB T2X 3V4 Canada
- École de Psychologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC Canada
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16
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Szajkowski S, Pasek J, Dwornik M, Cieślar G. The Impact of Coronavirus Infection on Health-Related Quality of Life in Amateur CrossFit Athletes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:16409. [PMID: 36554289 PMCID: PMC9778519 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192416409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to assess how the disease, developing over the course of coronavirus infection, affects the quality of life of athletes practicing amateur sports who are not burdened with comorbidities. METHODS The study included 102 amateur CrossFit athletes (54 (53%) women and 48 (47%) men) who had been infected with SARS-CoV-2, but were not hospitalized. The training experience of the respondents ranged from 1.5 to 15 years (average: 6.7 ± 3.8 years). The quality of life was assessed with EQ-5D-5L and Clinical COPD Questionnaire (CCQ), which was used to assess the quality of life specific to the respiratory system, and the severity of dyspnea was assessed using the MRC questionnaire. RESULTS The training experience did not differ statistically significantly between men and women (p = 0.595). The quality of life in men according EQ-5D-5L was statistically significantly higher than in the case of women (0.979 ± 0.028 vs. 0.942 ± 0.073 (p < 0.001), respectively), and in EQ-VAS it was significantly higher in men than in women (85.64 ± 10.4 vs. 72.5 ± 19.36 points (p < 0.001)). The assessment of dyspnea by means of mMRC showed its higher intensity in women than in men. The differences were not statistically significant (p = 0.195). In men, a significantly lower result of the quality of life was noted in the CCQ questionnaire: 0.71 ± 0.57 vs. 1.14 ± 0.84 points (p = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS The HRQOL, which surveyed amateur CrossFit after COVID-19, was higher in men than in women. People practicing strength- and strength-endurance-based sports rated their quality of life as the highest. Most of the subjects observed a slight intensification of dyspnea. The findings can be used for future healthcare measures to be applied in the population of CrossFit athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Szajkowski
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Medical University of Mazovia in Warsaw, 8 Rydygiera St., 01-793 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jarosław Pasek
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Jan Długosz University in Częstochowa, 13/15 ArmiiKrajowej St., 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland
| | - Michał Dwornik
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Medical University of Mazovia in Warsaw, 8 Rydygiera St., 01-793 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Cieślar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Physical Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 15 Stefana Batorego St., 41-902 Bytom, Poland
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17
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Training load, sports performance, physical and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic: A prospective cohort of Swiss elite athletes. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0278203. [PMID: 36454814 PMCID: PMC9714901 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic and associated restrictions have led to abrupt changes in the lives of elite athletes. OBJECTIVES The objective of this prospective cohort study was to examine training load, subjective sports performance, physical and mental health among Swiss elite athletes during a 6-month follow-up period starting with the first Swiss lockdown. METHODS Swiss elite athletes (n = 203) participated in a repeated online survey evaluating health, training, and performance related metrics. After the first assessment during the first lockdown between April and May 2020, there were monthly follow-ups over 6 months. RESULTS Out of 203 athletes completing the first survey during the first lockdown, 73 athletes (36%) completed all assessments during the entire 6-month follow-up period. Sports performance and training load decreased during the first lockdown and increased again at the beginning of the second lockdown in October 2020, while symptoms of depression and financial fears showed only a transient increase during the first lockdown. Self-reported injuries and illnesses did not change significantly at any timepoint in the study. Stricter COVID-19 restrictions, as measured by the Government Stringency Index (GSI), were associated with reduced subjective sports performance, as well as lower training intensity, increased financial fears, poorer coping with restrictions, and more depressive symptoms, as measured by the 9-item module of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). CONCLUSION This study revealed a negative impact of the COVID-19 restrictions on sports performance, training load and mental health among Swiss elite athletes, while the rate of self-reported injuries and illnesses remained unaffected.
