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Gomes JGDS, Brandão LC, Pinheiro DP, Pontes LQ, Carneiro RF, Quintela BCSF, Marinho ACM, Furtado GP, Rocha BAM. Kinetics characterization of a low immunogenic recombinant l-asparaginase from Phaseolus vulgaris with cytotoxic activity against leukemia cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 275:133731. [PMID: 38986978 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
l-asparaginases play a crucial role in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), a type of cancer that mostly affects children and teenagers. However, it is common for these molecules to cause adverse reactions during treatment. These downsides ignite the search for novel asparaginases to mitigate these problems. Thus, this work aimed to produce and characterize a recombinant asparaginase from Phaseolus vulgaris (Asp-P). In this study, Asp-P was expressed in Escherichia coli with high yields and optimum activity at 40 °C, pH 9.0. The enzyme Km and Vmax values were 7.05 mM and 1027 U/mg, respectively. Asp-P is specific for l-asparagine, showing no activity against l-glutamine and other amino acids. The enzyme showed a higher cytotoxic effect against Raji than K562 cell lines, but only at high concentrations. In silico analysis indicated that Asp-P has lower immunogenicity than a commercial enzyme. Asp-P induced biofilm formation by Candida sp. due to sublethal dose, showing an underexplored potential of asparaginases. The absence of glutaminase activity, lower immunogenicity and optimal activity similar to physiological temperature conditions are characteristics that indicate Asp-P as a potential new commercial enzyme in the treatment of ALL and its underexplored application in the treatment of other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Larisse Cadeira Brandão
- Departament of Fishing Engineering, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil; Oswaldo Cruz Foundation - Fiocruz Ceara, Eusebio, Ceara, Brazil
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Chua RW, Song KP, Ting ASY. Antioxidant properties and L-asparaginase activities of endophytic fungi from Cymbidium orchids. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2024; 69:713-722. [PMID: 37995083 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-023-01112-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
This study profiled the various endophytic fungi isolated from the orchid Cymbidium sp. and their L-asparaginase production and antioxidant potential. The L-asparaginase production was first screened through qualitative plate screening then quantified by the Nesslerization method. The antioxidant potential was quantified via the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay. A total of 30 endophytic fungi were isolated and all fungal isolates exhibited various degrees of radical scavenging activities (45.28% to 76.4%). Isolate Lasiodiplodia theobromae (C11) had the highest antioxidant capacity, represented by the lowest IC50 value (5.75 mg/mL) and highest ascorbic acid equivalent antioxidant capacity value (12.17 mg/g). Additionally, 16 isolates produced L-asparaginase (53.33%), which includes primarily species of Fusarium proliferatum, Fusarium fujikuroi, Fusarium incarnatum, and Fusarium oxysporum. A new isolate has also been discovered from Cymbidium orchid, Buergenerula spartinae (C28), which showed the highest L-asparaginase activity (1.736 unit/mL). These findings supported the postulation that medicinal species of Orchidaceae such as Cymbidium sp. harbor endophytes that are producers of L-asparaginase and antioxidants with various potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Wei Chua
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Keang Peng Song
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Adeline Su Yien Ting
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
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Tsegaye K, Tsehai BA, Getie B. Desirable L-asparaginases for treating cancer and current research trends. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1269282. [PMID: 38591038 PMCID: PMC11001194 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1269282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Amino acid depletion therapy is a promising approach for cancer treatment. It exploits the differences in the metabolic processes between healthy and cancerous cells. Certain microbial enzymes induce cancer cell apoptosis by removing essential amino acids. L-asparaginase is an enzyme approved by the FDA for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The enzymes currently employed in clinics come from two different sources: Escherichia coli and Erwinia chrysanthemi. Nevertheless, the search for improved enzymes and other sources continues because of several factors, including immunogenicity, in vivo instability, and protease degradation. Before determining whether L-asparaginase is clinically useful, research should consider the Michaelis constant, turnover number, and maximal velocity. The identification of L-asparaginase from microbial sources has been the subject of various studies. The primary goals of this review are to explore the most current approaches used in the search for therapeutically useful L-asparaginases and to establish whether these investigations identified the crucial characteristics of L-asparaginases before declaring their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kindu Tsegaye
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | | | - Birhan Getie
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Chakraborty M, Shivakumar S. Application of sequential design for enhanced L-asparaginase synthesis from Ganoderma australe GPC191. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 40:85. [PMID: 38296867 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03881-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
With an increasing demand for L-asparaginase in pharmaceutical and food sectors for its cytostatic and acrylamide-reducing qualities, there's a need to discover novel, highly productive enzyme sources with improved pharmacokinetic profiles. Keeping this in mind, the present study aimed at maximizing the potential of Ganoderma australe GPC191 to produce L-asparaginase by fermentation medium optimization using statistical validation. Of the 11 physicochemical parameters evaluated under submerged fermentation conditions through one-factor-at-a-time approach and Plackett-Burman design, only four parameters (inoculum load, L-asparagine, soybean meal, and initial pH) influenced L-asparaginase production, significantly (p < 0.001). The optimal levels and interaction effects of these on the overall production were further evaluated by the central composite rotatable design of response surface methodology. Post-optimization, 27.34 U/mL was predicted as the maximum activity at pH 7 with 5n inoculum load and 15 g/L each of L-asparagine and soybean meal. Experimental validation yielded an activity of 28.52 U/mL, indicating an overall 18.17-fold increase from the unoptimized stage. To our knowledge, this is the first report signifying the L-asparaginase production aptitude of G. australe with sequential statistical validation using agricultural waste, which can serve as a model to enhance its yields, offering a sustainable and cost-effective solution for industrial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghna Chakraborty
- Department of Microbiology and Botany, School of Sciences, JAIN (Deemed-to-be University), Bangalore, Karnataka, 560027, India
| | - Srividya Shivakumar
- School of Allied Healthcare and Sciences (SAHS), JAIN (Deemed-to-be University), Bangalore, Karnataka, 560066, India.
