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Pramanik R, Dey A, Chakrabarty AK, Banerjee D, Narwaria A, Sharma S, Rai RK, Katiyar CK, Dubey SK. Diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer's disease: Understanding disease mechanisms, their correlation, and promising dual activity of selected herbs. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 333:118402. [PMID: 38821139 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE This review explores the link between Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and diabetes-induced Alzheimer's disease (AD). It emphasizes the shared pathophysiological links and mechanisms between the two conditions, focusing on reduced insulin levels and receptors, impaired glucose metabolism, insulin resistance, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative damage in AD-affected brains-paralleling aspects of T2DM. The review suggests AD as a "diabetes of the brain," supported by cognitive enhancement through antidiabetic interventions. It focuses on the traditionally used Indian herbs as a means to manage both conditions while addressing developmental challenges. AIM OF THE STUDY This study explores the DM-AD connection, reviewing medicinal herbs with protective potential for both ailments, considering traditional uses and developmental challenges. MATERIALS AND METHODS Studied research, reviews, and ethnobotanical and scientific data from electronic databases and traditional books. RESULTS The study analyzes the pathophysiological links between DM and AD, emphasizing their interconnected factors. Eight Ayurvedic plants with dual protective effects against T2DM and AD are thoroughly reviewed with preclinical/clinical evidence. Historical context, phytoconstituents, and traditional applications are explored. Innovative formulations using these plants are examined. Challenges stemming from phytoconstituents' physicochemical properties are highlighted, prompting novel formulation development, including nanotechnology-based delivery systems. The study uncovers obstacles in formulating treatments for these diseases. CONCLUSION The review showcases the dual potential of chosen medicinal herbs against both diseases, along with their traditional applications, endorsing their use. It addresses formulation obstacles, proposing innovative delivery technologies for herbal therapies, while acknowledging their constraints. The review suggests the need for heightened investment and research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rima Pramanik
- R&D Healthcare Division, Emami Ltd, 13, BT Road, Belgharia, Kolkata, 700056, India
| | - Anuradha Dey
- R&D Healthcare Division, Emami Ltd, 13, BT Road, Belgharia, Kolkata, 700056, India
| | | | - Dipankar Banerjee
- R&D Healthcare Division, Emami Ltd, 13, BT Road, Belgharia, Kolkata, 700056, India
| | - Avinash Narwaria
- R&D Healthcare Division, Emami Ltd, 13, BT Road, Belgharia, Kolkata, 700056, India
| | - Swapnil Sharma
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, 304022, Rajasthan, India
| | - Rajiva Kumar Rai
- R&D Healthcare Division, Emami Ltd, 13, BT Road, Belgharia, Kolkata, 700056, India
| | - Chandra Kant Katiyar
- R&D Healthcare Division, Emami Ltd, 13, BT Road, Belgharia, Kolkata, 700056, India
| | - Sunil Kumar Dubey
- R&D Healthcare Division, Emami Ltd, 13, BT Road, Belgharia, Kolkata, 700056, India.
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2
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Li H, Zheng C, Zheng Y, Wen K, Zhang Y. Distinct functional diversity of branched oligosaccharides as chaperones and inhibitory-binding partners of amyloid beta-protein and its aggregates. Neuropharmacology 2024; 261:110141. [PMID: 39251087 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.110141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
Aggregation and deposition of amyloid beta-protein 1-42 (Aβ42) in the brain, primarily owing to hydrophobic interactions between Aβ42 chains, is a common pathology in all forms of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Hydrophilic oligosaccharides are widely present in the extracellular matrix and on the cytoplasmic membrane. To determine if oligosaccharides bind to Aβ42 or its aggregates and consequently affect their aggregation and cellular function, this study examined the interaction of typical functional oligosaccharides with Aβ42 or its aggregates. Isomaltooligosaccharides (IMOs), particularly isomaltotriose, panose, and isomaltotetraose, functioned as molecular chaperones for Aβ42 by binding directly to Aβ42, preserving Aβ42's active conformation and cytotrophic activity. Oral IMOs reduced total plasma Aβ level and indirectly caused a slight reduction in the load of Aβ42 spots/plaques in the brain of AD model mice (male). Another branched oligosaccharide, bianntennary core pentasaccharide (BCP), had a relatively high binding specificity for Aβ42 oligomers (Aβ42O) and acted as an antagonistic binding partner for Aβ42O. Free BCP effectively blocked/prevented further assembly of Aβ42O and their toxicity to neural and vascular endothelial cell lines. Since BCP is also a signaling component of membrane targets (glycolipids, glycoproteins or receptors), it seemed that BCP had two opposing effects on the binding of Aβ42O to target cells. This study's findings suggest that these branched oligosaccharides may be potential candidates for blocking or preventing Aβ42 aggregation and Aβ42O cytotoxicity/neurotoxicity, respectively, and that IMO-like or free BCP-like oligosaccharide deficiencies in the brain may be one of the underlying mechanisms for Aβ42 aggregation and Aβ42O cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Li
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Changxin Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Yanru Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Kai Wen
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Yingjiu Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China.
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Krawczuk D, Groblewska M, Mroczko J, Winkel I, Mroczko B. The Role of α-Synuclein in Etiology of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9197. [PMID: 39273146 PMCID: PMC11395629 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25179197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2024] [Revised: 08/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
A presynaptic protein called α-synuclein plays a crucial role in synaptic function and neurotransmitter release. However, its misfolding and aggregation have been implicated in a variety of neurodegenerative diseases, particularly Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and multiple system atrophy. Emerging evidence suggests that α-synuclein interacts with various cellular pathways, including mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation, which contributes to neuronal cell death. Moreover, α-synuclein has been involved in the propagation of neurodegenerative processes through prion-like mechanisms, where misfolded proteins induce similar conformational changes in neighboring neurons. Understanding the multifaced roles of α-synuclein in neurodegeneration not only aids in acquiring more knowledge about the pathophysiology of these diseases but also highlights potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for intervention in alpha-synucleinopathies. In this review, we provide a summary of the mechanisms by which α-synuclein contributes to neurodegenerative processes, focusing on its misfolding, oligomerization, and the formation of insoluble fibrils that form characteristic Lewy bodies. Furthermore, we compare the potential value of α-synuclein species in diagnosing and differentiating selected neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Krawczuk
- Department of Neurodegeneration Diagnostics, Medical University of Białystok, 15-089 Białystok, Poland
| | - Magdalena Groblewska
- Department of Biochemical Diagnostics, University Hospital in Białystok, 15-269 Białystok, Poland
| | - Jan Mroczko
- Department of Neurodegeneration Diagnostics, Medical University of Białystok, 15-089 Białystok, Poland
| | - Izabela Winkel
- Dementia Disorders Centre, Medical University of Wroclaw, 50-425 Ścinawa, Poland
| | - Barbara Mroczko
- Department of Neurodegeneration Diagnostics, Medical University of Białystok, 15-089 Białystok, Poland
- Department of Biochemical Diagnostics, University Hospital in Białystok, 15-269 Białystok, Poland
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4
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Eyvani K, Letafatkar N, Babaei P. AMPA Receptors Endocytosis Inhibition Attenuates Cognition Deficit Via c-Fos/BDNF Signaling in Amyloid β Neurotoxicity. Exp Aging Res 2024:1-13. [PMID: 39077805 DOI: 10.1080/0361073x.2024.2377440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Glutamatergic imbalance, particularly downregulation of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4- isoxazole propionic acid receptor (AMPARs) endocytosis, has been addressed as a possible reason for cognitive dysfunctions in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We hypothesized that inhibition of AMPAR endocytosis may ameliorate memory impairment in AD model of rats. To approach this, twenty-four adults male Wistar rats were divided into three groups: saline + saline (control group), Aβ + saline, and Aβ + Tat-GluR23Y (AMPA endocytosis inhibitor). Animals received an intracerebroventricular (i.c.v) injection of Aβ (1-42) to induce neuro-toxicity, followed by chronic administration of GluR23Y, and further behavioral assessments by MWM. Afterward, the hippocampal level of Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and c-Fos was measured via Western blotting. The results of our study revealed that chronic administration of GluR23Y improved both working and reference memories evidenced by shorter latency time and longer total time spent in the target zone in MWM. Additionally, this improvement was paralleled by an increase in BDNF, but a decrease in c-Fos. In conclusion, GluR23Y improves spatial memory impairment at least partly via elevating neuroprotective factor of BDNF and reducing apoptotic protein of c-Fos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimia Eyvani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Trauma Institute, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
- Cellular & Molecular Research Center, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Negin Letafatkar
- Neuroscience Research Center, Trauma Institute, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
- Cellular & Molecular Research Center, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Parvin Babaei
- Neuroscience Research Center, Trauma Institute, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
- Cellular & Molecular Research Center, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
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5
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González Díaz A, Cataldi R, Mannini B, Vendruscolo M. Preparation and Characterization of Zn(II)-Stabilized Aβ 42 Oligomers. ACS Chem Neurosci 2024; 15:2586-2599. [PMID: 38979921 PMCID: PMC11258685 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.4c00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Aβ oligomers are being investigated as cytotoxic agents in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Because of their transient nature and conformational heterogeneity, the relationship between the structure and activity of these oligomers is still poorly understood. Hence, methods for stabilizing Aβ oligomeric species relevant to AD are needed to uncover the structural determinants of their cytotoxicity. Here, we build on the observation that metal ions and metabolites have been shown to interact with Aβ, influencing its aggregation and stabilizing its oligomeric species. We thus developed a method that uses zinc ions, Zn(II), to stabilize oligomers produced by the 42-residue form of Aβ (Aβ42), which is dysregulated in AD. These Aβ42-Zn(II) oligomers are small in size, spanning the 10-30 nm range, stable at physiological temperature, and with a broad toxic profile in human neuroblastoma cells. These oligomers offer a tool to study the mechanisms of toxicity of Aβ oligomers in cellular and animal AD models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia González Díaz
- Centre
for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Rodrigo Cataldi
- Centre
for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Benedetta Mannini
- Centre
for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
- Department
of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences Mario Serio, University
of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Michele Vendruscolo
- Centre
for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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6
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Pradeepkiran JA, Baig J, Islam MA, Kshirsagar S, Reddy PH. Amyloid-β and Phosphorylated Tau are the Key Biomarkers and Predictors of Alzheimer's Disease. Aging Dis 2024:AD.2024.0286. [PMID: 38739937 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2024.0286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a age-related neurodegenerative disease and is a major public health concern both in Texas, US and Worldwide. This neurodegenerative disease is mainly characterized by amyloid-beta (Aβ) and phosphorylated Tau (p-Tau) accumulation in the brains of patients with AD and increasing evidence suggests that these are key biomarkers in AD. Both Aβ and p-tau can be detected through various imaging techniques (such as positron emission tomography, PET) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis. The presence of these biomarkers in individuals, who are asymptomatic or have mild cognitive impairment can indicate an increased risk of developing AD in the future. Furthermore, the combination of Aβ and p-tau biomarkers is often used for more accurate diagnosis and prediction of AD progression. Along with AD being a neurodegenerative disease, it is associated with other chronic conditions such as cardiovascular disease, obesity, depression, and diabetes because studies have shown that these comorbid conditions make people more vulnerable to AD. In the first part of this review, we discuss that biofluid-based biomarkers such as Aβ, p-Tau in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and Aβ & p-Tau in plasma could be used as an alternative sensitive technique to diagnose AD. In the second part, we discuss the underlying molecular mechanisms of chronic conditions linked with AD and how they affect the patients in clinical care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Javaria Baig
- Internal Medicine Department, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - Md Ariful Islam
- Internal Medicine Department, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - Sudhir Kshirsagar
- Internal Medicine Department, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - P Hemachandra Reddy
- Internal Medicine Department, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
- Pharmacology & Neuroscience Department, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
- Neurology Department, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
- Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences Departments, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
- Public Health Department, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
- Nutritional Sciences Department, College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
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7
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Varshavskaya KB, Petrushanko IY, Mitkevich VA, Barykin EP, Makarov AA. Post-translational modifications of beta-amyloid alter its transport in the blood-brain barrier in vitro model. Front Mol Neurosci 2024; 17:1362581. [PMID: 38516041 PMCID: PMC10954796 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2024.1362581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
One of the hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the accumulation of beta-amyloid peptide (Aβ) leading to formation of soluble neurotoxic Aβ oligomers and insoluble amyloid plaques in various parts of the brain. Aβ undergoes post-translational modifications that alter its pathogenic properties. Aβ is produced not only in brain, but also in the peripheral tissues. Such Aβ, including its post-translationally modified forms, can enter the brain from circulation by binding to RAGE and contribute to the pathology of AD. However, the transport of modified forms of Aβ across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) has not been investigated. Here, we used a transwell BBB model as a controlled environment for permeability studies. We found that Aβ42 containing isomerized Asp7 residue (iso-Aβ42) and Aβ42 containing phosphorylated Ser8 residue (pS8-Aβ42) crossed the BBB better than unmodified Aβ42, which correlated with different contribution of endocytosis mechanisms to the transport of these isoforms. Using microscale thermophoresis, we observed that RAGE binds to iso-Aβ42 an order of magnitude weaker than to Aβ42. Thus, post-translational modifications of Aβ increase the rate of its transport across the BBB and modify the mechanisms of the transport, which may be important for AD pathology and treatment.