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18
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Håkansson A, Moesch K, Kenttä G. COVID-19-related impact on mental health and career uncertainty in student-athletes—Data from a cohort of 7,025 athletes in an elite sport high school system in Sweden. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:943402. [PMID: 36203654 PMCID: PMC9530189 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.943402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectivesMental health consequences and behavior change has been described in elite athletes following the vast impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the world of sports. However, most study samples have been of limited size, and few studies have assessed student-athletes. This study aimed to analyze perceived mental health impact, measured as clinical degree of depression and anxiety, worry about one's sport and about one's career, and behavioral change with respect to video gaming behavior, in high-school athletes in Sweden.MethodsData on anxiety and depression as well as on perceived behavioral changes during COVID-19 were collected from students at sports high schools in Sweden (N = 7,025) in February 2021, during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.ResultsSixteen and 14% met criteria of moderate/severe depression and anxiety, respectively. Many respondents reported feeling mentally worse during the pandemic (66%), and were worried about the future of their sport (45%) or about their own future in sports (45%). Increased gaming behavior during COVID-19 was reported by 29%. All mental health variables were significantly more common in women, except increased gaming (more common in men). Being worried about one's career was less common in winter sports, more common in team sports and more common in older student-athletes, and associated with both depression and anxiety in regression analyses.DiscussionSelf-reported mental health impact of COVID-19 is substantial in student-athletes, and even more so in women and in team sports. The lower impact in winter athletes suggests a moderating effect of the seasons in which the COVID-19 outbreak occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Håkansson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Region Skåne, Clinical Sports and Mental Health Unit, Malmö, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Anders Håkansson
| | - Karin Moesch
- Region Skåne, Clinical Sports and Mental Health Unit, Malmö, Sweden
- Swedish Sports Confederation, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Sports Sciences, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Göran Kenttä
- Swedish Sports Confederation, Stockholm, Sweden
- The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
- School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Haam JH, Hur YI, Kim YS, Kim KK, Kang JH, Ko HJ, Cho YJ, Choi HI, Lee KR, Park JH, Cho SH, Kim JK, Lee T, Seo MJ, Yoon YS, Seo Y, Nam GE, Kim SH. Fatty Liver Change in Korean Adults in a Systematic Social Distancing System Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Multicenter Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:10444. [PMID: 36012079 PMCID: PMC9407932 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191610444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Korean government implemented policies including the systematic social distancing (SSD) system which started on 28 June 2020. The present study investigated the development and aggravation of fatty liver measured using ultrasonography during the transition period (from pre-SSD to SSD) compared to the fatty liver changes during the pre-SSD period. Changes in fatty liver and liver enzymes were assessed in different groups stratified by alcohol consumption. Our retrospective cohort analysis included 5668 participants who underwent health checkups at 13 university hospitals during the SSD period and two or more checkups before the SSD period. Fatty liver developed and aggravated more in the transition period (13.6% development and 12.0% aggravation) than in the pre-SSD period (10.8% development and 10.1% aggravation) in the alcohol consumption group. This finding was more prominent in women than in men. Abnormal alanine transaminase levels were more often developed in the transition period than in the pre-SSD period, especially in men (11.1% vs. 8.6% in each period). In conclusion, the SSD system may contribute to fatty liver changes in individuals who regularly consume alcohol. Further research of the post-pandemic period is needed to assess long-term changes in fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hee Haam
- Department of Family Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam 13496, Korea
- Chaum Life Center, CHA University, Seoul 06062, Korea
| | - Yang-Im Hur
- Department of Family Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam 13496, Korea
| | - Young-Sang Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam 13496, Korea
| | - Kyoung-Kon Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, Gachon University College of Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon 21565, Korea
| | - Jee-Hyun Kang
- Department of Family Medicine, Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35365, Korea
| | - Hae-Jin Ko
- Department of Family Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - Yoon Jeong Cho
- Department of Family Medicine, Daegu Catholic University, Daegu 42472, Korea
| | - Hye-In Choi
- Department of Family Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - Kyu Rae Lee
- Department of Family Medicine, Gachon University College of Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon 21565, Korea
| | - Jung Ha Park
- Department of Family Medicine, Jeju National University Hospital, Jeju 63241, Korea
| | - Soo Hyun Cho
- Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul 06973, Korea
| | - Jong-Koo Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Korea
| | - Taesic Lee
- Department of Family Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Korea
| | - Myung-Jae Seo
- Department of Family Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Korea
| | - Yeong Sook Yoon
- Department of Family Medicine, Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, Goyang 10380, Korea
| | - Yoobin Seo
- Department of Family Medicine, Sanbon Medical Center, Wonkwang University, Gunpo 15865, Korea
| | - Ga Eun Nam
- Department of Family Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul 08308, Korea
| | - Sun Hyun Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, International St. Mary’s Hospital, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, Incheon 22711, Korea
