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Kurzyna JM, Kopiasz RJ, Paul M, Flont M, Baranowska P, Mierzejewska J, Drężek K, Tomaszewski W, Jastrzębska E, Jańczewski D. Unlocking the Potential: PEGylation and Molecular Weight Reduction of Ionenes for Enhanced Antifungal Activity and Biocompatibility. Macromol Biosci 2024:e2400032. [PMID: 39018491 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202400032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Numerous synthetic polymers, imitating natural antimicrobial peptides, have demonstrated potent antimicrobial activity, positioning them as potential candidates for new antimicrobial drugs. However, the high activity of these molecules often comes at the cost of elevated toxicity against eukaryotic organisms. In this study, a series of cationic ionenes with varying molecular weights to assess the influence of polymer chain length on ionene activity is investigated. To enhance polymer antimicrobial activity and limit toxicity a PEG side chain is introduced into the repeating unit. The resulting molecules consistently exhibited high activity against three model organisms: E. coli, S. aureus and C. albicans. The incorporation of side PEG chain improves antifungal properties and biocompatibility, regardless of molecular weight. The most important finding of this work is that the reduction of polymer molecular mass led to increased antifungal activity and reduced cytotoxicity against HMF and MRC-5 cell lines simultaneously. As a result, the best-performing molecules reported herein displayed minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) as low as 2 and 0.0625 µg mL1 for C. albicans and C. tropicalis respectively, demonstrating exceptional selectivity. It is plausible that some of described herein molecules can serve as potential lead candidates for new antifungal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan M Kurzyna
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, Warsaw, 00-664, Poland
| | - Rafał J Kopiasz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, Warsaw, 00-664, Poland
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Boots Science Building, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Martyna Paul
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, Warsaw, 00-664, Poland
- Laboratory of White Biotechnology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5a, Warsaw, 02-106, Poland
| | - Magdalena Flont
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Technology (CEZAMAT), Warsaw University of Technology, Poleczki 19, Warsaw, 02-822, Poland
| | - Patrycja Baranowska
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Technology (CEZAMAT), Warsaw University of Technology, Poleczki 19, Warsaw, 02-822, Poland
| | - Jolanta Mierzejewska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, Warsaw, 00-664, Poland
| | - Karolina Drężek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, Warsaw, 00-664, Poland
| | - Waldemar Tomaszewski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, Warsaw, 00-664, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Jastrzębska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, Warsaw, 00-664, Poland
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Technology (CEZAMAT), Warsaw University of Technology, Poleczki 19, Warsaw, 02-822, Poland
| | - Dominik Jańczewski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, Warsaw, 00-664, Poland
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In Vivo siRNA Delivery and Rebound of Renal LRP2 in Mice. JOURNAL OF DRUG DELIVERY 2017; 2017:4070793. [PMID: 29410918 PMCID: PMC5750491 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4070793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
siRNA stabilized for in vivo applications is filtered and reabsorbed in the renal proximal tubule (PT), reducing mRNA expression transiently. Prior siRNA efforts have successfully prevented upregulation of mRNA in response to injury. We proposed reducing constitutive gene and protein expression of LRP2 (megalin) in order to understand its molecular regulation in mice. Using siRNA targeting mouse LRP2 (siLRP2), reduction of LRP2 mRNA expression was compared to scrambled siRNA (siSCR) in mouse PT cells. Mice received siLRP2 administration optimized for dose, administration site, carrier solution, administration frequency, and administration duration. Kidney cortex was collected upon sacrifice. Renal gene and protein expression were compared by qRT-PCR, immunoblot, and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Compared to siSCR, siLRP2 reduced mRNA expression in PT cells to 16.6% ± 0.6%. In mouse kidney cortex, siLRP2 reduced mRNA expression to 74.8 ± 6.3% 3 h and 70.1 ± 6.3% 6 h after administration. mRNA expression rebounded at 12 h (160.6 ± 11.2%). No megalin renal protein expression reduction was observed by immunoblot or IHC, even after serial twice daily dosing for 3.5 days. Megalin is a constitutively expressed protein. Although LRP2 renal mRNA expression reduction was achieved, siRNA remains a costly and inefficient intervention to reduce in vivo megalin protein expression.
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