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Qiao Y, Huang D, Li Y, Jiang S, Chen X, Chen J, Xiao Y, Chen W. Construction of lignan glycosides biosynthetic network in Escherichia coli using mutltienzyme modules. Microb Cell Fact 2024; 23:193. [PMID: 38970026 PMCID: PMC11225284 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-024-02467-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to the complexity of the metabolic pathway network of active ingredients, precise targeted synthesis of any active ingredient on a synthetic network is a huge challenge. Based on a complete analysis of the active ingredient pathway in a species, this goal can be achieved by elucidating the functional differences of each enzyme in the pathway and achieving this goal through different combinations. Lignans are a class of phytoestrogens that are present abundantly in plants and play a role in various physiological activities of plants due to their structural diversity. In addition, lignans offer various medicinal benefits to humans. Despite their value, the low concentration of lignans in plants limits their extraction and utilization. Recently, synthetic biology approaches have been explored for lignan production, but achieving the synthesis of most lignans, especially the more valuable lignan glycosides, across the entire synthetic network remains incomplete. RESULTS By evaluating various gene construction methods and sequences, we determined that the pCDF-Duet-Prx02-PsVAO gene construction was the most effective for the production of (+)-pinoresinol, yielding up to 698.9 mg/L after shake-flask fermentation. Based on the stable production of (+)-pinoresinol, we synthesized downstream metabolites in vivo. By comparing different fermentation methods, including "one-cell, one-pot" and "multicellular one-pot", we determined that the "multicellular one-pot" method was more effective for producing (+)-lariciresinol, (-)-secoisolariciresinol, (-)-matairesinol, and their glycoside products. The "multicellular one-pot" fermentation yielded 434.08 mg/L of (+)-lariciresinol, 96.81 mg/L of (-)-secoisolariciresinol, and 45.14 mg/L of (-)-matairesinol. Subsequently, ultilizing the strict substrate recognition pecificities of UDP-glycosyltransferase (UGT) incorporating the native uridine diphosphate glucose (UDPG) Module for in vivo synthesis of glycoside products resulted in the following yields: (+)-pinoresinol glucoside: 1.71 mg/L, (+)-lariciresinol-4-O-D-glucopyranoside: 1.3 mg/L, (+)-lariciresinol-4'-O-D-glucopyranoside: 836 µg/L, (-)-secoisolariciresinol monoglucoside: 103.77 µg/L, (-)-matairesinol-4-O-D-glucopyranoside: 86.79 µg/L, and (-)-matairesinol-4'-O-D-glucopyranoside: 74.5 µg/L. CONCLUSIONS By using various construction and fermentation methods, we successfully synthesized 10 products of the lignan pathway in Isatis indigotica Fort in Escherichia coli, with eugenol as substrate. Additionally, we obtained a diverse range of lignan products by combining different modules, setting a foundation for future high-yield lignan production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Qiao
- Research and Development Center of Chinese Medicine Resources and Biotechnology, The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Doudou Huang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yajing Li
- Research and Development Center of Chinese Medicine Resources and Biotechnology, The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Songfan Jiang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Junfeng Chen
- Research and Development Center of Chinese Medicine Resources and Biotechnology, The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Ying Xiao
- Research and Development Center of Chinese Medicine Resources and Biotechnology, The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Wansheng Chen
- Research and Development Center of Chinese Medicine Resources and Biotechnology, The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China.
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Lee MS, Shim HJ, Cho YY, Lee JY, Kang HC, Song IS, Lee HS. Comparative metabolism of aschantin in human and animal hepatocytes. Arch Pharm Res 2024; 47:111-126. [PMID: 38182943 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-023-01483-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Aschantin, a tetrahydrofurofuran lignan with a 1,3-benzodioxole group derived from Flos Magnoliae, exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, and antimicrobial activities. This study compared the metabolic profiles of aschantin in human, dog, mouse, and rat hepatocytes using liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry. The hepatic extraction ratio of aschantin among the four species was 0.46-0.77, suggesting that it undergoes a moderate-to-extensive degree of hepatic metabolism. Hepatocyte incubation of aschantin produced 4 phase 1 metabolites, including aschantin catechol (M1), O-desmethylaschantin (M2 and M3), and hydroxyaschantin (M4), and 14 phase 2 metabolites, including O-methyl-M1 (M5 and M6) via catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT), six glucuronides of M1, M2, M3, M5, and M6, and six sulfates of M1, M2, M3, M5, and M6. Enzyme kinetic studies using aschantin revealed that the production of M1, a major metabolite, via O-demethylenation is catalyzed by cytochrome 2C8 (CYP2C8), CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP3A4, and CYP3A5 enzymes; the formation of M2 (O-desmethylaschantin) is catalyzed by CYP2C9 and CYP2C19; and the formation of M4 is catalyzed by CYP3A4 enzyme. Two glutathione (GSH) conjugates of M1 were identified after incubation of aschantin with human and animal liver microsomes in the presence of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate and GSH, but they were not detected in the hepatocytes of all species. In conclusion, aschantin is extensively metabolized, producing 18 metabolites in human and animal hepatocytes catalyzed by CYP, COMT, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, and sulfotransferase. These results can help in clarifying the involvement of metabolizing enzymes in the pharmacokinetics and drug interactions of aschantin and in elucidating GSH conjugation associated with the reactive intermediate formed from M1 (aschantin catechol).