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8
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Rinauro DJ, Chiti F, Vendruscolo M, Limbocker R. Misfolded protein oligomers: mechanisms of formation, cytotoxic effects, and pharmacological approaches against protein misfolding diseases. Mol Neurodegener 2024; 19:20. [PMID: 38378578 PMCID: PMC10877934 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-023-00651-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The conversion of native peptides and proteins into amyloid aggregates is a hallmark of over 50 human disorders, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Increasing evidence implicates misfolded protein oligomers produced during the amyloid formation process as the primary cytotoxic agents in many of these devastating conditions. In this review, we analyze the processes by which oligomers are formed, their structures, physicochemical properties, population dynamics, and the mechanisms of their cytotoxicity. We then focus on drug discovery strategies that target the formation of oligomers and their ability to disrupt cell physiology and trigger degenerative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dillon J Rinauro
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Fabrizio Chiti
- Section of Biochemistry, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Michele Vendruscolo
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
| | - Ryan Limbocker
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY, 10996, USA.
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9
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Colom-Cadena M, Toombs J, Simzer E, Holt K, McGeachan R, Tulloch J, Jackson RJ, Catterson JH, Spires-Jones MP, Rose J, Waybright L, Caggiano AO, King D, Gobbo F, Davies C, Hooley M, Dunnett S, Tempelaar R, Meftah S, Tzioras M, Hamby ME, Izzo NJ, Catalano SM, Durrant CS, Smith C, Dando O, Spires-Jones TL. Transmembrane protein 97 is a potential synaptic amyloid beta receptor in human Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol 2024; 147:32. [PMID: 38319380 PMCID: PMC10847197 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-023-02679-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Synapse loss correlates with cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease, and soluble oligomeric amyloid beta (Aβ) is implicated in synaptic dysfunction and loss. An important knowledge gap is the lack of understanding of how Aβ leads to synapse degeneration. In particular, there has been difficulty in determining whether there is a synaptic receptor that binds Aβ and mediates toxicity. While many candidates have been observed in model systems, their relevance to human AD brain remains unknown. This is in part due to methodological limitations preventing visualization of Aβ binding at individual synapses. To overcome this limitation, we combined two high resolution microscopy techniques: array tomography and Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) to image over 1 million individual synaptic terminals in temporal cortex from AD (n = 11) and control cases (n = 9). Within presynapses and post-synaptic densities, oligomeric Aβ generates a FRET signal with transmembrane protein 97. Further, Aβ generates a FRET signal with cellular prion protein, and post-synaptic density 95 within post synapses. Transmembrane protein 97 is also present in a higher proportion of post synapses in Alzheimer's brain compared to controls. We inhibited Aβ/transmembrane protein 97 interaction in a mouse model of amyloidopathy by treating with the allosteric modulator CT1812. CT1812 drug concentration correlated negatively with synaptic FRET signal between transmembrane protein 97 and Aβ. In human-induced pluripotent stem cell derived neurons, transmembrane protein 97 is present in synapses and colocalizes with Aβ when neurons are challenged with human Alzheimer's brain homogenate. Transcriptional changes are induced by Aβ including changes in genes involved in neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation. CT1812 treatment of these neurons caused changes in gene sets involved in synaptic function. These data support a role for transmembrane protein 97 in the synaptic binding of Aβ in human Alzheimer's disease brain where it may mediate synaptotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martí Colom-Cadena
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Jamie Toombs
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Elizabeth Simzer
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Kristjan Holt
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Robert McGeachan
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Jane Tulloch
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Rosemary J Jackson
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
- MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - James H Catterson
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Maxwell P Spires-Jones
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Jamie Rose
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | | | | | - Declan King
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Francesco Gobbo
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Caitlin Davies
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Monique Hooley
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Sophie Dunnett
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Robert Tempelaar
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Soraya Meftah
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Makis Tzioras
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
- Scottish Brain Sciences, Edinburgh, EH12 9DQ, UK
| | - Mary E Hamby
- Cognition Therapeutics Inc., Pittsburgh, PA, 15203, USA
| | | | | | - Claire S Durrant
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Colin Smith
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences and Sudden Death Brain Bank, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4HB, UK
| | - Owen Dando
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Tara L Spires-Jones
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK.
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10
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Sultana OF, Hia RA, Reddy PH. A Combinational Therapy for Preventing and Delaying the Onset of Alzheimer's Disease: A Focus on Probiotic and Vitamin Co-Supplementation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:202. [PMID: 38397800 PMCID: PMC10886126 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13020202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with a complex etiology, and effective interventions to prevent or delay its onset remain a global health challenge. In recent years, there has been growing interest in the potential role of probiotic and vitamin supplementation as complementary strategies for Alzheimer's disease prevention. This review paper explores the current scientific literature on the use of probiotics and vitamins, particularly vitamin A, D, E, K, and B-complex vitamins, in the context of Alzheimer's disease prevention and management. We delve into the mechanisms through which probiotics may modulate gut-brain interactions and neuroinflammation while vitamins play crucial roles in neuronal health and cognitive function. The paper also examines the collective impact of this combinational therapy on reducing the risk factors associated with Alzheimer's disease, such as oxidative stress, inflammation, and gut dysbiosis. By providing a comprehensive overview of the existing evidence and potential mechanisms, this review aims to shed light on the promise of probiotic and vitamin co-supplementation as a multifaceted approach to combat Alzheimer's disease, offering insights into possible avenues for future research and clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omme Fatema Sultana
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA;
| | - Raksa Andalib Hia
- Nutritional Sciences Department, College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA;
| | - P. Hemachandra Reddy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA;
- Nutritional Sciences Department, College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA;
- Public Health Department of Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
- Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, School Health Professions, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
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11
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O’Day DH. The Complex Interplay between Toxic Hallmark Proteins, Calmodulin-Binding Proteins, Ion Channels, and Receptors Involved in Calcium Dyshomeostasis in Neurodegeneration. Biomolecules 2024; 14:173. [PMID: 38397410 PMCID: PMC10886625 DOI: 10.3390/biom14020173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Calcium dyshomeostasis is an early critical event in neurodegeneration as exemplified by Alzheimer's (AD), Huntington's (HD) and Parkinson's (PD) diseases. Neuronal calcium homeostasis is maintained by a diversity of ion channels, buffers, calcium-binding protein effectors, and intracellular storage in the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and lysosomes. The function of these components and compartments is impacted by the toxic hallmark proteins of AD (amyloid beta and Tau), HD (huntingtin) and PD (alpha-synuclein) as well as by interactions with downstream calcium-binding proteins, especially calmodulin. Each of the toxic hallmark proteins (amyloid beta, Tau, huntingtin, and alpha-synuclein) binds to calmodulin. Multiple channels and receptors involved in calcium homeostasis and dysregulation also bind to and are regulated by calmodulin. The primary goal of this review is to show the complexity of these interactions and how they can impact research and the search for therapies. A secondary goal is to suggest that therapeutic targets downstream from calcium dyshomeostasis may offer greater opportunities for success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danton H. O’Day
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada;
- Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
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12
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Jia T, Wang H, Chi W, Zhou W, Guo L, Dai Y, Bian K, Sun Z, Ding X, Yu Y. Knockdown of BACE1 by a multistage brain-targeting polyion complex improved memory and learning behaviors in APP/PS1 transgenic mouse model. Int J Pharm 2024; 650:123727. [PMID: 38142018 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
Cleavage of Amyloid precursor protein (APP) by the β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) is the rate-limiting step in the production of amyloid-β (Aβ) synaptotoxins. The siRNA-mediated silencing to attenuate the expression of BACE1 to ameliorate cognitive dysfunction in mice had been investigated. To improve therapeutic gene delivery to the central nervous system, cationic copolymer poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly[N-(N'-{N''-[N'''-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl]-2-aminoethyl}-2-aminoethyl)aspartamide]-cholesterol was synthesized, then RVG29 and Tet1 peptides were exploited as ligands to construct a dual-targeting brain gene delivery polyion complex (Tet1/RVG29-PIC). The cell uptake of a coculture cell model showed that the Tet1/RVG29-PIC exhibited notable transport characteristics and possessed affinity towards nerve cells. In vivo transfection, Tet1/RVG29-PIC possessed the highest expression of luciferase in brain compared with that of RVG29-PIC or Tet1-PIC, which were 1.25 and 1.22 times respectively. Silence BACE1 expression using siRNA-expressing plasmid loaded Tet1/RVG29-PIC that improved behavioral deficits in the APP/PS1 mouse model, demonstrating the favorable brain delivery properties of Tet1/RVG29-PIC by synergistical engagement of GT1B and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Our results suggested that the nanoformulation has the potential to be exploited as a multistage-targeting gene vector for the CNS disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Jia
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.274 Zhijiang Middle Road, Shanghai, 200071, China
| | - Hongbo Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, No.325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Wenya Chi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, No.325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Wenbo Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, No.325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Lingyi Guo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, No.325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yu Dai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, No.325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Kangqing Bian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, No.325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhiguo Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, No.325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xueying Ding
- Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No.86 Wujin Road, Shanghai 200080, China.
| | - Yuan Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, No.325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China; Key Laboratory of Biosafety Defense, Naval Medical University, Ministry of Education, No.800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, China.
