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Zhang Z, Chen X, Xu L, Qin X, Veloo A. Sport anxiety and subjective happiness of college athletes: a self-determination theory perspective. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1400094. [PMID: 39114588 PMCID: PMC11303297 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1400094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Sport anxiety not only impacts the performance of college athletes but also influences their psychological well-being. The psychological well-being of sports students is crucial for both academic performance and competition, as they need to balance their academic performance with professional athletic training. Method Based on self-determination theory, this study examines the relationship between various factors in sport anxiety (somatic anxiety, worry, and concentration disruption) and subjective happiness, as well as the mediating role of need satisfaction in this relationship. A total of 835 college athletic students participated in the study, completing the Sport Anxiety Scale-2, Basic Psychological Needs Satisfaction Scale-in General, and Subjective Happiness Scale. Results An analysis of gender differences revealed that female participants scored significantly higher on somatic anxiety (t = -2.21, df = 833, p = 0.028, Cohen's d = -0.155) and worry (t = -3.17, df = 833, p = 0.002, Cohen's d = -0.223) compared to males. In the analysis by sport type, participants engaged in team sports scored significantly higher on somatic anxiety (t = 2.70, df = 833, p = 0.007, Cohen's d = 0.187), Worry (t = 1.97, df = 833, p = 0.049, Cohen's d = 0.136), and concentration disruption (t = 2.73, df = 833, p = 0.007, Cohen's d = 0.189) than those in individual sports. Additionally, in the analysis by grade level, freshman college athletes exhibited significantly lower sport anxiety compared to sophomore athletes [F(4, 830) = 4.06, p = 0.003, η p 2 =0.019]. The mediation analysis revealed that concentration disruption in sport anxiety is significantly and negatively related to subjective happiness. Additionally, need satisfaction (competence, autonomy, and relatedness) mediates the relationship between worry, as well as concentration disruption in sport anxiety and subjective happiness. Discussion Future research should build on the current study by employing longitudinal designs and integrating multiple objective measures to further explore the relationship between sport anxiety and subjective happiness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwen Zhang
- Faculty of Sports and Health, Chongqing Electronic Information College, Chongqing, China
- Faculty of Social Sciences & Liberal Arts, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- School of Foundation Courses, Chongqing Institute of Engineering, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- Hope College, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
- School of Liberal Arts, Shinawatra University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Liyu Xu
- Faculty of Sports and Health, Chongqing Electronic Information College, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao Qin
- Faculty of Education & Liberal Studies, City University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Guangxi Water Conservancy and Electric Power Vocational and Technical College, Nanning, China
| | - Arsaythamby Veloo
- School of Education and Modern Languages, University of Northern Malaysia, Sintok, Malaysia
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Burns C, Jo J, Williams K, Davis P, Amedy A, Anesi TJ, Prosak OL, Rigney GH, Terry DP, Zuckerman SL. Subclinical, long-term psychological symptoms following sport-related concussion: are athletes more depressed than we think? Brain Inj 2024; 38:637-644. [PMID: 38572738 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2024.2334352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In adolescent and collegiate athletes with sport-related concussion (SRC), we sought to evaluate the prevalence and predictors of long-term psychological symptoms. METHODS A cohort study was conducted of athletes 12-24-year-old diagnosed with SRC between November 2017 and April 2022. Athletes/proxies were interviewed on psychological symptoms (i.e. anger, anxiety, depression, and stress). Participants who scored ≥75th percentile on one or more PROMIS (Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement System) measures were operationalized to have subclinical, long-term psychological symptoms. Uni/multivariable regressions were used. RESULTS Of 96 participants (60.4% male), the average age was 16.6 ± 2.6 years. The median time from concussion to interview was 286 days (IQR: 247-420). A total of 36.5% athletes demonstrated subclinical, long-term psychological symptoms. Univariate logistic regression revealed significant predictors of these symptoms: history of psychiatric disorder (OR = 7.42 95% CI 1.37,40.09), substance use (OR = 4.65 95% CI 1.15,18.81), new medical diagnosis since concussion (OR = 3.43 95% CI 1.27,9.26), amnesia (OR = 3.42 95% CI 1.02,11.41), other orthopedic injuries since concussion (OR = 3.11 95% CI 1.18,8.21), age (OR = 1.24 95% CI 1.03,1.48), days to return-to-play (OR = 1.02 95% CI 1.00,1.03), and psychiatric medication use (OR = 0.19 95% CI 0.05,0.74). Multivariable model revealed significant predictors: orthopedic injuries (OR = 5.17 95% CI 1.12,24.00) and return-to-play (OR = 1.02 95% CI 1.00,1.04). CONCLUSIONS Approximately one in three athletes endorsed long-term psychological symptoms. Predictors of these symptoms included orthopedic injuries and delayed RTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carter Burns
- Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jacob Jo
- Vanderbilt Sports Concussion Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Kristen Williams
- Vanderbilt Sports Concussion Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Phil Davis
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Amad Amedy
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Trevor J Anesi
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Olivia L Prosak
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | - Douglas P Terry
- Vanderbilt Sports Concussion Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Scott L Zuckerman
- Vanderbilt Sports Concussion Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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Li J, Leng Z, Tang K, Na M, Li Y, Shah Alam S. Multidimensional impact of sport types on the psychological well-being of student athletes: A multivariate investigation. Heliyon 2024; 10:e32331. [PMID: 38947484 PMCID: PMC11214501 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The correlation between sports participation and psychological well-being is well-documented, revealing a complex interplay influenced by competition level and cultural context. This is particularly relevant in Korea, where the university sports culture significantly impacts student life. This study evaluates how competitive versus non-competitive sports affect Korean university students' psychological well-being using a quantitative approach with SmartPLS 4 for multi-group analysis. Findings reveal that competitive sports significantly enhance mental toughness and stress management through structured coping mechanisms and robust social support, improving coping strategy effectiveness by 34 % compared to non-competitive sports. Conversely, participants in non-competitive sports experience greater general well-being with a 40 % higher use of informal support. These insights suggest that university sports programs could benefit from targeted interventions incorporating specific coping strategies and social support frameworks tailored to the competitive context. This research underscores the need for precise stress management techniques and resilience-building exercises in sports curricula to optimize psychological well-being across different sports environments in Korean universities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Dept of Sport & Leisure Studies, Hoseo University, Asan, Chungcheongnam-do, South Korea
| | - Zhiyu Leng
- Senior Lecturer, Institute of Disaster Prevention, Hebei Province, 065201, China
| | - Kexin Tang
- Senior Lecturer, Xiangtan Institute of Technology, Xiangtan City, Hunan Province, China
| | - Meng Na
- Graduate School of Business, Universiti Kebangsaan, Malaysia, 43600, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yixiang Li
- Xiangtan Institute of Technology, Xiangtan City, Hunan Province, China
| | - Syed Shah Alam
- Department of Marketing, College of Business Administration, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Aldanyowi SN, AlOraini LI. Personalizing Injury Management and Recovery: A Cross-Sectional Investigation of Musculoskeletal Injuries and Quality of Life in Athletes. Orthop Res Rev 2024; 16:137-151. [PMID: 38779612 PMCID: PMC11108760 DOI: 10.2147/orr.s460748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose The study explores the impact of Musculoskeletal Injuries on the quality of life in youth athletes, aiming to understand the extent of these injuries' effects on their physical and mental wellbeing. Patients and Methods This cross-sectional study included 130 youth athletes, using questionnaires to collect data on demographics, training exposures (averaging 11±3.8 hours/week), overuse symptoms (using the Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center Overuse Injury Questionnaire), acute injury history, and overall wellbeing (assessed by the RAND 36-item Short Form Health Survey). Results Findings indicated that 55.4% of participants had suffered an acute injury in the past 6 months, leading to an average of 4 weeks of time loss. The mean score for OSTRC-O Scores was 16.8±6.4, with knee overuse averaging 21.3± 8.8. In terms of wellbeing, physical and mental health scores were 82.4±15.3 and 81.7±14.1 respectively. There were significant correlations between higher overuse scores and poorer physical functioning (r=-0.42), bodily pain (r=-0.38), vitality (r=-0.32), and mental health (r=-0.31). Acute injuries were linked with worse physical functioning and role limitations. Regression analysis showed that both overuse and acute injuries predicted poorer physical health. Conclusion The study underscores the significant prevalence of musculoskeletal injuries among youth athletes and delineates their profound impact on the quality of life, encompassing both the physical and mental health realms. These findings advocate for the critical integration of preventive measures and personalized training protocols, spotlighting the pivotal role of comprehensive biopsychosocial strategies in nurturing athletes' overall wellbeing. By prioritizing the quality of life as a key outcome, this research advocates for a more nuanced approach to injury management and recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saud N Aldanyowi