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Seo Lee
- College of Pharmacy and BK21 Four-Sponsored Advanced Program for SmartPharma Leaders, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Joo Shim
- College of Pharmacy, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Yeon Cho
- College of Pharmacy and BK21 Four-Sponsored Advanced Program for SmartPharma Leaders, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Young Lee
- College of Pharmacy and BK21 Four-Sponsored Advanced Program for SmartPharma Leaders, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Chang Kang
- College of Pharmacy and BK21 Four-Sponsored Advanced Program for SmartPharma Leaders, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Im-Sook Song
- BK21 FOUR Community-Based Intelligent Novel Drug Discovery Education Unit, Vessel-Organ Interaction Research Center (VOICE), Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Suk Lee
- College of Pharmacy and BK21 Four-Sponsored Advanced Program for SmartPharma Leaders, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662, Republic of Korea.
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Lee MS, Park EJ, Cho YY, Lee JY, Kang HC, Lee HS. Comparative metabolism of fargesin in human, dog, monkey, mouse, and rat hepatocytes. Toxicol Res 2024; 40:125-137. [PMID: 38223669 PMCID: PMC10786765 DOI: 10.1007/s43188-023-00211-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Fargesin, a bioactive lignan derived from Flos Magnoliae, possesses anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, anti-melanogenic, and anti-apoptotic effects. This study compared the metabolic profiles of fargesin in human, dog, monkey, mouse, and rat hepatocytes using liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. In addition, we investigated the human cytochrome P450 (CYP), UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT), and sulfotransferase (SULT) enzymes responsible for fargesin metabolism. The hepatic extraction ratio of fargesin among the five species ranged from 0.59 to 0.78, suggesting that it undergoes a moderate-to-extensive degree of hepatic metabolism. During metabolism, fargesin generates three phase 1 metabolites, including fargesin catechol (M1) and O-desmethylfargesin (M2 and M3), and 11 phase 2 metabolites, including O-methyl-M1 (M4 and M5) via catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT), glucuronides of M1, M2, M4, and M5, and sulfates of M1-M5. The production of M1 from fargesin via O-demethylenation is catalyzed by CYP2C9, CYP3A4, CYP2C19, and CYP2C8 enzymes, whereas the formation of M2 and M3 (O-desmethylfargesin) is catalyzed by CYP2C9, CYP2B6, CYP2C19, CYP3A4, CYP1A2, and CYP2D6 enzymes. M4 is metabolized to M4 glucuronide by UGT1A3, UGT1A8, UGT1A10, UGT2B15, and UGT2B17 enzymes, whereas M4 sulfate is generated by multiple SULT enzymes. Fargesin is extensively metabolized in human hepatocytes by CYP, COMT, UGT, and SULT enzymes. These findings help to elucidate the pharmacokinetics and drug interactions of fargesin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Seo Lee
- College of Pharmacy and BK21 Four-sponsored Advanced Program for SmartPharma Leaders, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662 Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jeong Park
- College of Pharmacy and BK21 Four-sponsored Advanced Program for SmartPharma Leaders, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662 Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Yeon Cho
- College of Pharmacy and BK21 Four-sponsored Advanced Program for SmartPharma Leaders, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662 Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Young Lee
- College of Pharmacy and BK21 Four-sponsored Advanced Program for SmartPharma Leaders, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662 Republic of Korea
| | - Han Chang Kang
- College of Pharmacy and BK21 Four-sponsored Advanced Program for SmartPharma Leaders, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662 Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Suk Lee
- College of Pharmacy and BK21 Four-sponsored Advanced Program for SmartPharma Leaders, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662 Republic of Korea
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Identification of potential inhibitors of brain-specific CYP46A1 from phytoconstituents in Indian traditional medicinal plants. JOURNAL OF PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2022; 13:227-245. [PMCID: PMC9667835 DOI: 10.1007/s42485-022-00098-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Tetrahydrofurofuranoid Lignans, Eudesmin, Fargesin, Epimagnolin A, Magnolin, and Yangambin Inhibit UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 and 1A3 Activities in Human Liver Microsomes. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13020187. [PMID: 33535454 PMCID: PMC7912740 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13020187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Eudesmin, fargesin, epimagnolin A, magnolin, and yangambin are tetrahydrofurofuranoid lignans with various pharmacological activities found in Magnoliae Flos. The inhibition potencies of eudesmin, fargesin, epimagnolin A, magnolin, and yangambin on six major human uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) activities in human liver microsomes were evaluated using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and cocktail substrates. Eudesmin, fargesin, epimagnolin A, magnolin, and yangambin inhibited UGT1A1 and UGT1A3 activities, but showed negligible inhibition of UGT1A4, UGT16, UGT1A9, and UGT2B7 activities at 200 μM in pooled human liver microsomes. Moreover, eudesmin, fargesin, epimagnolin A, magnolin, and yangambin noncompetitively inhibited UGT1A1-catalyzed SN38 glucuronidation with Ki values of 25.7, 25.3, 3.6, 26.0, and 17.1 μM, respectively, based on kinetic analysis of UGT1A1 inhibition in pooled human liver microsomes. Conversely, the aforementioned tetrahydrofurofuranoid lignans competitively inhibited UGT1A3-catalyzed chenodeoxycholic acid 24-acyl-glucuronidation with 39.8, 24.3, 15.1, 37.6, and 66.8 μM, respectively in pooled human liver microsomes. These in vitro results suggest the necessity of evaluating whether the five tetrahydrofurofuranoid lignans can cause drug-drug interactions with UGT1A1 and UGT1A3 substrates in vivo.
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Yoo SM, Lee CJ, Kang HC, Lee HS, Lee JY, Kim KD, Kim DJ, An HJ, Cho YY. Epimagnolin targeting on an active pocket of mammalian target of rapamycin suppressed cell transformation and colony growth of lung cancer cells. Mol Carcinog 2019; 58:1221-1233. [PMID: 30887599 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) has a pivotal role in carcinogenesis and cancer cell proliferation in diverse human cancers. In this study, we observed that epimagnolin, a natural compound abundantly found in Shin-Yi, suppressed cell proliferation by inhibition of epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced G1/S cell-cycle phase transition in JB6 Cl41 cells. Interestingly, epimagnolin suppressed EGF-induced Akt phosphorylation strongly at Ser473 and weakly at Thr308 without alteration of phosphorylation of MAPK/ERK kinases (MEKs), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERKs), and RSK1, resulting in abrogation of the phosphorylation of GSK3β at Ser9 and p70S6K at Thr389. Moreover, we found that epimagnolin suppressed c-Jun phosphorylation at Ser63/73, resulting in the inhibition of activator protein 1 (AP-1) transactivation activity. Computational docking indicated that epimagnolin targeted an active pocket of the mTOR kinase domain by forming three hydrogen bonds and three hydrophobic interactions. The prediction was confirmed by using in vitro kinase and adenosine triphosphate-bead competition assays. The inhibition of mTOR kinase activity resulted in the suppression of anchorage-independent cell transformation. Importantly, epimagnolin efficiently suppressed cell proliferation and anchorage-independent colony growth of H1650 rather than H460 lung cancer cells with dependency of total and phosphorylated protein levels of mTOR and Akt. Inhibitory signaling of epimagnolin on cell proliferation of lung cancer cells was observed mainly in mTOR-Akt-p70S6K and mTOR-Akt-GSK3β-AP-1, which was similar to that shown in JB6 Cl41 cells. Taken together, our results indicate that epimagnolin potentiates as chemopreventive or therapeutic agents by direct active pocket targeting of mTOR kinase, resulting in sensitizing cancer cells harboring enhanced phosphorylation of the mTORC2-Akt-p70S6k signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Mi Yoo
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Basic Research Laboratory & BK21 PLUS Team for Creative Leader Program for Pharmacomics-based Future Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol-Jung Lee
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Basic Research Laboratory & BK21 PLUS Team for Creative Leader Program for Pharmacomics-based Future Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Chang Kang
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Basic Research Laboratory & BK21 PLUS Team for Creative Leader Program for Pharmacomics-based Future Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Suk Lee
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Basic Research Laboratory & BK21 PLUS Team for Creative Leader Program for Pharmacomics-based Future Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Young Lee
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Basic Research Laboratory & BK21 PLUS Team for Creative Leader Program for Pharmacomics-based Future Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Dong Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Joon Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, Texas
| | - Hyun-Jung An
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Basic Research Laboratory & BK21 PLUS Team for Creative Leader Program for Pharmacomics-based Future Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Yeon Cho