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Crispim AC, Crispim SMA, Rocha JR, Ursulino JS, Sobrinho RR, Porto VA, Bento ES, Santana AEG, Caetano LC. Light effects on Lasiodiplodia theobromae metabolome cultured in vitro. Metabolomics 2023; 19:75. [PMID: 37580624 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-023-02041-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The present work identified and compared intracellular metabolites and metabolic networks in mycelial cultures of Lasiodiplodia theobromae grown under 12 natural light and 24 hours' dark using a 1 H NMR-based metabolomics approach. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fungal cultures were grown in potato dextrose media, and metabolites were extracted by sonication with sodium phosphate-buffered saline (pH = 6.0, 10% D2O, 0.1 mM TSP) from mycelium samples collected every week over four weeks. RESULTS Multivariate analyses revealed that the light exposure group showed a positive correlation within beta-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate, acetone, betaine, choline, glycerol, and phosphocholine. On the other hand, phenyl acetate, leucine, isoleucine, valine, and tyrosine were positively correlated with dark conditions. Light favored the oxidative degradation of valine, leucine, and isoleucine, leading to the accumulation of choline, phosphocholine, betaine, and ketone bodies (ketogenesis). Ketogenesis, gluconeogenesis, and the biosynthesis of choline, phosphocholine, and betaine, were considered discriminatory routes for light conditions. The light-sensing pathways were interlinked with fungal development, as verified by the increased production of mycelia biomass without fruiting bodies and stress signaling, as demonstrated by the increased production of pigments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandre C Crispim
- Chemistry and Biotechnology Institute, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brazil.
| | - Shirley M A Crispim
- Chemistry and Biotechnology Institute, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brazil
| | - Jéssica R Rocha
- Chemistry and Biotechnology Institute, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brazil
| | - Jeferson S Ursulino
- Chemistry and Biotechnology Institute, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brazil
| | - Roberto R Sobrinho
- School of Plant Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Viviane A Porto
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brazil
| | - Edson S Bento
- Chemistry and Biotechnology Institute, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brazil
| | - Antônio E G Santana
- Campus of Engineering and Agricultural Sciences, CECA Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brazil
| | - Luiz C Caetano
- Chemistry and Biotechnology Institute, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brazil
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Parashiva J, Nuthan BR, Rakshith D, Satish S. Endophytic Fungi as a Promising Source of Anticancer L-Asparaginase: A Review. Curr Microbiol 2023; 80:282. [PMID: 37450223 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03392-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
L-asparaginase is a tetrameric enzyme from the amidohydrolases family, that catalyzes the breakdown of L-asparagine into L-aspartic acid and ammonia. Since its discovery as an anticancer drug, it is used as one of the prime chemotherapeutic agents to treat acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Apart from its use in the biopharmaceutical industry, it is also used to reduce the formation of a carcinogenic substance called acrylamide in fried, baked, and roasted foods. L-asparaginase is derived from many organisms including plants, bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes. Currently, L-asparaginase preparations from Escherichia coli and Erwinia chrysanthemi are used in the clinical treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. However, they are associated with low yield and immunogenicity problems. At this juncture, endophytic fungi from medicinal plants have gained much attention as they have several advantages over the available bacterial preparations. Many medicinal plants have been screened for L-asparaginase producing endophytic fungi and several studies have reported potent L-asparaginase producing strains. This review provides insights into fungal endophytes from medicinal plants and their significance as probable alternatives for bacterial L-asparaginase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javaraiah Parashiva
- Department of Studies in Microbiology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru, Karnataka, 570 006, India
| | | | - Devaraju Rakshith
- Department of Microbiology, Yuvaraja's College, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru, Karnataka, 570 005, India
| | - Sreedharamurthy Satish
- Department of Studies in Microbiology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru, Karnataka, 570 006, India.