- Orthopedic Surgery, College of Medicine, King Faisal University Eastern Province, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
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Picha KJ, Welch Bacon CE, Evans Windsor C, Lewis JH, Snyder Valier AR. Athletic Trainers' Observations of Social Determinants of Health in the Collegiate Setting: A Card Study. J Athl Train 2024; 59:394-402. [PMID: 37734734 PMCID: PMC11064110 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-0327.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Addressing social determinants of health (SDOH) in all populations improves patient outcomes, leading to better patient-centered care. Despite known influences of SDOH, little is known about the ability of athletic trainers (ATs) to observe SDOH in practice. OBJECTIVE To explore ATs' observations of SDOH and describe actions taken at the point of care in collegiate and university settings. DESIGN Descriptive via an observational card study. SETTING Athletic training facilities. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS Collegiate and university ATs (23 participants across 20 institutions). DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS The ATs used a modified observation card to document observations of SDOH during patient encounters in the collegiate or university setting. The cards contained instructions for completion and a table with 4 columns: (1) a list of 19 predetermined SDOH, (2) a checkbox for observed SDOH, (3) a checkbox for the perceived negative influence of observed SDOH on patient health, and (4) an open box to write in what actions, if any, were taken to address the observed SDOH. RESULTS Overall, 424 cards were collected. Of 725 observed SDOH, access to social media (153/725, 21.1%), academic stressors (131/725, 18.1%), and behavioral health issues (71/725, 9.8%) were the most commonly observed. Nearly 39% (281/725) had a perceived negative influence. Of those, academic stressors (49/281, 17.4%), behavioral health issues (46/281, 16.4%), and transportation issues (32/281, 11.4%) were most common. For the 23.0% (166/725) of SDOH acted upon, ATs used counseling and education (73/166), provided additional resources (60/166), referred to others (29/166), or communicated with others (4/166). CONCLUSIONS Because ATs are positioned to accurately assess SDOH, they can promote better patient-centered care and improve patient outcomes. Our results suggest that many SDOH observed by ATs in the collegiate or university setting have a negative influence on patient health. Better support for patients with academic stressors and behavioral health issues is important because of these SDOH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey J Picha
- Department of Interdisciplinary Health Sciences, A.T. Still University, Mesa, AZ
- Department of Athletic Training, A.T. Still University, Mesa, AZ
| | - Cailee E Welch Bacon
- Department of Athletic Training, A.T. Still University, Mesa, AZ
- School of Osteopathic Medicine in Arizona, A.T. Still University, Mesa
| | - Cassidy Evans Windsor
- Department of Athletic Training, A.T. Still University, Mesa, AZ
- Roswell High School, GA
| | - Joy H Lewis
- Department of Research Support, A.T. Still University, Mesa, AZ
| | - Alison R Snyder Valier
- Department of Athletic Training, A.T. Still University, Mesa, AZ
- School of Osteopathic Medicine in Arizona, A.T. Still University, Mesa
- Department of Research Support, A.T. Still University, Mesa, AZ
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Beisecker L, Harrison P, Josephson M, DeFreese JD. Depression, anxiety and stress among female student-athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med 2024; 58:278-285. [PMID: 38233087 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2023-107328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify, quantify and analyse determinants of depression, anxiety and stress symptoms among female student-athletes. DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES Five online databases (PubMed, CINAHL, PsychInfo, SportDiscus and Web of Science) searched from inception through 14 September 2023. Hand-searches and contacting authors for eligible studies. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR SELECTING STUDIES Articles were included if they were published in English, included female student-athletes competing at National Collegiate Athletic Association institutions, and measured symptom-level depression, anxiety and/or stress. RESULTS AND SUMMARY We screened 2415 articles; 52 studies (N=13 849) were included in the systematic review with 13 studies qualifying for meta-analysis. Seventeen determinants were identified including injury (eg, concussions), health (eg, sleep hygiene) and social factors (eg, social support). As data specific to female student-athletes was delineated from studies that included other populations, we observed 16 studies (30.7%) reported that identifying as female was a meaningful determinant of depression, anxiety and stress in athletes. Results of the meta-analysis (k=13, N=5004) suggested a small but significant association (r=0.15, 95% CI 0.05 to 0.24, p=0.004) between other determinants and depression, anxiety, and stress among female student-athletes. CONCLUSION Coaches, trainers and clinicians are key contributors in supporting female student-athlete mental health, with responsibilities for integrating mental skill training, sleep hygiene education and regular assessments. Comprehensive mental health and tailored education programmes considering determinants such as injury, health and social factors specific to female student-athletes are needed to enhance mental health equity in sport. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42022362163.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Beisecker