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13
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Kozin SA, Kechko OI, Adzhubei AA, Makarov AA, Mitkevich VA. Switching On/Off Amyloid Plaque Formation in Transgenic Animal Models of Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:72. [PMID: 38203242 PMCID: PMC10778642 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are the proteinaceous aggregates formed by the amyloid-beta peptide (Aβ) that is deposited inside the brain as amyloid plaques. The accumulation of aggregated Aβ may initiate or enhance pathologic processes in AD. According to the amyloid hypothesis, any agent that has the capability to inhibit Aβ aggregation and/or destroy amyloid plaques represents a potential disease-modifying drug. In 2023, a humanized IgG1 monoclonal antibody (lecanemab) against the Aβ-soluble protofibrils was approved by the US FDA for AD therapy, thus providing compelling support to the amyloid hypothesis. To acquire a deeper insight on the in vivo Aβ aggregation, various animal models, including aged herbivores and carnivores, non-human primates, transgenic rodents, fish and worms were widely exploited. This review is based on the recent data obtained using transgenic animal AD models and presents experimental verification of the critical role in Aβ aggregation seeding of the interactions between zinc ions, Aβ with the isomerized Asp7 (isoD7-Aβ) and the α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey A. Kozin
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (O.I.K.); (A.A.A.); (A.A.M.)
| | | | | | | | - Vladimir A. Mitkevich
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (O.I.K.); (A.A.A.); (A.A.M.)
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14
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Jafni S, Sathya S, Arunkumar M, Kiruthiga C, Jeyakumar M, Murugesh E, Devi KP. Hesperidin Methyl Chalcone reduces extracellular Aβ (25-35) peptide aggregation and fibrillation and also protects Neuro 2a cells from Aβ (25-35) induced neuronal dysfunction. Bioorg Med Chem 2023; 96:117536. [PMID: 38016411 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2023.117536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we evaluated the neuroprotective potential of Hesperidin Methyl Chalcone (HMC) against the neurotoxicity induced by Aβ(25-35) peptide. HMC demonstrated higher free-radical scavenging activity than Hesperidin in initial cell-free studies. Investigations using the fluorescent dye thioflavin T with Aβ(25-35) peptide showed that HMC has the ability to combat extracellular amyloid aggregation by possessing anti-aggregation property against oligomers and by disaggregating mature fibrils. Also, the results of the molecular simulation studies show that HMC ameliorated oligomer formation. Further, the anti-Alzheimer's property of HMC was investigated in in vitro cell conditions by pre-treating the neuro 2a (N2a) cells with HMC before inducing Aβ(25-35) toxicity. The findings demonstrate that HMC increased cell viability, reduced oxidative stress, prevented macromolecular damage, allayed mitochondrial dysfunction, and exhibited anticholinesterase activity. HMC also reduced Aβ induced neuronal cell death by modulating caspase-3 activity, Bax expression and Bcl2 overexpression, demonstrating that HMC pre-treatment reduced mitochondrial damage and intrinsic apoptosis induced by Aβ(25-35).In silico evaluation against potential AD targets reveal that HMC could be a potent inhibitor of BACE-1, inhibiting the formation of toxic Aβ peptides. Overall, the findings imply that the neuroprotective efficacy of HMC has high prospects for addressing a variety of pathogenic consequences caused by amyloid beta in AD situations and alleviating cognitive impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakthivel Jafni
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sethuraman Sathya
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Malaisamy Arunkumar
- Transcription Regulation Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi 110067, India
| | | | - Mahalingam Jeyakumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Easwaran Murugesh
- Research Scientist, Bioinformatics Centre, GRC - Ganga Hospital, Coimbatore, India
| | - Kasi Pandima Devi
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630003, Tamil Nadu, India.
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15
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Tobeh NS, Bruce KD. Emerging Alzheimer's disease therapeutics: promising insights from lipid metabolism and microglia-focused interventions. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1259012. [PMID: 38020773 PMCID: PMC10630922 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1259012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
More than 55 million people suffer from dementia, with this number projected to double every 20 years. In the United States, 1 in 3 aged individuals dies from Alzheimer's disease (AD) or another type of dementia and AD kills more individuals than breast cancer and prostate cancer combined. AD is a complex and multifactorial disease involving amyloid plaque and neurofibrillary tangle formation, glial cell dysfunction, and lipid droplet accumulation (among other pathologies), ultimately leading to neurodegeneration and neuronal death. Unfortunately, the current FDA-approved therapeutics do not reverse nor halt AD. While recently approved amyloid-targeting antibodies can slow AD progression to improve outcomes for some patients, they are associated with adverse side effects, may have a narrow therapeutic window, and are expensive. In this review, we evaluate current and emerging AD therapeutics in preclinical and clinical development and provide insight into emerging strategies that target brain lipid metabolism and microglial function - an approach that may synergistically target multiple mechanisms that drive AD neuropathogenesis. Overall, we evaluate whether these disease-modifying emerging therapeutics hold promise as interventions that may be able to reverse or halt AD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour S Tobeh
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Kimberley D Bruce
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
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16
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Ren Z, Guo W, Sun S, Liu X, Fan Z, Wang F, Ibrahim AA, Umar A, Alkhanjaf AAM, Baskoutas S. Dual-mode transfer response based on electrochemical and fluorescence signals for the detection of amyloid-beta oligomers (AβO). Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:438. [PMID: 37843728 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-06014-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
An aptamer sensor has been developed utilizing a dual-mode and stimuli-responsive strategy for quantitative detection of AβO (amyloid-beta oligomers) through simultaneous electrochemical and fluorescence detection. To achieve this, we employed UIO-66-NH2 as a carrier container to load MB (Methylene Blue), and Fe3O4 MNPs (iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles) with aptamer (ssDNA-Fe3O4 MNPs) fixed on their surface for biological gating. The ssDNA-Fe3O4 MNPs were immobilized onto the surface of UIO-66-NH2 through hydrogen bonding between the aptamer and the -NH2 group on the surface of UIO-66-NH2, thereby encapsulating MB and forming ssDNA-Fe3O4@MB@UIO-66-NH2. During the detection of AβO, the aptamer selectively reacted with AβO to form the AβO-ssDNA-Fe3O4 complex, leading to its detachment from the surface of UIO-66-NH2. This detachment facilitated the release of MB, enabling its electrochemical detection. Simultaneously, the AβO-ssDNA-Fe3O4 complex was efficiently collected and separated using a magnet after leaving the container's surface. Furthermore, the addition of NaOH facilitated the disconnection of biotin modifications at the 3' end of the aptamer from the avidin modifications on the Fe3O4 MNPs. Consequently, the aptamer detached from the surface of Fe3O4 MNPs, resulting in the restoration of fluorescence intensity of FAM (fluorescein-5'-carboxamidite) modified at its 5' end for fluorescence detection. The dual-mode sensor exhibited significantly enhanced differential pulse voltammetry signals and fluorescence intensity compared to those in the absence of AβO. The sensor demonstrated a wide detection range of 10 fM to 10 μM, with a detection limit of 3.4 fM. It displayed excellent performance in detecting actual samples and holds promising prospects for early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Ren
- Institute of Surface Analysis and Chemical Biology, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Wenjuan Guo
- Institute of Surface Analysis and Chemical Biology, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China.
| | - Shuqian Sun
- Institute of Surface Analysis and Chemical Biology, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Institute of Surface Analysis and Chemical Biology, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Zelong Fan
- Institute of Surface Analysis and Chemical Biology, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Fangfang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China.
| | - Ahmed A Ibrahim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Arts, and Promising Centre for Sensors and Electronic Devices (PCSED), Najran University, Najran, 11001, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Umar
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Arts, and Promising Centre for Sensors and Electronic Devices (PCSED), Najran University, Najran, 11001, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| | - Abdulrab Ahmed M Alkhanjaf
- Centre for Health Research, Najran University, Najran, 11001, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran, 11001, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - S Baskoutas
- Department of Materials Science, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
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17
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Ho A, Ngala B, Yamada C, Garcia C, Duarte C, Akkaoui J, Ciolac D, Nusbaum A, Kochen W, Efremova D, Groppa S, Nathanson L, Bissel S, Oblak A, Kacena MA, Movila A. IL-34 exacerbates pathogenic features of Alzheimer's disease and calvaria osteolysis in triple transgenic (3x-Tg) female mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 166:115435. [PMID: 37666180 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hallmark features of Alzheimer's disease (AD) include elevated accumulation of aggregated Aβ40 and Aβ42 peptides, hyperphosphorylated Tau (p-Tau), and neuroinflammation. Emerging evidence indicated that interleukin-34 (IL-34) contributes to AD and inflammatory osteolysis via the colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF-1r). In addition, CSF-1r is also activated by macrophage colony-stimulating factor-1 (M-CSF). While the role of M-CSF in bone physiology and pathology is well addressed, it remains controversial whether IL-34-mediated signaling promotes osteolysis, neurodegeneration, and neuroinflammation in relation to AD. In this study, we injected 3x-Tg mice with mouse recombinant IL-34 protein over the calvaria bone every other day for 42 days. Then, behavioral changes, brain pathology, and calvaria osteolysis were evaluated using various behavioral maze and histological assays. We demonstrated that IL-34 administration dramatically elevated AD-like anxiety and memory loss, pathogenic amyloidogenesis, p-Tau, and RAGE expression in female 3x-Tg mice. Furthermore, IL-34 delivery promoted calvaria inflammatory osteolysis compared to the control group. In addition, we also compared the effects of IL-34 and M-CSF on macrophages, microglia, and RANKL-mediated osteoclastogenesis in relation to AD pathology in vitro. We observed that IL-34-exposed SIM-A9 microglia and 3x-Tg bone marrow-derived macrophages released significantly elevated amounts of pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, compared to M-CSF treatment in vitro. Furthermore, IL-34, but not M-CSF, elevated RANKL-primed osteoclastogenesis in the presence of Aβ40 and Aβ42 peptides in bone marrow derived macrophages isolated from female 3x-Tg mice. Collectively, our data indicated that IL-34 elevates AD-like features, including behavioral changes and neuroinflammation, as well as osteoclastogenesis in female 3x-Tg mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anny Ho
- Department of Oral Sciences and Translational Research, College of Dental Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, FL, USA
| | - Bidii Ngala
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Comprehensive Care, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Chiaki Yamada
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Comprehensive Care, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Christopher Garcia
- Department of Oral Sciences and Translational Research, College of Dental Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, FL, USA; Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Carolina Duarte
- Department of Oral Sciences and Translational Research, College of Dental Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, FL, USA
| | - Juliet Akkaoui
- Department of Oral Sciences and Translational Research, College of Dental Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, FL, USA; Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Dumitru Ciolac
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Medical Genetics, "Nicolae Testemițanu" State University of Medicine and Pharmacology, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova; Department of Neurology, Institute of Emergency Medicine, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
| | - Amilia Nusbaum
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Comprehensive Care, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - William Kochen
- College of Psychology, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Daniela Efremova
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Medical Genetics, "Nicolae Testemițanu" State University of Medicine and Pharmacology, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova; Department of Neurology, Institute of Emergency Medicine, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
| | - Stanislav Groppa
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Medical Genetics, "Nicolae Testemițanu" State University of Medicine and Pharmacology, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova; Department of Neurology, Institute of Emergency Medicine, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
| | - Lubov Nathanson
- Institute for Neuro Immune Medicine, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Stephanie Bissel
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Adrian Oblak
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Melissa A Kacena
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Alexandru Movila
- Department of Oral Sciences and Translational Research, College of Dental Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, FL, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Comprehensive Care, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Institute for Neuro Immune Medicine, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, USA.