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Lu ZC, Tseng CH, Lin HH, Perng YS, Tseng YH. Suggestions on Relieving Physical Anxiety of Medical Workers and Improving Physical and Mental Health Under the COVID-19 Epidemic-A Case Study of Meizhou City. Front Public Health 2022; 10:919049. [PMID: 35784226 PMCID: PMC9247186 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.919049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The study examined the effects of swimming pools on healthcare professionals' willingness to engage in recreational activities, physical anxiety, and physical and mental well-being in the context of COVID-19. The research adopted the mixed research method, used SPSS 26.0 statistical software to test the reliability of the questionnaire, and then collected 840 valid questionnaires; first analyzed the data with basic statistics, t-test, ANOVA, and PPMCC test methods, and then used the interview method to collect expert opinions. A multi-check approach assembled all data and discussions. The study found that the use of personnel dynamic tracking systems or measures, combined with sodium hypochlorite and repeated filtration to stabilize water quality, could maintain the confidence of most medical workers in the swimming pool sports environment for epidemic prevention and avoid violations. The government could formulate safety prevention and control mechanisms in traffic and establish appropriate traffic routes. Next, formulated a prescription for swimming or other physical activity mechanisms for men aged 31-50 and redesigned measures for medical staff over 51 years old to have tense head issues and physical fatigue, promote blood circulation and improve sleep quality. This will promote the purpose of relieving stress and regulating the physical and mental health of medical staff after engaging in swimming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Cheng Lu
- School of Physical Education, Jiaying University, Meizhou, China
| | - Chien-Hsing Tseng
- Department of Recreation and Sport Management, Shu-Te University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Hsien Lin
- School of Physical Education, Jiaying University, Meizhou, China
- Department of Leisure Industry Management, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Shing Perng
- Department of Forestry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Han Tseng
- Department of Forestry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Tourism Leisure and Health Management, Chung Chou University of Science and Technology, Yuanlin City, Taiwan
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21
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Wattanapisit A, Kotepui M, Wattanapisit S, Crampton N. Bibliometric Analysis of Literature on Physical Activity and COVID-19. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19127116. [PMID: 35742364 PMCID: PMC9223140 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19127116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic induced a sudden surge in COVID-19 related publications. This bibliometric analysis aimed to analyze literature on physical activity and COVID-19 published in the PubMed database. The search terms ((physical activity [MeSH Terms] OR physical inactivity [MeSH Terms]) AND COVID-19 [MeSH Terms]) were applied to obtain publications from the inception of PubMed to February 2022. The analyses included the year of publication, type of publication, and origin of publication by country, region, and country income. The research areas were analyzed for research articles and systematic reviews. Of 1268 articles, 143 articles were excluded, and 1125 articles were analyzed. A total of 709 articles (63.02%) were published in 2021. A majority of publications were research articles (n = 678, 60.27%). The USA (n = 176, 15.64%), countries in the European Region (n = 496, 44.09%), and high-income countries (n = 861, 76.53%) were dominant publishing countries. Of 699 research articles and systematic reviews, surveillance and trends of physical activity were the main research area, followed by health outcomes, and correlates and determinants of physical activity. There is a wide gap in publication productivity in the field of physical activity and health during the pandemic among different countries' economic statuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apichai Wattanapisit
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1V7, Canada;
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Walailak University, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
| | - Manas Kotepui
- Department of Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand;
| | | | - Noah Crampton
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1V7, Canada;
- Correspondence:
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22
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Levine O, Terry M, Tjong V. The Collegiate Athlete Perspective on Return to Sport Amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Qualitative Assessment of Confidence, Stress, and Coping Strategies. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19116885. [PMID: 35682469 PMCID: PMC9180442 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19116885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has created challenges for college athletes as they return to sport and campus life. Emerging literature highlights some of these challenges, but no studies have used a primarily qualitative approach to assess the impact of the pandemic on college athletes. The purpose of this study was to better understand factors affecting college athletes' return to sport and campus life amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. (2) Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with varsity athletes who participated in the 2020-2021 season at a single university. Qualitative analysis was performed using the Strauss and Corbin method to derive codes, categories, and themes. Additionally, Athletic Coping Skills Inventory-28 (ACSI-28) scores were recorded and analyzed using descriptive statistics. (3) Results: A total of 20 student athletes were interviewed, revealing that confidence and motivation, increased stress and anxiety, and adaptive coping strategies were common themes affecting their experiences returning to sport and campus life. Results from the ACSI-28 showed an average score of 49.5 and a range of 24-66. (4) Conclusions: Semi-structured interviews revealed factors impacting return to sport and student life. These findings can help inform how to better support college athletes throughout the remainder of the current pandemic and moving forward.