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Improvement of L-asparaginase, an Anticancer Agent of Aspergillus arenarioides EAN603 in Submerged Fermentation Using a Radial Basis Function Neural Network with a Specific Genetic Algorithm (RBFNN-GA). FERMENTATION-BASEL 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation9030200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to optimize the production of L-asparaginase from Aspergillus arenarioides EAN603 in submerged fermentation using a radial basis function neural network with a specific genetic algorithm (RBFNN-GA) and response surface methodology (RSM). Independent factors used included temperature (x1), pH (x2), incubation time (x3), and soybean concentration (x4). The coefficient of the predicted model using the Box–Behnken design (BBD) was R2 = 0.9079 (p < 0.05); however, the lack of fit was significant indicating that independent factors are not fitted with the quadratic model. These results were confirmed during the optimization process, which revealed that the standard error (SE) of the predicted model was 11.65 while the coefficient was 0.9799, at which 145.35 and 124.54 IU mL−1 of the actual and predicted enzyme production was recorded at 34 °C, pH 8.5, after 7 days and with 10 g L−1 of organic soybean powder concentrations. Compared to the RBFNN-GA, the results revealed that the investigated factors had benefits and effects on L-asparaginase, with a correlation coefficient of R = 0.935484, and can classify 91.666667% of the test data samples with a better degree of precision; the actual values are higher than the predicted values for the L-asparaginase data.
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da Silva LF, de Pádua APSL, de Oliveira Ferro L, Agamez-Montalvo GS, Bezerra JDP, Moreira KA, de Souza-Motta CM. Cacti as low-cost substrates to produce L-asparaginase by endophytic fungi. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:247. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03420-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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El-Ganainy SM, Ismail AM, Iqbal Z, Elshewy ES, Alhudaib KA, Almaghasla MI, Magistà D. Diversity among Lasiodiplodia Species Causing Dieback, Root Rot and Leaf Spot on Fruit Trees in Egypt, and a Description of Lasiodiplodia newvalleyensis sp. nov. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:1203. [PMID: 36422024 PMCID: PMC9694705 DOI: 10.3390/jof8111203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lasiodiplodia (family Botryosphaeriaceae) is a widely distributed fungal genus that causes a variety of diseases in tropical and subtropical regions. During 2020−2021, a routine survey of fruit tree plants was conducted in five Egyptian Governorates, and fresh samples exhibiting dieback, decline, leaf spot and root rot symptoms were collected. Collection from eight different symptomatic leaves, twigs, branches and roots of fruit trees yielded 18 Lasiodiplodia-like isolates. The sequencing data from the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), partial translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1-a) and β-tubulin (tub2) were used to infer phylogenetic relationships with known Lasiodiplodia species. Two isolates obtained from black necrotic lesions on Phoenix dactylifera leaves were identified as a putative novel species, L. newvalleyensis sp. nov., and were thus subjected to further morphological characterization. The results of isolation and molecular characterization revealed that L. theobromae (n = 9) was the most common species on Mangifera indica, Citrus reticulata, C. sinensis, Ficus carica, Prunus persica, Prunus armeniaca and Pyrus communis trees. Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae (n = 5) was isolated from M. indica, Prunus persica and C. sinensis. Lasiodiplodia laeliocattleyae (n = 2) was isolated from C. reticulata. Pathogenicity test results suggested that all Lasiodiplodia species were pathogenic to their hosts. The present study is considered the first to characterize and decipher the diversity of Lasiodiplodia species associated with fruit trees in Egypt, using the multi-locus ITS, tef1-a and tub2 sequence data, along with morphological and pathogenic trials. To our knowledge, this is the first report of L. newvalleyensis on Phoenix dactylifera and L. laeliocattleya on C. reticulata in Egypt and worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif Mohamed El-Ganainy
- Department of Arid Land Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 420, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Plant Pests, and Diseases Unit, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 420, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Vegetable Diseases Research Department, Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza 12619, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Mahmoud Ismail
- Department of Arid Land Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 420, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Plant Pests, and Diseases Unit, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 420, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Vegetable Diseases Research Department, Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza 12619, Egypt
| | - Zafar Iqbal
- Central Laboratories, King Faisal University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman Said Elshewy
- Vegetable Diseases Research Department, Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza 12619, Egypt
| | - Khalid A. Alhudaib
- Department of Arid Land Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 420, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Plant Pests, and Diseases Unit, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 420, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mustafa I. Almaghasla