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18
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Buccellato FR, D’Anca M, Tartaglia GM, Del Fabbro M, Scarpini E, Galimberti D. Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease: Beyond Symptomatic Therapies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13900. [PMID: 37762203 PMCID: PMC10531090 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In an ever-increasing aged world, Alzheimer's disease (AD) represents the first cause of dementia and one of the first chronic diseases in elderly people. With 55 million people affected, the WHO considers AD to be a disease with public priority. Unfortunately, there are no final cures for this pathology. Treatment strategies are aimed to mitigate symptoms, i.e., acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEI) and the N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist Memantine. At present, the best approaches for managing the disease seem to combine pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies to stimulate cognitive reserve. Over the last twenty years, a number of drugs have been discovered acting on the well-established biological hallmarks of AD, deposition of β-amyloid aggregates and accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau protein in cells. Although previous efforts disappointed expectations, a new era in treating AD has been working its way recently. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) gave conditional approval of the first disease-modifying therapy (DMT) for the treatment of AD, aducanumab, a monoclonal antibody (mAb) designed against Aβ plaques and oligomers in 2021, and in January 2023, the FDA granted accelerated approval for a second monoclonal antibody, Lecanemab. This review describes ongoing clinical trials with DMTs and non-pharmacological therapies. We will also present a future scenario based on new biomarkers that can detect AD in preclinical or prodromal stages, identify people at risk of developing AD, and allow an early and curative treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca R. Buccellato
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Marianna D’Anca
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Gianluca Martino Tartaglia
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Del Fabbro
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Elio Scarpini
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Galimberti
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
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19
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O’Day DH. Alzheimer's Disease beyond Calcium Dysregulation: The Complex Interplay between Calmodulin, Calmodulin-Binding Proteins and Amyloid Beta from Disease Onset through Progression. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:6246-6261. [PMID: 37623212 PMCID: PMC10453589 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45080393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A multifactorial syndrome, Alzheimer's disease is the main cause of dementia, but there is no existing therapy to prevent it or stop its progression. One of the earliest events of Alzheimer's disease is the disruption of calcium homeostasis but that is just a prelude to the disease's devastating impact. Calcium does not work alone but must interact with downstream cellular components of which the small regulatory protein calmodulin is central, if not primary. This review supports the idea that, due to calcium dyshomeostasis, calmodulin is a dominant regulatory protein that functions in all stages of Alzheimer's disease, and these regulatory events are impacted by amyloid beta. Amyloid beta not only binds to and regulates calmodulin but also multiple calmodulin-binding proteins involved in Alzheimer's. Together, they act on the regulation of calcium dyshomeostasis, neuroinflammation, amyloidogenesis, memory formation, neuronal plasticity and more. The complex interactions between calmodulin, its binding proteins and amyloid beta may explain why many therapies have failed or are doomed to failure unless they are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danton H. O’Day
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada;
- Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
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20
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Madnani RS. Alzheimer's disease: a mini-review for the clinician. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1178588. [PMID: 37426432 PMCID: PMC10325860 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1178588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common form of dementia, is a striking example of the connection between neurophysiological abnormalities and higher-order cognitive deficiencies. Since its initial description in 1906, research into the pathophysiology and etiology of AD has led to the illumination of an incredibly complex set of genetic and molecular mechanisms for the disease's progression, characterized by much more than the neuropathological hallmarks of beta-amyloid (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). In this review, findings relating the neurodegeneration present in AD to its clinical presentation and treatment are summarized, with an emphasis on the interconnectedness of disease pathophysiology. Further, diagnostic guidelines are provided based on the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association (NIA-AA) workgroup's clinical recommendations. Through the dissemination of detailed but digestible open access resources such as this one, we can move towards an increase in the equity and accessibility of education for the modern clinician.
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Viles JH. Imaging Amyloid-β Membrane Interactions: Ion-Channel Pores and Lipid-Bilayer Permeability in Alzheimer's Disease. ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 135:e202215785. [PMID: 38515735 PMCID: PMC10952214 DOI: 10.1002/ange.202215785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of the amyloid-β peptides (Aβ) is central to the development of Alzheimer's disease. The mechanism by which Aβ triggers a cascade of events that leads to dementia is a topic of intense investigation. Aβ self-associates into a series of complex assemblies with different structural and biophysical properties. It is the interaction of these oligomeric, protofibril and fibrillar assemblies with lipid membranes, or with membrane receptors, that results in membrane permeability and loss of cellular homeostasis, a key event in Alzheimer's disease pathology. Aβ can have an array of impacts on lipid membranes, reports have included: a carpeting effect; a detergent effect; and Aβ ion-channel pore formation. Recent advances imaging these interactions are providing a clearer picture of Aβ induced membrane disruption. Understanding the relationship between different Aβ structures and membrane permeability will inform therapeutics targeting Aβ cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H. Viles
- Department of Biochemistry, SBBS, Queen MaryUniversity of LondonUK
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22
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Viles JH. Imaging Amyloid-β Membrane Interactions: Ion-Channel Pores and Lipid-Bilayer Permeability in Alzheimer's Disease. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202215785. [PMID: 36876912 PMCID: PMC10953358 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202215785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of the amyloid-β peptides (Aβ) is central to the development of Alzheimer's disease. The mechanism by which Aβ triggers a cascade of events that leads to dementia is a topic of intense investigation. Aβ self-associates into a series of complex assemblies with different structural and biophysical properties. It is the interaction of these oligomeric, protofibril and fibrillar assemblies with lipid membranes, or with membrane receptors, that results in membrane permeability and loss of cellular homeostasis, a key event in Alzheimer's disease pathology. Aβ can have an array of impacts on lipid membranes, reports have included: a carpeting effect; a detergent effect; and Aβ ion-channel pore formation. Recent advances imaging these interactions are providing a clearer picture of Aβ induced membrane disruption. Understanding the relationship between different Aβ structures and membrane permeability will inform therapeutics targeting Aβ cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H. Viles
- Department of Biochemistry, SBBS, Queen MaryUniversity of LondonUK
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Ailioaie LM, Ailioaie C, Litscher G. Photobiomodulation in Alzheimer's Disease-A Complementary Method to State-of-the-Art Pharmaceutical Formulations and Nanomedicine? Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:916. [PMID: 36986776 PMCID: PMC10054386 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15030916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), as a neurodegenerative disorder, usually develops slowly but gradually worsens. It accounts for approximately 70% of dementia cases worldwide, and is recognized by WHO as a public health priority. Being a multifactorial disease, the origins of AD are not satisfactorily understood. Despite huge medical expenditures and attempts to discover new pharmaceuticals or nanomedicines in recent years, there is no cure for AD and not many successful treatments are available. The current review supports introspection on the latest scientific results from the specialized literature regarding the molecular and cellular mechanisms of brain photobiomodulation, as a complementary method with implications in AD. State-of-the-art pharmaceutical formulations, development of new nanoscale materials, bionanoformulations in current applications and perspectives in AD are highlighted. Another goal of this review was to discover and to speed transition to completely new paradigms for the multi-target management of AD, to facilitate brain remodeling through new therapeutic models and high-tech medical applications with light or lasers in the integrative nanomedicine of the future. In conclusion, new insights from this interdisciplinary approach, including the latest results from photobiomodulation (PBM) applied in human clinical trials, combined with the latest nanoscale drug delivery systems to easily overcome protective brain barriers, could open new avenues to rejuvenate our central nervous system, the most fascinating and complex organ. Picosecond transcranial laser stimulation could be successfully used to cross the blood-brain barrier together with the latest nanotechnologies, nanomedicines and drug delivery systems in AD therapy. Original, smart and targeted multifunctional solutions and new nanodrugs may soon be developed to treat AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Marinela Ailioaie
- Department of Medical Physics, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, 11 Carol I Boulevard, 700506 Iasi, Romania
| | - Constantin Ailioaie
- Department of Medical Physics, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, 11 Carol I Boulevard, 700506 Iasi, Romania
| | - Gerhard Litscher
- President of ISLA (International Society for Medical Laser Applications), Research Unit of Biomedical Engineering in Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Research Unit for Complementary and Integrative Laser Medicine, Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Research Center Graz, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 39, 8036 Graz, Austria
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Extracellular Amyloid β-protein (1-42) Oligomers Anchor Brain Cells and Make them inert as an Unconventional Integrin-Coupled Ligand. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:841-858. [PMID: 35445880 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-022-01219-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of extracellular Aβ42 on neural cell migration, and the possible molecular mechanisms. Extracellular Aβ42 monomers did not negatively affect the motility of neural cells; however, they could promote cell migration from toxic extracellular Aβ42 oligomers. Contrastingly, extracellular Aβ42 aggregates, especially Aβ42 oligomers, significantly decreased neural cell migration while reducing their survival. Further, their soluble and deposited states showed different effects in causing the neural cells to become inert (incapable of moving). These findings were consistent with that of binding of Aβ42 oligomers to the plasma membrane or integrin receptors of the inert cells. By combining the protection of cell migratory capability by anti-oligomeric Aβ42 scFv antibody with the information obtained from our docking model of the Aβ42 trimer and integrin molecule, our findings suggest that extracellular Aβ42 aggregates disrupt the function of integrins mainly through the RHDS motif of Aβ42 chain, which eventually causes neural cells to become inert. Thus, we propose an "anchor" opinion, where Aβ42 aggregates in the ECM serve as the adverse "anchors" in the brain for anchoring neurons and for making neural cells inert, which causes their dysfunction. The neural cells with damaged motility could be restored or repaired if these anchoring effects of extracellular Aβ42 aggregates on the neural cells were severed or reduced, even if the "anchors" themselves were not completely eliminated. Medicines targeting soluble and deposited anchors of Aβ42 aggregates could be developed into effective treatments for Alzheimer disease.