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Vincent HK, Patel S, Zaremski JL. Impact of COVID on Sports Injury Patterns, Changes in Mental Well-Being, and Strategies to Prepare for Future Pandemics in Sport. Curr Sports Med Rep 2022; 21:196-204. [PMID: 35703746 DOI: 10.1249/jsr.0000000000000966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT This review describes the available evidence of the acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, referred to COVID-19) pandemic on musculoskeletal injury patterns and prevalence in athletes. A brief overview of the epidemiology of COVID-19 and prevalence in active populations from youth through professional are provided. Responses to COVID-19 regarding sport participation at regional, national, and international organizations are summarized. Downstream effects of complete or partial training shutdown on injury risk and mental health are discussed. Strategies to maintain athletic potential and overall well-being include maintaining safe access to training facilities and resources, implementation of injury prevention programs, organization of athlete support networks, and incorporation of resilience and coping training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather K Vincent
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
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Self-tracking via smartphone app: Potential tool for athletes’ recovery self-management? GERMAN JOURNAL OF EXERCISE AND SPORT RESEARCH 2022. [PMCID: PMC9053116 DOI: 10.1007/s12662-022-00812-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractSelf-tracking technologies are possible approaches to support recovery self-management activities for athletes. These may have become even more appealing due to stay-at-home restrictions as part of the 2020 pandemic regulations. This study examined user behaviour of smartphone and wearable technologies among 217 athletes (29% women, M age = 26.9 ± 7 years). The online survey comprised demographic questions and standardised questionnaires to assess usage of technologies, sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index), daytime sleepiness (Epworth Sleepiness Scale), attitudes about sleep (Dysfunctional Beliefs and Attitudes about Sleep Scale), bedtime procrastination (Bedtime Procrastination Scale), and self-control (Brief Self-Control Scale). Fitness apps (46.5%) were more popular than sleep apps (15.7%) followed by nutrition apps (12%). The correlation between sleep apps and the other two apps indicate that non-users of sleep apps are probably also non-users of fitness or nutrition apps. Wearables were more frequently used to track fitness activities (36.9%) than sleep (17.5%). Considering sex, type of sport, competition participation, and training volume, no remarkable characteristics among users versus non-users of sleep apps were identified. There were also no significant differences among sleep indices between sleep app users and non-users. However, self-control was highest among sleep app users compared to non-users (d = 0.58). Despite 34.1% being identified as poor sleepers, behavioural sleeping patterns were within normal range. The results imply that athletes are not as attracted to self-tracking technologies as expected, which makes them less vulnerable to unsubstantiated feedback and inappropriate interventions by those tools. This serves as a starting point to explore the potential of self-tracking ambulatory assessment for physical activity and sleep behaviour of athletes in the post-pandemic era.