- Department of Arid Land Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 420, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Plant Pests, and Diseases Unit, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 420, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Donato Magistà
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari A. Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council (CNR), 70126 Bari, Italy
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Garvey M. Non-Mammalian Eukaryotic Expression Systems Yeast and Fungi in the Production of Biologics. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:1179. [PMID: 36354946 PMCID: PMC9692369 DOI: 10.3390/jof8111179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Biologics have become an important area of medical research generating therapeutics essential for the treatment of many disease states. Biologics are defined as biologically active compounds manufactured by living cells or through biological processes termed bioprocessing. Compared to small molecules which are chemically synthesised they are relatively complex and therapeutically specific molecules. Biologics include hormones, vaccines, blood products, monoclonal antibodies, recombinant therapeutic proteins, enzymes, gene and cellular therapies amongst others. For biologic production prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells (mammalian and non-mammalian) are used as expression systems. Eukaryotic expression systems offer many advantages over prokaryotic based systems. The manufacture of high-quality proteins for human clinical use via recombinant technologies has been achieved in yeast and filamentous fungal systems. Advances in bioprocessing such as genetic engineering, bioreactor design, continuous processing, and quality by design has allowed for increased productivity and higher yield in in these non-mammalian eukaryotic systems with protein translation similar to mammalian systems. The application of eukaryotic expressions systems for the manufacture of biologics of therapeutic importance are described herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Garvey
- Department of Life Science, Atlantic Technological University, F91 YW50 Sligo, Ireland; ; Tel.: +353-071-9305529
- Centre for Precision Engineering, Materials and Manufacturing Research (PEM), Atlantic Technological University, F91 YW50 Sligo, Ireland
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Kousar R, Naeem M, Jamaludin MI, Arshad A, Shamsuri AN, Ansari N, Akhtar S, Hazafa A, Uddin J, Khan A, Al-Harrasi A. Exploring the anticancer activities of novel bioactive compounds derived from endophytic fungi: mechanisms of action, current challenges and future perspectives. Am J Cancer Res 2022; 12:2897-2919. [PMID: 35968347 PMCID: PMC9360238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the second leading cause of death all around the world. The natural compounds derived from the endophytic flora of fungi are possible solutions to cancer treatment because they are safe for health, cost-effective, biocompatible and have fewer toxicity issues. The active ingredients in endophytic fungi that are responsible for anti-cancer activities are alkaloids, terpenoids, glycosides, saponin, peptides, steroids, phenols, quinones, and flavonoids. This review highlights the anti-cancer activities of entophytic fungus against human papillary thyroid carcinoma (IHH4), human pancreatic (PANC-1), ovarian (OVCAR-3), hepatic (HepG2), lung (A-549), human lymphoma (U937), human skin carcinoma (A431), breast (MCF-7), and Kaposi's sarcoma. The emerging evidence suggested that bioactive compounds isolated from endophytic fungi showed their anti-cancer activities by revealing the disturbance of the microtubule network caused by increased levels of Bax and Bcl-2 proteins that triggers cell cycle arrest at the G2-M phase, by inhibiting the DNA replication via binding with topoisomerase II, by regulating the activity of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and NF-kB, by evaluating the levels of p21, p27, and cyclins B/D1/E that led to cell death by apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. This review will assist readers in better comprehending bioactive chemicals and the beneficial interaction between the fungal endophytes and medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubina Kousar
- Collage of Life Science, Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, China Medical UniversityTaichung 406040, Taiwan
| | - Muhammad Naeem
- College of Life Science, Hebei Normal UniversityShijiazhuang 050024, Hebei, China
| | - Mohamad Ikhwan Jamaludin
- Bioinspired Device and Tissue Engineering Research Group, School of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MalaysiaJohor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Ammara Arshad
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Management & Technology LahorePakistan
| | - Aisyah Nazirah Shamsuri
- Johor Pharmaceutical Services Division, Hospital Permai LamaJalan Persiaran Permai, Johor Bahru 81200, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Nelofar Ansari
- Department of Botany, University of BalochistanQuetta, Pakistan
| | | | - Abu Hazafa
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of AgricultureFaisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Jalal Uddin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid UniversityAbha 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ajmal Khan
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of NizwaPO Box 33, 616 Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa, Oman
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of NizwaPO Box 33, 616 Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa, Oman
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