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Phospholipase D1 Attenuation Therapeutics Promotes Resilience against Synaptotoxicity in 12-Month-Old 3xTg-AD Mouse Model of Progressive Neurodegeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043372. [PMID: 36834781 PMCID: PMC9967100 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Abrogating synaptotoxicity in age-related neurodegenerative disorders is an extremely promising area of research with significant neurotherapeutic implications in tauopathies including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Our studies using human clinical samples and mouse models demonstrated that aberrantly elevated phospholipase D1 (PLD1) is associated with amyloid beta (Aβ) and tau-driven synaptic dysfunction and underlying memory deficits. While knocking out the lipolytic PLD1 gene is not detrimental to survival across species, elevated expression is implicated in cancer, cardiovascular conditions and neuropathologies, leading to the successful development of well-tolerated mammalian PLD isoform-specific small molecule inhibitors. Here, we address the importance of PLD1 attenuation, achieved using repeated 1 mg/kg of VU0155069 (VU01) intraperitoneally every alternate day for a month in 3xTg-AD mice beginning only from ~11 months of age (with greater influence of tau-driven insults) compared to age-matched vehicle (0.9% saline)-injected siblings. A multimodal approach involving behavior, electrophysiology and biochemistry corroborate the impact of this pre-clinical therapeutic intervention. VU01 proved efficacious in preventing in later stage AD-like cognitive decline affecting perirhinal cortex-, hippocampal- and amygdala-dependent behaviors. Glutamate-dependent HFS-LTP and LFS-LTD improved. Dendritic spine morphology showed the preservation of mushroom and filamentous spine characteristics. Differential PLD1 immunofluorescence and co-localization with Aβ were noted.
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Manna PR, Reddy AP, Pradeepkiran JA, Kshirsagar S, Reddy PH. Regulation of retinoid mediated StAR transcription and steroidogenesis in hippocampal neuronal cells: Implications for StAR in protecting Alzheimer's disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2023; 1869:166596. [PMID: 36356843 PMCID: PMC9772146 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2022.166596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Retinoids (vitamin A and its derivatives) play pivotal roles in diverse processes, ranging from homeostasis to neurodegeneration, which are also influenced by steroid hormones. The rate-limiting step in steroid biosynthesis is mediated by the steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein. In the present study, we demonstrate that retinoids enhanced StAR expression and pregnenolone biosynthesis, and these parameters were markedly augmented by activation of the PKA pathway in mouse hippocampal neuronal HT22 cells. Deletion and mutational analyses of the 5'-flanking regions of the StAR gene revealed the importance of a retinoic acid receptor (RAR)/retinoid X receptor (RXR)-liver X receptor (LXR) heterodimeric motif at -200/-185 bp region in retinoid responsiveness. The RAR/RXR-LXR sequence motif can bind RARα and RXRα, and retinoid regulated transcription of the StAR gene was found to be influenced by the LXR pathway, representing signaling cross-talk in hippocampal neurosteroid biosynthesis. Steroidogenesis decreases during senescence due to declines in the central nervous system and the endocrine system, and results in hormone deficiencies, inferring the need for hormonal balance for healthy aging. Loss of neuronal cells, involving accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ) and/or phosphorylated Tau within the brain, is the pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). HT22 cells overexpressing either mutant APP (mAPP) or mutant Tau (mTau), conditions mimetic to AD, enhanced toxicities, and resulted in attenuation of both basal and retinoid-responsive StAR and pregnenolone levels. Co-expression of StAR with either mAPP or mTau diminished cytotoxicity, and concomitantly elevated neurosteroid biosynthesis, pointing to a protective role of StAR in AD. These findings provide insights into the molecular events by which retinoid signaling upregulates StAR and steroid levels in hippocampal neuronal cells, and StAR, by rescuing mAPP and/or mTau-induced toxicities, modulates neurosteroidogenesis and restores hormonal balance, which may have important implications in protecting AD and age-related complications and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pulak R Manna
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA.
| | - Arubala P Reddy
- Nutritional Sciences Department, College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech University, 1301 Akron Ave, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | | | - Sudhir Kshirsagar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - P Hemachandra Reddy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Nutritional Sciences Department, College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech University, 1301 Akron Ave, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; Neurology, Departments of School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Public Health Department of Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, School Health Professions, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA.
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O’Day DH. Calmodulin and Amyloid Beta as Coregulators of Critical Events during the Onset and Progression of Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021393. [PMID: 36674908 PMCID: PMC9863087 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Calmodulin (CaM) and a diversity of CaM-binding proteins (CaMBPs) are involved in the onset and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In the amyloidogenic pathway, AβPP1, BACE1 and PSEN-1 are all calcium-dependent CaMBPs as are the risk factor proteins BIN1 and TREM2. Ca2+/CaM-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) and calcineurin (CaN) are classic CaMBPs involved in memory and plasticity, two events impacted by AD. Coupled with these events is the production of amyloid beta monomers (Aβ) and oligomers (Aβo). The recent revelations that Aβ and Aβo each bind to both CaM and to a host of Aβ receptors that are also CaMBPs adds a new level of complexity to our understanding of the onset and progression of AD. Multiple Aβ receptors that are proven CaMBPs (e.g., NMDAR, PMCA) are involved in calcium homeostasis an early event in AD and other neurodegenerative diseases. Other CaMBPs that are Aβ receptors are AD risk factors while still others are involved in the amyloidogenic pathway. Aβ binding to receptors not only serves to control CaM's ability to regulate critical proteins, but it is also implicated in Aβ turnover. The complexity of the Aβ/CaM/CaMBP interactions is analyzed using two events: Aβ generation and NMDAR function. The interactions between Aβ, CaM and CaMBPs reveals a new level of complexity to critical events associated with the onset and progression of AD and may help to explain the failure to develop successful therapeutic treatments for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danton H. O’Day
- Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada;
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada
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Demuth H, Hosseini S, Düsedeau HP, Dunay IR, Korte M, Zagrebelsky M. Deletion of p75 NTR rescues the synaptic but not the inflammatory status in the brain of a mouse model for Alzheimer's disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1163087. [PMID: 37213691 PMCID: PMC10198655 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1163087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Alzheimer's disease (AD), is characterized by a gradual cognitive decline associated with the accumulation of Amyloid beta (Aβ)-oligomers, progressive neuronal degeneration and chronic neuroinflammation. Among the receptors shown to bind and possibly transduce the toxic effects of Aβ-oligomers is the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR). Interestingly, p75NTR mediates several crucial processes in the nervous system, including neuronal survival and apoptosis, maintenance of the neuronal architecture, and plasticity. Furthermore, p75NTR is also expressed in microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain, where it is markedly increased under pathological conditions. These observations indicate p75NTR as a potential candidate for mediating Aβ-induced toxic effects at the interface between the nervous and the immune system, thereby potentially participating in the crosstalk between these two systems. Methods Here we used APP/PS1 transgenic mice (APP/PS1tg) and compared the Aβ-induced alterations in neuronal function, chronic inflammation as well as their cognitive consequences between 10 months old APP/PS1tg and APP/PS1tg x p75NTRexonIV knockout mice. Results Electrophysiological recordings show that a loss of p75NTR rescues the impairment in long-term potentiation at the Schaffer collaterals in the hippocampus of APP/PS1tg mice. Interestingly, however loss of p75NTR does not influence the severity of neuroinflammation, microglia activation or the decline in spatial learning and memory processes observed in APP/PS1tg mice. Conclusion Together these results indicate that while a deletion of p75NTR rescues the synaptic defect and the impairment in synaptic plasticity, it does not affect the progression of the neuroinflammation and the cognitive decline in a mouse model for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Demuth
- Division of Cellular Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, Braunschweig, Germany
- Research Group Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, AG NIND, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Shirin Hosseini
- Division of Cellular Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, Braunschweig, Germany
- Research Group Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, AG NIND, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Henning Peter Düsedeau
- Institute of Inflammation and Neurodegeneration, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation (GC-I3), Otto-von- Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ildiko Rita Dunay
- Institute of Inflammation and Neurodegeneration, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation (GC-I3), Otto-von- Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Martin Korte
- Division of Cellular Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, Braunschweig, Germany
- Research Group Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, AG NIND, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Marta Zagrebelsky
- Division of Cellular Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, Braunschweig, Germany
- *Correspondence: Marta Zagrebelsky,
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Li N, Deng M, Hu G, Li N, Yuan H, Zhou Y. New Insights into Microglial Mechanisms of Memory Impairment in Alzheimer's Disease. Biomolecules 2022; 12:1722. [PMID: 36421736 PMCID: PMC9687453 DOI: 10.3390/biom12111722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common progressive and irreversible neurodegeneration characterized by the impairment of memory and cognition. Despite years of studies, no effective treatment and prevention strategies are available yet. Identifying new AD therapeutic targets is crucial for better elucidating the pathogenesis and establishing a valid treatment of AD. Growing evidence suggests that microglia play a critical role in AD. Microglia are resident macrophages in the central nervous system (CNS), and their core properties supporting main biological functions include surveillance, phagocytosis, and the release of soluble factors. Activated microglia not only directly mediate the central immune response, but also participate in the pathological changes of AD, including amyloid-beta (Aβ) aggregation, tau protein phosphorylation, synaptic dissection, neuron loss, memory function decline, etc. Based on these recent findings, we provide a new framework to summarize the role of microglia in AD memory impairment. This evidence suggests that microglia have the potential to become new targets for AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
- Department of Medicine, Qingdao Binhai University, Qingdao 266555, China
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Mingru Deng
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Qingdao Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Gonghui Hu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Nan Li
- Department of Health and Life Sciences, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Haicheng Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Qingdao Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
- Department of Health and Life Sciences, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao 266000, China
- Institute of Brain Sciences and Related Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
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Gopalakrishna R, Lin CY, Oh A, Le C, Yang S, Hicks A, Kindy MS, Mack WJ, Bhat NR. cAMP-induced decrease in cell-surface laminin receptor and cellular prion protein attenuates amyloid-β uptake and amyloid-β-induced neuronal cell death. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:2914-2927. [PMID: 35971617 PMCID: PMC9712173 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that amyloid-β oligomers (AβO) bind with high affinity to cellular prion protein (PrPC ). The AβO-PrPC complex binds to cell-surface co-receptors, including the laminin receptor (67LR). Our current studies revealed that in Neuroscreen-1 cells, 67LR is the major co-receptor involved in the cellular uptake of AβO and AβΟ-induced cell death. Both pharmacological (dibutyryl-cAMP, forskolin and rolipram) and physiological (pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide) cAMP-elevating agents decreased cell-surface PrPC and 67LR, thereby attenuating the uptake of AβO and the resultant neuronal cell death. These cAMP protective effects are dependent on protein kinase A, but not dependent on the exchange protein directly activated by cAMP. Conceivably, cAMP protects neuronal cells from AβO-induced cytotoxicity by decreasing cell-surface-associated PrPC and 67LR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayudu Gopalakrishna
- Department of Integrative Anatomical Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA,Corresponding author: Department of Integrative Anatomical Sciences, 1333 San Pablo Street, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA, Phone: 1 + 323-442-1770; Fax: 1 + 323-442-1771:
| | - Charlotte Y. Lin
- Department of Integrative Anatomical Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Andrew Oh
- Department of Integrative Anatomical Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Calvin Le
- Department of Integrative Anatomical Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Seolyn Yang
- Department of Integrative Anatomical Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Alexandra Hicks
- Department of Integrative Anatomical Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Mark S. Kindy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; James A. Haley VA Medical Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - William J. Mack
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Narayan R. Bhat