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Busch A, Kubosch EJ, Bendau A, Leonhart R, Meidl V, Bretthauer B, Petzold MB, Dallmann P, Wrobel N, Plag J, Ströhle A, Hirschmüller A. Mental Health in German Paralympic Athletes During the 1st Year of the COVID-19 Pandemic Compared to a General Population Sample. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:870692. [PMID: 35498519 PMCID: PMC9047049 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.870692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic has huge influences on daily life and is not only associated with physical but also with major psychological impacts. Mental health problems and disorders are frequently present in elite paralympic athletes. Due to the pandemic situation, new stressors (e.g., loss of routine, financial insecurity) might act upon the athletes. Therefore, the assessment of mental health in athletes during the COVID-19 pandemic is important to identify prevalence of psychological problems and propose countermeasures. Methods The mental health of German paralympic athletes was longitudinally monitored (starting in May 2019). The athletes completed the Patient Health Questionnaire 4 (PHQ-4) on a weekly basis and reported a stress level, training hours, and training load. During the pandemic, 8 measurement time points (March 2020 to April 2021) were used to reflect the psychological health course of the athletes. In parallel, a convenience sample of the general population was questioned about their psychological distress, including the PHQ-4. To be included in the analysis, participants of both groups had to complete at least 4 measurement time points. Matching of the para-athletes and the general population sample was prioritized upon completion of the same measurement time points, gender, and age. Results Seventy-eight paralympic athletes (40 women, 38 men, age: 29.8 ± 11.4 years) met the inclusion criteria. Seventy-eight matched pairs of the general population (40 women; 38 men; age: 30.5 ± 10.9 years) were identified. The para-athletes had a significantly (p <0.0001; 0.39 < r <0.48) lower PHQ-4 value at each measurement time point compared to the matched control group. No significant age or sex differences were evident regarding the symptom burden. In para-athletes, no significant and a weak positive correlation was found between decreased training load and PHQ-4 values and a stress level, respectively. Reduced physical activity was significantly (p <0.0001) associated with higher PHQ-4 values in the general population sample. Discussion Lower PHQ-4 values were reported by the para-athletes compared to the general population sample. However, small sample sizes must be considered while interpreting the data. Nevertheless, adequate support for individuals suffering from severe psychopathological symptoms should be provided for para-athletes as well as for the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aglaja Busch
- Outpatient Clinic, Sport Medicine and Sports Orthopedics, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
- Division Physiotherapy, Department of Health Professions, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical Center—Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Eva Johanna Kubosch
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical Center—Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Antonia Bendau
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences CCM, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rainer Leonhart
- Department of Psychology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Verena Meidl
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical Center—Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Berit Bretthauer
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical Center—Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Moritz Bruno Petzold
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences CCM, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Petra Dallmann
- Department of General Psychiatry, Centre for Psychosocial Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nina Wrobel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Center—Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jens Plag
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences CCM, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Ströhle
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences CCM, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja Hirschmüller
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical Center—Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- ALTIUS Swiss Sportmed Center AG, Rheinfelden, Switzerland
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Prevalence and Risk Factors of Poor Sleep Quality in Collegiate Athletes during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19053098. [PMID: 35270790 PMCID: PMC8910097 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19053098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has changed our lifestyle, sleep and physical activity habits. This study evaluated the prevalence of poor sleep quality, its disrupters, and the impact of the pandemic in collegiate athletes. We performed a cross-sectional study of collegiate athletes (N = 339, median age: 20 (IQR,19−21) years old, 48.5% female, 47% individual sports) who received a web-based questionnaire in April 2021. This survey included subject characteristics, chronotype, sleep disrupters, the changes due to the pandemic and sleep quality (Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index [PSQI]). A multivariate linear regression was performed to assess the relationship between sleep quality, gender, chronotype, sleep disrupters and the changes to training volume or sleep. Results showed a disrupted sleep quality in 63.7%. One in five students had a total sleep time under 6.5 h per night. Poor sleep quality was significantly correlated with nocturnal concerns related to the pandemic, evening chronotype, female gender, third year of study, caffeine consumption and lack of sleep routine (all p < 0.05). To conclude, poor sleep quality is common in collegiate athletes. Sleep disrupters remain prevalent in the lifestyle habits of this population and may have been exacerbated by changes related to the COVID-19 pandemic. Sleep hygiene should become a major aspect of sports education during the return to post-covid normality.