- Department of Health Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Human Movement Science Curriculum, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Patrick Harrison
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Marzia Josephson
- College of Education, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - J D DeFreese
- Human Movement Science Curriculum, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Reardon CL, Gorczynski P, Hainline B, Hitchcock M, Rice S. Anxiety Disorders in Athletes. Clin Sports Med 2024; 43:33-52. [PMID: 37949513 DOI: 10.1016/j.csm.2023.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Athletes and non-athletes experience many anxiety-related symptoms and disorders at comparable rates. Contributory factors may include pressure to perform, public scrutiny, sporting career dissatisfaction, injury, and harassment and abuse in sport. Anxiety may negatively impact sport performance. Specific types of anxiety may have unique presentations in athletes. It is important to rule out general medical and substance-related causes of anxiety symptoms. Psychotherapy and pharmacology treatment options should be considered, bearing in mind athletes' environmental circumstances and physiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia L Reardon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 6001 Research Park Boulevard, Madison, WI 53719, USA.
| | - Paul Gorczynski
- Psychology and Counselling, School of Human Sciences, University of Greenwich, Old Royal Naval College, Park Row, Greenwich SE10 9LS, UK
| | - Brian Hainline
- National Collegiate Athletic Association, 700 West Washington Street, PO Box 6222, Indianapolis, IN 46206, USA
| | - Mary Hitchcock
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Ebling Library for the Health Sciences, 2339 Health Sciences Learning Center, 750 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Simon Rice
- Orygen, 35 Poplar Road, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia; Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Locked Bag 10, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
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Lumba-Brown A, Teramoto M, Zhang R, Aukerman DF, Bohr AD, Harmon K, Petron DJ, Romano R, Poddar SK, Ghajar J. Multicentre evaluation of anxiety and mood among collegiate student athletes with concussion. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2023; 9:e001446. [PMID: 36756287 PMCID: PMC9900064 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2022-001446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Mental health problems are a premorbid and postinjury concern among college student athletes. Clinical phenotypes of anxiety and mood disruption are prevalent following mild traumatic brain injury, including concussion, a common sports injury. This work examined whether concussed student athletes with a history of mental health problems and higher symptoms of anxiety and mood disruption at baseline were more likely to have higher postinjury reports of mood and anxiety as well as prolonged resolution of postconcussive symptoms to near-baseline measures. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study of a multi-institutional database of standardised baseline and postinjury assessments among college student athletes. Anxiety/mood evaluation data among varsity college athletes from four institutions over 1 year were measured and compared at baseline and postconcussion recovery using descriptive statistics and multilevel/mixed-effects analysis. Results Data from 2248 student athletes were analysed, with 40.6% reporting at least one symptom of anxiety and/or mood disruption at baseline. Of the 150 distinct concussions, 94.7% reported symptoms of anxiety/mood disruption during recovery (recovery time=0-96 days). Higher anxiety/mood scores at baseline were significantly associated with higher scores following concussion (p<0.001). Recovery trajectories of anxiety/mood scores showed different patterns by sex and prolonged recovery. Conclusion Symptoms of anxiety and mood disruption are common at baseline among college student athletes. These students are at higher risk for symptomatology following injury, representing a screening cohort that may benefit from early counselling. Almost all student athletes will experience symptoms of anxiety and/or mood disruption following concussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Lumba-Brown
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Masaru Teramoto
- Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Utah Hospital, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Rachel Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Doug F Aukerman
- Sports Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Adam D Bohr
- Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Kimberly Harmon
- Family Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - David J Petron
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Russ Romano
- Athletic Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sourav K Poddar
- Family Medicine and Orthopedics, University of Colorado—Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Jamshid Ghajar
- Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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