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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Zaretsky DV, Zaretskaia MV, Molkov YI. Patients with Alzheimer's disease have an increased removal rate of soluble beta-amyloid-42. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276933. [PMID: 36315527 PMCID: PMC9621436 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Senile plaques, which are mostly composed of beta-amyloid peptide, are the main signature of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Two main forms of beta-amyloid in humans are 40 and 42-amino acid, long; the latter is considered more relevant to AD etiology. The concentration of soluble beta-amyloid-42 (Aβ42) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF-Aβ42) and the density of amyloid depositions have a strong negative correlation. However, AD patients have lower CSF-Aβ42 levels compared to individuals with normal cognition (NC), even after accounting for this correlation. The goal of this study was to infer deviations of Aβ42 metabolism parameters that underlie this difference using data from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative cohort. Aβ42 is released to the interstitial fluid (ISF) by cells and is removed by several processes. First, growth of insoluble fibrils by aggregation decreases the concentration of soluble beta-amyloid in the ISF. Second, Aβ42 is physically transferred from the brain to the CSF and removed with the CSF flow. Finally, there is an intratissue removal of Aβ42 ending in proteolysis, which can occur either in the ISF or inside the cells after the peptide is endocytosed. Unlike aggregation, which preserves the peptide in the brain, transfer to the CSF and intratissue proteolysis together represent amyloid removal. Using a kinetic model of Aβ42 turnover, we found that compared to NC subjects, AD patients had dramatically increased rates of amyloid removal. A group with late-onset mild cognitive impairment (LMCI) also exhibited a higher rate of amyloid removal; however, this was less pronounced than in the AD group. Estimated parameters in the early-onset MCI group did not differ significantly from those in the NC group. We hypothesize that increased amyloid removal is mediated by Aβ42 cellular uptake; this is because CSF flow is not increased in AD patients, while most proteases are intracellular. Aβ cytotoxicity depends on both the amount of beta-amyloid internalized by cells and its intracellular conversion into toxic products. We speculate that AD and LMCI are associated with increased cellular amyloid uptake, which leads to faster disease progression. The early-onset MCI (EMCI) patients do not differ from the NC participants in terms of cellular amyloid uptake. Therefore, EMCI may be mediated by the increased production of toxic amyloid metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yaroslav I. Molkov
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics and Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
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Song C, Zhang T, Zhang Y. Conformational Essentials Responsible for Neurotoxicity of Aβ42 Aggregates Revealed by Antibodies against Oligomeric Aβ42. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27196751. [PMID: 36235284 PMCID: PMC9570743 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Soluble aggregation of amyloid β-peptide 1-42 (Aβ42) and deposition of Aβ42 aggregates are the initial pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The bipolar nature of Aβ42 molecule results in its ability to assemble into distinct oligomers and higher aggregates, which may drive some of the phenotypic heterogeneity observed in AD. Agents targeting Aβ42 or its aggregates, such as anti-Aβ42 antibodies, can inhibit the aggregation of Aβ42 and toxicity of Aβ42 aggregates to neural cells to a certain extent. However, the epitope specificity of an antibody affects its binding affinity for different Aβ42 species. Different antibodies target different sites on Aβ42 and thus elicit different neuroprotective or cytoprotective effects. In the present review, we summarize significant information reflected by anti-Aβ42 antibodies in different immunotherapies and propose an overview of the structure (conformation)-toxicity relationship of Aβ42 aggregates. This review aimed to provide a reference for the directional design of antibodies against the most pathogenic conformation of Aβ42 aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuli Song
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Tianyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yingjiu Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- School of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- Correspondence:
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Chen Y, Wang S, Ren J, Zhao H, Cui M, Li N, Li M, Zhang C. Electrocatalysis of Copper Sulfide Nanoparticle-Engineered Covalent Organic Frameworks for Ratiometric Electrochemical Detection of Amyloid-β Oligomer. Anal Chem 2022; 94:11201-11208. [PMID: 35920591 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid-β oligomer (AβO) is widely regarded as a reliable biomarker for the early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this study, a signal on-off ratiometric electrochemical immunosensor has been developed for ultrasensitive detection of AβO. To achieve the dual-signal ratiometric strategy, ultrasmall copper sulfide nanoparticle-engineered covalent organic framework hybrid nanocomposites (CuS@COFs) were utilized as excellent electrocatalysts toward hydroquinone (HQ) oxidation to produce detectable signals. Meanwhile, electroactive thionine (Thi) and Aβ antibody-modified gold nanoparticles (Thi-AuNPs-Ab bioconjugates) were designed as another electrochemical indicator. Based on these two signals, an ultrasensitive sandwich-like electrochemical immunosensor was established for AβO detection. The introduction of AβO resulted in a remarkable decline in the electrochemical signal of HQ but an increase in the signal of Thi. Under optimum conditions, the ratios between the double signals (IThi/IHQ) showed a proportional linear relationship with the AβO concentration (1 pM-1 μM) with a low detection limit of 0.4 pM (S/N = 3), and the biosensor was able to determine the content of AβO in real cerebrospinal fluid samples with satisfactory results. The ratiometric strategy proposed in our study offers a sensitive and efficient approach for early diagnosis of AD, and this work will promote the further applications of engineered COFs in electrochemical sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yana Chen
- Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Control on Surface and Interface, College of Science, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Shuangling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Development and Evaluation, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Jujie Ren
- Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Control on Surface and Interface, College of Science, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Haiyan Zhao
- Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Control on Surface and Interface, College of Science, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Min Cui
- Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Control on Surface and Interface, College of Science, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Na Li
- Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Control on Surface and Interface, College of Science, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Meng Li
- Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Development and Evaluation, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Cong Zhang
- Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Control on Surface and Interface, College of Science, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
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34
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A New Bistable Switch Model of Alzheimer’s Disease Pathogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137061. [PMID: 35806088 PMCID: PMC9267076 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We propose a model to explain the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) based on the theory that any disease affecting a healthy organism originates from a bistable feedback loop that shifts the system from a physiological to a pathological condition. We focused on the known double inhibitory loop involving the cellular prion protein (PrPC) and the enzyme BACE1 that produces amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptides. BACE1 is inhibited by PrPC, but its inhibitory activity is lost when PrPC binds to Aβ oligomers (Aβo). Excessive Aβo formation would switch the loop to a pathogenic condition involving the Aβo-PrPC-mGluR5 complex, Fyn kinase activation, tau, and NMDAR phosphorylation, ultimately leading to neurodegeneration. Based on the emerging role of cyclic nucleotides in Aβ production, and thereby in synaptic plasticity and cognitive processes, cAMP and cGMP can be considered as modulatory factors capable of inducing the transition from a physiological steady state to a pathogenic one. This would imply that critical pharmacological targets for AD treatment lie within pathways that lead to an imbalance of cyclic nucleotides in neurons. If this hypothesis is confirmed, it will provide precise indications for the development of preventive or therapeutic treatments for the disease.
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35
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Recombinant Integrin β1 Signal Peptide Blocks Gliosis Induced by Aβ Oligomers. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105747. [PMID: 35628557 PMCID: PMC9146559 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Glial cells participate actively in the early cognitive decline in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathology. In fact, recent studies have found molecular and functional abnormalities in astrocytes and microglia in both animal models and brains of patients suffering from this pathology. In this regard, reactive gliosis intimately associated with amyloid plaques has become a pathological hallmark of AD. A recent study from our laboratory reports that astrocyte reactivity is caused by a direct interaction between amyloid beta (Aβ) oligomers and integrin β1. Here, we have generated four recombinant peptides including the extracellular domain of integrin β1, and evaluated their capacity both to bind in vitro to Aβ oligomers and to prevent in vivo Aβ oligomer-induced gliosis and endoplasmic reticulum stress. We have identified the minimal region of integrin β1 that binds to Aβ oligomers. This region is called signal peptide and corresponds to the first 20 amino acids of the integrin β1 N-terminal domain. This recombinant integrin β1 signal peptide prevented Aβ oligomer-induced ROS generation in primary astrocyte cultures. Furthermore, we carried out intrahippocampal injection in adult mice of recombinant integrin β1 signal peptide combined with or without Aβ oligomers and we evaluated by immunohistochemistry both astrogliosis and microgliosis as well as endoplasmic reticulum stress. The results show that recombinant integrin β1 signal peptide precluded both astrogliosis and microgliosis and endoplasmic reticulum stress mediated by Aβ oligomers in vivo. We have developed a molecular tool that blocks the activation of the molecular cascade that mediates gliosis via Aβ oligomer/integrin β1 signaling.
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36
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Liu S, Li S, Lin J, Li J, Yang H. Aptamer-Induced-Dimerization Strategy Attenuates AβO Toxicity through Modulating the Trophic Activity of PrP C Signaling. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:9264-9270. [PMID: 35583938 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c00287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Current therapeutic strategies for Alzheimer's disease (AD) mainly focus on amyloid β oligomer (AβO) formation or clearance. However, most of them have failed to yield good clinical results. There is an urgent need to explore an alternative therapeutic target for AD treatments. Recent studies have indicated that the cellular prion protein (PrPC) is one of the cell-surface receptors of AβO that mediates related neurotoxicity. Besides, as a neuroprotective protein, the dimerization of PrPC seems to be critical for its trophic activity. We presume that modulating PrPC receptor activity could be another potential approach to abrogate AβO toxicity. In the present work, using an aptamer-induced dimerization (AID) strategy, we enforce PrPC dimerization and modulate its neurotrophic signaling. The AID strategy can attenuate AβO toxic action by (i) interfering with AβO-PrPC interaction and promoting neuroprotective shedding of PrPC; (ii) preventing the AβO-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and the caspase-3-induced apoptosis; and (iii) reducing the secretion of inflammatory cytokines and relieving the neuroinflammation microenvironment. Our findings suggest that the strategy targeting PrPC signaling may shed light on validating new therapeutic strategies in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuya Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, P. R. China
| | - Shiwei Li
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, P. R. China
| | - Jirong Lin
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, P. R. China
| | - Jingying Li
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, P. R. China.,College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, P. R. China
| | - Huanghao Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, P. R. China
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β-Amyloid activates reactive astrocytes by enhancing glycolysis of astrocytes. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:4699-4707. [PMID: 35534584 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07319-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aberrant accumulation of β-amyloid peptides (Aβ), reactive astrocytes and glucose metabolism deficit are typical features in the early Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. Previous studies have demonstrated that astrocytes process glucose mainly by glycolysis to generate lactate. However, the changes of glycolytic metabolism of reactive astrocytes in AD are still unknown. The present study aims to explore the effect of Aβ on the astrocytic activation and glycolytic metabolism, as well as the role of glycolysis in the activation of astrocytes. METHODS AND RESULTS The primary astrocytes were cultured and treated with Aβ oligomers, Aβ-activated microglia conditioned medium (aMCM) or the glycogen phosphorylase inhibitor (DAB) for 12 h. Then ECAR was used to detect the glycolysis function of reactive astrocytes. The phenotypes of reactive astrocytes were evaluated by detecting the mRNA expression of Gfap (pan-reactive marker), and Ugt1a, Ggta1 (A1-phenotypes markers), and S100a10, Emp1 (A2-phenotypes markers) using qRT-PCR. The levels of GFAP, the marker protein of pan-reactive astrocytes, was also quantified by immunofluorescence and western-blot in Aβ, aMCM or DAB-treated astrocytes. In this study, we found that Aβ oligomers could not directly activate astrocytes or promote the glycolysis. However, Aβ oligomers could induce the activation of neurotoxic A1 astrocytes and up-regulate the glycolysis function via aMCM. Reactivity of A1-astrocytes were inhibited when the glycolytic metabolism was blocked by DAB. CONCLUSIONS The results revealed that Aβ could indirectly activate A1 astrocytes by Aβ-activated microglia, which depended on the up-regulation of the glycolysis of astrocytes. The glycolysis was crucial for the activation of the neurotoxic A1 astrocytes and inhibiting the glycolysis of neurotoxic A1 astrocytes might be a new therapeutic strategy for AD.