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Lockdowns and Physical Activities: Sports in the Time of COVID. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19042175. [PMID: 35206369 PMCID: PMC8872075 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19042175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
As aging causes challenges in several countries globally, more and more people are suffering from bad health conditions. Nowadays, COVID-19 causes many problems—and one of the root causes of these problems is the isolation of people from each other. The aim of our article is to investigate the effects of COVID-19 on people’s physical activity. Physical activity is strongly correlated with health status and health preservation is very important to minimize the negative effects of the pandemic. In order to investigate this topic, we prepared an extended literature review, citing the most important sources of COVID-related health-preservation issues. Our results showed that the negative economic effects of the coronavirus pandemic have caused a decrease in physical activities in several cases. A reduction in possible physical activities has a potential negative effect on the life expectancies of elderly people. In order to underline the importance of physical activities, we prepared an extended literature review, aiming to summarize the available knowledge related to COVID-19. As a conclusion we recommend to strengthen, maintain, and develop available sporting possibilities for people. The most important of these recommendations is the development of physical activities that are available for free.
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Jakowski S, Stork M. Effects of sleep self-monitoring via app on subjective sleep markers in student athletes. SOMNOLOGIE 2022; 26:244-251. [PMID: 36311283 PMCID: PMC9595090 DOI: 10.1007/s11818-022-00395-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
As sleep problems are highly prevalent among university students and competitive athletes, and the application of commercial sleep technologies may be either useful or harmful, this study investigated the effects of a 2-week sleep self-monitoring on the sleep of physically active university students (n = 98, 21 ± 1.7 years). Two intervention groups used a free sleep app (Sleep Score; SleepScore Labs™, Carlsbad, CA, USA: n = 20 or Sleep Cycle; Sleep Cycle AB, Gothenburg, Sweden: n = 24) while answering online sleep diaries. They used the app analysis function in week 1 and the 'smart alarm' additionally in week 2. As controls, one group answered the online sleep diary without intervention (n = 21) and another the pre-post questionnaires only (n = 33). Facets of subjective sleep behaviour and the role of bedtime procrastination were analysed. Multilevel models did not show significant interactions, indicating intervention effects equal for both app groups. Sleep Cycle users showed trends toward negative changes in sleep behaviour, while the online sleep diary group showed more, tendentially positive, developments. Bedtime procrastination was a significant predictor of several variables of sleep behaviour and quality. The results indicate neither benefits nor negative effects of app-based sleep self-tracking. Thus, student athletes do not seem to be as susceptible to non-validated sleep technologies as expected. However, bedtime procrastination was correlated with poor sleep quality and should be addressed in sleep intervention programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Jakowski
- grid.5570.70000 0004 0490 981XFaculty of Sport Science, Ruhr University Bochum, Gesundheitscampus Nord 10, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Moritz Stork
- grid.5570.70000 0004 0490 981XFaculty of Sport Science, Ruhr University Bochum, Gesundheitscampus Nord 10, 44801 Bochum, Germany
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Wagemans J, Catteeuw P, Vandenhouten J, Jansen J, de Corte X, Ceusters C, Vissers D. The Impact of COVID-19 on Physical Performance and Mental Health-A Retrospective Case Series of Belgian Male Professional Football Players. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:803130. [PMID: 34966896 PMCID: PMC8710515 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.803130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: As every season, physical performance of players of Royal Antwerp FC's first team was regularly tested and mental well-being and mood were assessed during football season 2020-2021. Just like in the general population, several professional athletes were infected by SARS-CoV-2 during that season. COVID-19 is a complex disorder affecting multiple body systems, potentially damaging lungs, affecting the cardiovascular system or causing muscle weakness. Therefore, the impact of COVID-19 on performance was a major concern for the affected football players and their entourage. Objectives: To retrospectively examine the influence of COVID-19 on physical performance and mental health in professional football athletes during the season 2020-2021. Methods: Thirty-three professional athletes (age: 25.37 ± 4.11 years; height: 182.75 ± 7.62 cm; weight: 78.90 ± 8.97 kg) of a Belgian first division football club were assessed weekly during the 2020-2021 season. Weekly assessments comprised strength values of the hamstrings, hip abductors and hip adductors, jump performance, a modified Hooper questionnaire to assess mental status and nose swab PCR tests for COVID-19. Data analysis was performed from 2 weeks prior to COVID-19 contamination up to 8 weeks after the first positive