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Basic Research Laboratory & BK21 PLUS Team for Creative Leader Program for Pharmacomics-based Future Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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Synthetic cannabinoids are substrates and inhibitors of multiple drug-metabolizing enzymes. Arch Pharm Res 2018; 41:691-710. [PMID: 30039377 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-018-1055-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoids, a new class of psychoactive substances, are potent agonists of cannabinoid receptors, which mimic the psychoactive effects of the principal psychoactive component of cannabis, ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Despite governmental scheduling as illicit drugs, new synthetic cannabinoids are being produced. The abuse of synthetic cannabinoids with several drugs containing different chemical groups has resulted in large numbers of poisonings. This has increased the urgency for forensic and public health laboratories to identify the metabolites of synthetic cannabinoids and apply this knowledge to the development of analytical methods and for toxicity prediction. It is necessary to determine whether synthetic cannabinoids are involved in drug-metabolizing enzyme-mediated drug-drug interactions. This review describes the metabolic pathways of 13 prevalent synthetic cannabinoids and various drug-metabolizing enzymes responsible for their metabolism, including cytochrome P450 (CYP), UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs), and carboxylesterases. The inhibitory effects of synthetic cannabinoids on CYP and UGT activities are also reviewed to predict the potential of synthetic cannabinoids for drug-drug interactions. The drug-metabolizing enzymes responsible for metabolism of synthetic cannabinoids should be characterized and the effects of synthetic cannabinoids on CYP and UGT activities should be determined to predict the pharmacokinetics of synthetic cannabinoids and synthetic cannabinoid-induced drug-drug interactions in the clinic.
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Kim HJ, Nam YR, Nam JH. Flos Magnoliae Inhibits Chloride Secretion via ANO1 Inhibition in Calu-3 Cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2018; 46:1079-1092. [PMID: 29976084 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x18500568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Flos Magnoliae (FM, Chinese name: Xin-yi) is an oriental medicinal herb commonly used for symptomatic relief from allergic rhinitis, sinusitis, and headache, including in traditional Chinese and Korean medicine formulations. FM inhibits histamine release from mast cells and cytokine secretion from T cells. However, the mechanism of action of FM on the anoctamin-1 (ANO1) ion channel, which is responsible for nasal hypersecretion in allergic rhinitis, has not been elucidated. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effect of a 30% ethanolic extract of FM (FMEtOH) and its chemical constituents on ANO1 activity. We used high-performance liquid chromatography analysis to identify five major chemical constituents of FMEtOH: vanillic acid, tiliroside, eudesmin, magnolin, and fargesin. Using a conventional whole-cell patch clamp method, we found that FMEtOH (30, 100, and 300[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]g/mL) and its chemical constituent tiliroside inhibited ANO1 activity in ANO1-overexpressing HEK293T cells. In addition, we found that the treatment of the airway epithelial cell line Calu-3 with interleukin 4 significantly increased Ca[Formula: see text] activated Cl[Formula: see text] current (ICaCC), but not cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR)-mediated chloride current (ICFTR). FMEtOH and tiliroside specifically inhibited ICaCC. Thus, in this study, we identified a novel mechanism underlying the alleviation of allergic rhinitis by FMEtOH. Our results indicate that FMEtOH and its chemical constituent tiliroside are promising and potent agents for the prevention and treatment of allergic rhinitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jong Kim
- 1 Department of Physiology, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju 38066, Republic of Korea.,2 Channelopathy Research Center (CRC), Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeonggi-do 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Ran Nam
- 1 Department of Physiology, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju 38066, Republic of Korea.,2 Channelopathy Research Center (CRC), Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeonggi-do 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Hyun Nam
- 1 Department of Physiology, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju 38066, Republic of Korea.,2 Channelopathy Research Center (CRC), Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeonggi-do 10326, Republic of Korea
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