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38
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Cell models for Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease: At the interface of biology and drug discovery. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 149:112924. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Durell SR, Kayed R, Guy HR. The amyloid concentric β‐barrel hypothesis: Models of amyloid beta 42 oligomers and annular protofibrils. Proteins 2022; 90:1190-1209. [DOI: 10.1002/prot.26301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stewart R. Durell
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute National Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland USA
| | - Rakez Kayed
- UTMB Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston Texas USA
| | - H. Robert Guy
- Amyloid Research Consultants (ARC) Cochiti Lake New Mexico USA
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40
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Ortiz-Sanz C, Balantzategi U, Quintela-López T, Ruiz A, Luchena C, Zuazo-Ibarra J, Capetillo-Zarate E, Matute C, Zugaza JL, Alberdi E. Amyloid β / PKC-dependent alterations in NMDA receptor composition are detected in early stages of Alzheimer´s disease. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:253. [PMID: 35306512 PMCID: PMC8934345 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04687-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid beta (Aβ)-mediated synapse dysfunction is an early event in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathogenesis and previous studies suggest that NMDA receptor (NMDAR) dysregulation may contribute to these pathological effects. Although Aβ peptides impair NMDAR expression and activity, the mechanisms mediating these alterations in the early stages of AD are unclear. Here, we observed that NMDAR subunit NR2B and PSD-95 levels were aberrantly upregulated and correlated with Aβ42 load in human postsynaptic fractions of the prefrontal cortex in early stages of AD patients, as well as in the hippocampus of 3xTg-AD mice. Importantly, NR2B and PSD95 dysregulation was revealed by an increased expression of both proteins in Aβ-injected mouse hippocampi. In cultured neurons, Aβ oligomers increased the NR2B-containing NMDAR density in neuronal membranes and the NMDA-induced intracellular Ca2+ increase, in addition to colocalization in dendrites of NR2B subunit and PSD95. Mechanistically, Aβ oligomers required integrin β1 to promote synaptic location and function of NR2B-containing NMDARs and PSD95 by phosphorylation through classic PKCs. These results provide evidence that Aβ oligomers modify the contribution of NR2B to NMDAR composition and function in the early stages of AD through an integrin β1 and PKC-dependent pathway. These data reveal a novel role of Aβ oligomers in synaptic dysfunction that may be relevant to early-stage AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Ortiz-Sanz
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU) and CIBERNED, Leioa, Spain.,Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain
| | - Uxue Balantzategi
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU) and CIBERNED, Leioa, Spain.,Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain
| | - Tania Quintela-López
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU) and CIBERNED, Leioa, Spain.,Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain.,Department of Neuroscience, Physiology, & Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Asier Ruiz
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU) and CIBERNED, Leioa, Spain.,Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain
| | - Celia Luchena
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU) and CIBERNED, Leioa, Spain.,Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain
| | - Jone Zuazo-Ibarra
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU) and CIBERNED, Leioa, Spain.,Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain
| | - Estibaliz Capetillo-Zarate
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU) and CIBERNED, Leioa, Spain.,Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain.,IKERBASQUE Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Carlos Matute
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU) and CIBERNED, Leioa, Spain.,Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain
| | - José L Zugaza
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain.,IKERBASQUE Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.,Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - Elena Alberdi
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU) and CIBERNED, Leioa, Spain. .,Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain.
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41
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de Rijke TJ, Doting MHE, van Hemert S, De Deyn PP, van Munster BC, Harmsen HJM, Sommer IEC. A Systematic Review on the Effects of Different Types of Probiotics in Animal Alzheimer's Disease Studies. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:879491. [PMID: 35573324 PMCID: PMC9094066 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.879491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a global public health priority as with aging populations, its prevalence is expected to rise even further in the future. The brain and gut are in close communication through immunological, nervous and hormonal routes, and therefore, probiotics are examined as an option to influence AD hallmarks, such as plaques, tangles, and low grade inflammation. This study aimed to provide an overview of the available animal evidence on the effect of different probiotics on gut microbiota composition, short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), inflammatory markers, Amyloid-β (Aβ), and cognitive functioning in AD animal models. A systematic literature search was performed in PubMed, SCOPUS, and APA PsychInfo. Articles were included up to May 2021. Inclusion criteria included a controlled animal study on probiotic supplementation and at least one of the abovementioned outcome variables. Of the eighteen studies, most were conducted in AD male mice models (n = 9). Probiotics of the genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium were used most frequently. Probiotic administration increased species richness and/or bacterial richness in the gut microbiota, increased SCFAs levels, reduced inflammatory markers, and improved cognitive functioning in AD models in multiple studies. The effect of probiotic administration on Aβ remains ambiguous. B. longum (NK46), C. butyricum, and the mixture SLAB51 are the most promising probiotics, as positive improvements were found on almost all outcomes. The results of this animal review underline the potential of probiotic therapy as a treatment option in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja J de Rijke
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen/University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - M H Edwina Doting
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen/University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Peter P De Deyn
- Alzheimer Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.,Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Barbara C van Munster
- Alzheimer Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Hermie J M Harmsen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen/University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Iris E C Sommer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen/University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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Ebrahimi V, Tarhriz V, Talebi M, Rasouli A, Farjami A, Razi Soofiyani S, Soleimanian A, Forouhandeh H. A new insight on feasibility of pre-, pro-, and synbiotics-based therapies in Alzheimer’s disease. JOURNAL OF REPORTS IN PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/jrptps.jrptps_170_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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43
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Gabrielli M, Prada I, Joshi P, Falcicchia C, D’Arrigo G, Rutigliano G, Battocchio E, Zenatelli R, Tozzi F, Radeghieri A, Arancio O, Origlia N, Verderio C. OUP accepted manuscript. Brain 2022; 145:2849-2868. [PMID: 35254410 PMCID: PMC9420022 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptic dysfunction is an early mechanism in Alzheimer’s disease that involves progressively larger areas of the brain over time. However, how it starts and propagates is unknown. Here we show that amyloid-β released by microglia in association with large extracellular vesicles (Aβ-EVs) alters dendritic spine morphology in vitro, at the site of neuron interaction, and impairs synaptic plasticity both in vitro and in vivo in the entorhinal cortex–dentate gyrus circuitry. One hour after Aβ-EV injection into the mouse entorhinal cortex, long-term potentiation was impaired in the entorhinal cortex but not in the dentate gyrus, its main target region, while 24 h later it was also impaired in the dentate gyrus, revealing a spreading of long-term potentiation deficit between the two regions. Similar results were obtained upon injection of extracellular vesicles carrying Aβ naturally secreted by CHO7PA2 cells, while neither Aβ42 alone nor inflammatory extracellular vesicles devoid of Aβ were able to propagate long-term potentiation impairment. Using optical tweezers combined to time-lapse imaging to study Aβ-EV–neuron interaction, we show that Aβ-EVs move anterogradely at the axon surface and that their motion can be blocked through annexin-V coating. Importantly, when Aβ-EV motility was inhibited, no propagation of long-term potentiation deficit occurred along the entorhinal–hippocampal circuit, implicating large extracellular vesicle motion at the neuron surface in the spreading of long-term potentiation impairment. Our data indicate the involvement of large microglial extracellular vesicles in the rise and propagation of early synaptic dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease and suggest a new mechanism controlling the diffusion of large extracellular vesicles and their pathogenic signals in the brain parenchyma, paving the way for novel therapeutic strategies to delay the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ilaria Prada
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Vedano al Lambro, MB 20854, Italy
| | - Pooja Joshi
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Vedano al Lambro, MB 20854, Italy
| | | | - Giulia D’Arrigo
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Vedano al Lambro, MB 20854, Italy
| | - Grazia Rutigliano
- Institute of Life Sciences, Sant’Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa 56127, Italy
- CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Battocchio
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Vedano al Lambro, MB 20854, Italy
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza 20900, Italy
| | - Rossella Zenatelli
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia 25123, Italy
| | - Francesca Tozzi
- Bio@SNS Laboratory, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, 56124, Italy
| | - Annalisa Radeghieri
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia 25123, Italy
- Consorzio Sistemi a Grande Interfase (CSGI), Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, FI 50019, Italy
| | - Ottavio Arancio
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York 10032, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Nicola Origlia
- Correspondence may also be addressed to: Nicola Origlia CNR Institute of Neuroscience, via Moruzzi 1 Pisa, 56124, Italy E-mail:
| | - Claudia Verderio
- Correspondence to: Claudia Verderio CNR Institute of Neuroscience via Raoul Follereau 3, Vedano al Lambro MB, 20854, Italy E-mail:
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44
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Trojan E, Tylek K, Schröder N, Kahl I, Brandenburg LO, Mastromarino M, Leopoldo M, Basta-Kaim A, Lacivita E. The N-Formyl Peptide Receptor 2 (FPR2) Agonist MR-39 Improves Ex Vivo and In Vivo Amyloid Beta (1-42)-Induced Neuroinflammation in Mouse Models of Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:6203-6221. [PMID: 34468933 PMCID: PMC8639560 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02543-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The major histopathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD) include β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and neuronal loss. Aβ 1-42 (Aβ1-42) has been shown to induce neurotoxicity and secretion of proinflammatory mediators that potentiate neurotoxicity. Proinflammatory and neurotoxic activities of Aβ1-42 were shown to be mediated by interactions with several cell surface receptors, including the chemotactic G protein-coupled N-formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2). The present study investigated the impact of a new FPR2 agonist, MR-39, on the neuroinflammatory response in ex vivo and in vivo models of AD. To address this question, organotypic hippocampal cultures from wild-type (WT) and FPR2-deficient mice (knockout, KO, FPR2-/-) were treated with fibrillary Aβ1-42, and the effect of the new FPR2 agonist MR-39 on the release of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines was assessed. Similarly, APP/PS1 double-transgenic AD mice were treated for 20 weeks with MR-39, and immunohistological staining was performed to assess neuronal loss, gliosis, and Aβ load in the hippocampus and cortex. The data indicated that MR-39 was able to reduce the Aβ1-42-induced release of proinflammatory cytokines and to improve the release of anti-inflammatory cytokines in mouse hippocampal organotypic cultures. The observed effect was apparently related to the inhibition of the MyD88/TRAF6/NFкB signaling pathway and a decrease in NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Administration of MR-39 to APP/PS1 mice improved neuronal survival and decreased microglial cell density and plaque load.These results suggest that FPR2 may be a promising target for alleviating the inflammatory process associated with AD and that MR-39 may be a useful therapeutic agent for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Trojan
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Immunoendocrinology Laboratory, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Str, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Kinga Tylek
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Immunoendocrinology Laboratory, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Str, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Nicole Schröder