test. Post-hoc Bonferroni correction was applied when performing statistical analysis. Results: Eleven players tested positive for COVID-19. Duration of contamination was 13 ± 7 days. There was no statistically significant difference before and after COVID-19 infection for jump performance, and adductor and abductor muscle strength (p > 0.05). Functional hamstring strength improved significantly 2 weeks (MD: 41.48; 95%CI: -3.79 to 86.75; p = 0.009) and 4 weeks (MD: 34.76; 95%CI: -8.91 to 78.42; p = 0.019) after COVID-19, whereas mood (MD: -0.60; 95%CI: -1.46 to 0.26; p = 0.041), stress levels (MD: -0.83; 95%CI: -1.85 to 0.20; p = 0.020) and total wellness (MD: -2.41; 95%CI: -5.25 to 0.43; p = 0.015) showed a significant reduction 8 weeks after confirmed COVID-19. Conclusion: Physical performance varied considerably across outcomes before and 8 weeks after COVID-19 contamination in a sample of first division football players. However, affected football players' overall well-being, stress levels and mood diminished after a positive COVID-19 test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jente Wagemans
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Peter Catteeuw
- Royal Antwerp Football Club, Performance and Physiotherapy, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jan Vandenhouten
- Royal Antwerp Football Club, Performance and Physiotherapy, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jordi Jansen
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Xander de Corte
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ciesse Ceusters
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Dirk Vissers
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Imboden C, Claussen MC, Iff S, Quednow BB, Seifritz E, Spörri J, Scherr J, Fröhlich S. COVID-19 Lockdown 2020 Changed Patterns of Alcohol and Cannabis Use in Swiss Elite Athletes and Bodybuilders: Results From an Online Survey. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:759335. [PMID: 34870195 PMCID: PMC8635023 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.759335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: During the COVID-19 pandemic, increased patterns of substance use have been reported in the general population. However, whether this also applies to athletes is not yet clear. This study aimed to detect changes in alcohol consumption and cannabis use in elite athletes and bodybuilders during the first COVID-19 lockdown in Switzerland. Methods: Between April 25 and May 25, 2020, a cross-sectional online survey was conducted among bodybuilders and Swiss elite athletes who were active in Olympic sports and disciplines approved by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) on at least the national level. The collected data included information on alcohol and cannabis use during the last month (lockdown) and in the year before COVID-19 lockdown (pre-lockdown), daily training times, existential fears on a scale from 1 to 100, Patient Health Questionnaire-9 for depression (PHQ-9), Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Results: N = 275 athletes (elite athletes: n = 193; bodybuilders: n = 82) was included in this study. Both pre-lockdown and during lockdown, more bodybuilders used cannabis (both time points: p < 0.001) than elite athletes, and more elite athletes drank alcohol (pre-lockdown: p = 0.005, lockdown: p = 0.002) compared to bodybuilders. During lockdown, fewer athletes drank alcohol compared to before, but those who continued drinking did so on more days per week (p < 0.001, Eta2 = 0.13). Elite athletes were more likely to increase their drinking with 17.7 vs. 8.2% in bodybuilders. When compared to pre-lockdown measures, the number of athletes using cannabis did not change during lockdown. Only three of 203 elite athletes reported using cannabis during lockdown; this contrasts with 16 of 85 bodybuilders. In a multivariate regression model, existential fears and a lower ISI score were significant predictors for increased alcohol consumption during the lockdown in the entire sample. In a model based on elite athletes only, male sex and a lower ISI score predicted increased alcohol consumption. In a bodybuilder-based model, predictors of increased alcohol consumption were existential fears and trait anxiety. Conclusion: We suggest identifying athletes who are at risk for increased alcohol and cannabis use; we suggest this to be able to professionally support them during stressful times, such as the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Malte Christian Claussen
- Private Clinic Wyss, Muenchenbuchsee, Switzerland
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Psychiatric Services Grisons, Chur, Switzerland
| | - Samuel Iff
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Boris B. Quednow
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Experimental and Clinical Pharmacopsychology, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Erich Seifritz
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Spörri
- University Centre for Prevention and Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Sports Medical Research Group, Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Scherr
- University Centre for Prevention and Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Sports Medical Research Group, Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Fröhlich
- University Centre for Prevention and Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Sports Medical Research Group, Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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