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Iris Kahl
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Lars-Ove Brandenburg
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Marcello Leopoldo
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari, via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Agnieszka Basta-Kaim
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Immunoendocrinology Laboratory, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Str, 31-343, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Enza Lacivita
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari, via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
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45
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Crestini A, Santilli F, Martellucci S, Carbone E, Sorice M, Piscopo P, Mattei V. Prions and Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Focus on Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 85:503-518. [PMID: 34864675 DOI: 10.3233/jad-215171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Specific protein misfolding and aggregation are mechanisms underlying various neurodegenerative diseases such as prion disease and Alzheimer's disease (AD). The misfolded proteins are involved in prions, amyloid-β (Aβ), tau, and α-synuclein disorders; they share common structural, biological, and biochemical characteristics, as well as similar mechanisms of aggregation and self-propagation. Pathological features of AD include the appearance of plaques consisting of deposition of protein Aβ and neurofibrillary tangles formed by the hyperphosphorylated tau protein. Although it is not clear how protein aggregation leads to AD, we are learning that the cellular prion protein (PrPC) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of AD. Herein, we first examined the pathogenesis of prion and AD with a focus on the contribution of PrPC to the development of AD. We analyzed the mechanisms that lead to the formation of a high affinity bond between Aβ oligomers (AβOs) and PrPC. Also, we studied the role of PrPC as an AβO receptor that initiates an AβO-induced signal cascade involving mGluR5, Fyn, Pyk2, and eEF2K linking Aβ and tau pathologies, resulting in the death of neurons in the central nervous system. Finally, we have described how the PrPC-AβOs interaction can be used as a new potential therapeutic target for the treatment of PrPC-dependent AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Crestini
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Santilli
- Biomedicine and Advanced Technologies Rieti Center, "Sabina Universitas", Rieti, Italy.,Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Martellucci
- Biomedicine and Advanced Technologies Rieti Center, "Sabina Universitas", Rieti, Italy
| | - Elena Carbone
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Sorice
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Piscopo
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Mattei
- Biomedicine and Advanced Technologies Rieti Center, "Sabina Universitas", Rieti, Italy.,Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University, Rome, Italy
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46
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LaRocca TJ, Cavalier AN, Roberts CM, Lemieux MR, Ramesh P, Garcia MA, Link CD. Amyloid beta acts synergistically as a pro-inflammatory cytokine. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 159:105493. [PMID: 34464705 PMCID: PMC8502211 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide is believed to play a central role in Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common age-related neurodegenerative disorder. However, the natural, evolutionarily selected functions of Aβ are incompletely understood. Here, we report that nanomolar concentrations of Aβ act synergistically with known cytokines to promote pro-inflammatory activation in primary human astrocytes (a cell type increasingly implicated in brain aging and AD). Using transcriptomics (RNA-seq), we show that Aβ can directly substitute for the complement component C1q in a cytokine cocktail previously shown to induce astrocyte immune activation. Furthermore, we show that astrocytes synergistically activated by Aβ have a transcriptional signature similar to neurotoxic "A1" astrocytes known to accumulate with age and in AD. Interestingly, we find that this biological action of Aβ at low concentrations is distinct from the transcriptome changes induced by the high/supraphysiological doses of Aβ often used in in vitro studies. Collectively, our results suggest an important, cytokine-like function for Aβ and a novel mechanism by which it may directly contribute to the neuroinflammation associated with brain aging and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J LaRocca
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States of America; Department of Health and Exercise Science, Center for Healthy Aging, Colorado State University (Current), Fort Collins, CO, United States of America.
| | - Alyssa N Cavalier
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States of America; Department of Health and Exercise Science, Center for Healthy Aging, Colorado State University (Current), Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - Christine M Roberts
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States of America
| | - Maddie R Lemieux
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States of America
| | - Pooja Ramesh
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States of America
| | - Micklaus A Garcia
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States of America
| | - Christopher D Link
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States of America.
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Garbuz DG, Zatsepina OG, Evgen’ev MB. Beta Amyloid, Tau Protein, and Neuroinflammation: An Attempt to Integrate Different Hypotheses of Alzheimer’s Disease Pathogenesis. Mol Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s002689332104004x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that inevitably results in dementia and death. Currently, there are no pathogenetically grounded methods for the prevention and treatment of AD, and all current treatment regimens are symptomatic and unable to significantly delay the development of dementia. The accumulation of β-amyloid peptide (Aβ), which is a spontaneous, aggregation-prone, and neurotoxic product of the processing of signaling protein APP (Amyloid Precursor Protein), in brain tissues, primarily in the hippocampus and the frontal cortex, was for a long time considered the main cause of neurodegenerative changes in AD. However, attempts to treat AD based on decreasing Aβ production and aggregation did not bring significant clinical results. More and more arguments are arising in favor of the fact that the overproduction of Aβ in most cases of AD is not the initial cause, but a concomitant event of pathological processes in the course of the development of sporadic AD. The concept of neuroinflammation has come to the fore, suggesting that inflammatory responses play the leading role in the initiation and development of AD, both in brain tissue and in the periphery. The hypothesis about the key role of neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of AD opens up new opportunities in the search for ways to treat and prevent this socially significant disease.
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48
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Rishton GM, Look GC, Ni ZJ, Zhang J, Wang Y, Huang Y, Wu X, Izzo NJ, LaBarbera KM, Limegrover CS, Rehak C, Yurko R, Catalano SM. Discovery of Investigational Drug CT1812, an Antagonist of the Sigma-2 Receptor Complex for Alzheimer's Disease. ACS Med Chem Lett 2021; 12:1389-1395. [PMID: 34531947 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.1c00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
An unbiased phenotypic neuronal assay was developed to measure the synaptotoxic effects of soluble Aβ oligomers. A collection of CNS druglike small molecules prepared by conditioned extraction was screened. Compounds that prevented and reversed synaptotoxic effects of Aβ oligomers in neurons were discovered to bind to the sigma-2 receptor complex. Select development compounds displaced receptor-bound Aβ oligomers, rescued synapses, and restored cognitive function in transgenic hAPP Swe/Ldn mice. Our first-in-class orally administered small molecule investigational drug 7 (CT1812) has been advanced to Phase II clinical studies for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert M. Rishton
- Cognition Therapeutics, 2403 Sidney Street, Suite 261, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15203, United States
| | - Gary C. Look
- Cognition Therapeutics, 2403 Sidney Street, Suite 261, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15203, United States
| | - Zhi-Jie Ni
- Acme Bioscience, Inc., 3941 East Bayshore Road, Palo Alto, California 94303, United States
| | - Jason Zhang
- Acme Bioscience, Inc., 3941 East Bayshore Road, Palo Alto, California 94303, United States
| | - Yingcai Wang
- Acme Bioscience, Inc., 3941 East Bayshore Road, Palo Alto, California 94303, United States
| | - Yaodong Huang
- Acme Bioscience, Inc., 3941 East Bayshore Road, Palo Alto, California 94303, United States
| | - Xiaodong Wu
- Acme Bioscience, Inc., 3941 East Bayshore Road, Palo Alto, California 94303, United States
| | - Nicholas J. Izzo
- Cognition Therapeutics, 2403 Sidney Street, Suite 261, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15203, United States
| | - Kelsie M LaBarbera
- Cognition Therapeutics, 2403 Sidney Street, Suite 261, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15203, United States
| | - Colleen S. Limegrover
- Cognition Therapeutics, 2403 Sidney Street, Suite 261, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15203, United States
| | - Courtney Rehak
- Cognition Therapeutics, 2403 Sidney Street, Suite 261, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15203, United States
| | - Raymond Yurko
- Cognition Therapeutics, 2403 Sidney Street, Suite 261, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15203, United States
| | - Susan M. Catalano
- Cognition Therapeutics, 2403 Sidney Street, Suite 261, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15203, United States
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49
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Buccellato FR, D’Anca M, Fenoglio C, Scarpini E, Galimberti D. Role of Oxidative Damage in Alzheimer's Disease and Neurodegeneration: From Pathogenic Mechanisms to Biomarker Discovery. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10091353. [PMID: 34572985 PMCID: PMC8471953 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10091353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder accounting for over 50% of all dementia patients and representing a leading cause of death worldwide for the global ageing population. The lack of effective treatments for overt AD urges the discovery of biomarkers for early diagnosis, i.e., in subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or prodromal AD. The brain is exposed to oxidative stress as levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are increased, whereas cellular antioxidant defenses are decreased. Increased ROS levels can damage cellular structures or molecules, leading to protein, lipid, DNA, or RNA oxidation. Oxidative damage is involved in the molecular mechanisms which link the accumulation of amyloid-β and neurofibrillary tangles, containing hyperphosphorylated tau, to microglia response. In this scenario, microglia are thought to play a crucial role not only in the early events of AD pathogenesis but also in the progression of the disease. This review will focus on oxidative damage products as possible peripheral biomarkers in AD and in the preclinical phases of the disease. Particular attention will be paid to biological fluids such as blood, CSF, urine, and saliva, and potential future use of molecules contained in such body fluids for early differential diagnosis and monitoring the disease course. We will also review the role of oxidative damage and microglia in the pathogenesis of AD and, more broadly, in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Romana Buccellato
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (E.S.); (D.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-02 55033814
| | - Marianna D’Anca
- Fondazione IRCSS ca’ Granda, Ospedale Policlinico, 20122 Milano, Italy;
| | - Chiara Fenoglio
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | - Elio Scarpini
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (E.S.); (D.G.)
- Fondazione IRCSS ca’ Granda, Ospedale Policlinico, 20122 Milano, Italy;
| | - Daniela Galimberti
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (E.S.); (D.G.)
- Fondazione IRCSS ca’ Granda, Ospedale Policlinico, 20122 Milano, Italy;
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50
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Platelet APP Processing: Is It a Tool to Explore the Pathophysiology of Alzheimer's Disease? A Systematic Review. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11080750. [PMID: 34440494 PMCID: PMC8401829 DOI: 10.3390/life11080750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) is a critical event in the formation of amyloid plaques. Platelets contain most of the enzymatic machinery required for APP processing and correlates of intracerebral abnormalities have been demonstrated in platelets of patients with AD. The goal of the present paper was to analyze studies exploring platelet APP metabolism in Alzheimer's disease patients trying to assess potential reliable peripheral biomarkers, to offer new therapeutic solutions and to understand the pathophysiology of the AD. According to the PRISMA guidelines, we performed a systematic review through the PubMed database up to June 2020 with the search terms: "((((((APP) OR Amyloid Precursor Protein) OR AbetaPP) OR Beta Amyloid) OR Amyloid Beta) OR APP-processing) AND platelet". Thirty-two studies were included in this systematic review. The papers included are analytic observational studies, namely twenty-nine cross sectional studies and three longitudinal studies, specifically prospective cohort study. The studies converge in an almost unitary way in affirming that subjects with AD show changes in APP processing compared to healthy age-matched controls. However, the problem of the specificity and sensitivity of these biomarkers is still at issue and would deserve to be deepened in future studies.
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