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Perez C, Szymanski CM. More than one way to add a sugar into bacterial polysaccharides. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2408556121. [PMID: 38857409 PMCID: PMC11194591 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2408556121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Camilo Perez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA30602
| | - Christine M. Szymanski
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA30602
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA30602
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2
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Hall RA, Wallace EW. Post-transcriptional control of fungal cell wall synthesis. Cell Surf 2022; 8:100074. [PMID: 35097244 PMCID: PMC8783092 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcsw.2022.100074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic fungi hide from their hosts by camouflage, obscuring immunogenic cell wall components such as beta-glucan with innocuous coverings such as mannoproteins and alpha-glucan that are less readily recognised by the host. Attempts to understand how such processes are regulated have met with varying success. Typically studies focus on understanding the transcriptional response of fungi to either their reservoir environment or the host. However, such approaches do not fully address this research question, due to the layers of post-transcriptional and post-translational regulation that occur within a cell. Although in animals the impact of post-transcriptional and post-translational regulation has been well characterised, our knowledge of these processes in the fungal kingdom is more limited. Mutations in RNA-binding proteins, like Ssd1 and Candida albicans Slr1, affect cell wall composition and fungal virulence indicating that post-transcriptional regulation plays a key role in these processes. Here, we review the current state of knowledge of fungal post-transcriptional regulation, and link this to potential mechanisms of immune evasion by drawing on studies from model yeast and plant pathogenic fungi. We highlight several RNA-binding proteins that regulate cell wall synthesis and could be involved in local translation of cell wall components. Expanding our knowledge on post-transcriptional regulation in human fungal pathogens is essential to fully comprehend fungal virulence strategies and for the design of novel antifungal therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A. Hall
- Kent Fungal Group, Division of Natural Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NJ, United Kingdom
| | - Edward W.J. Wallace
- Institute for Cell Biology and SynthSys, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3FF, United Kingdom
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Cao X, An T, Fu W, Zhang J, Zhao H, Li D, Jin X, Liu B. Genome-Wide Identification of Cellular Pathways and Key Genes That Respond to Sodium Bicarbonate Stress in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:831973. [PMID: 35495664 PMCID: PMC9042421 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.831973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) is an important inorganic salt. It is not only widely used in industrial production and daily life, but is also the main stress in alkaline saline soil. NaHCO3 has a strong ability to inhibit the growth of fungi in both natural environment and daily application. However, the mechanism by which fungi respond to NaHCO3 stress is not fully understood. To further clarify the toxic mechanisms of NaHCO3 stress and identify the specific cellular genes and pathways involved in NaHCO3 resistance, we performed genome-wide screening with NaHCO3 using a Saccharomyces cerevisiae deletion mutant library. A total of 33 deletion mutants with NaHCO3 sensitivity were identified. Compared with wild-type strains, these mutants had significant growth defects in the medium containing NaHCO3. Bioinformatics analysis found that the corresponding genes of these mutants are mainly enriched in the cell cycle, mitophagy, cell wall integrity, and signaling pathways. Further study using transcriptomic analysis showed that 309 upregulated and 233 downregulated genes were only responded to NaHCO3 stress, when compared with yeast transcriptomic data under alkaline and saline stress. Upregulated genes were mainly concentrated in amino acid metabolism, steroid biosynthesis, and cell wall, while downregulated genes were enriched in various cellular metabolisms. In summary, we have identified the cellular pathways and key genes that respond to NaHCO3 stress in the whole genome, providing resource and direction for understanding NaHCO3 toxicity and cellular resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuling Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tingting An
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenhao Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huihui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Danqi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuejiao Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Beidong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Center for Large-Scale Cell-Based Screening, Faculty of Science, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Chiapparino A, Grbavac A, Jonker HR, Hackmann Y, Mortensen S, Zatorska E, Schott A, Stier G, Saxena K, Wild K, Schwalbe H, Strahl S, Sinning I. Functional implications of MIR domains in protein O-mannosylation. eLife 2020; 9:61189. [PMID: 33357379 PMCID: PMC7759382 DOI: 10.7554/elife.61189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein O-mannosyltransferases (PMTs) represent a conserved family of multispanning endoplasmic reticulum membrane proteins involved in glycosylation of S/T-rich protein substrates and unfolded proteins. PMTs work as dimers and contain a luminal MIR domain with a β-trefoil fold, which is susceptive for missense mutations causing α-dystroglycanopathies in humans. Here, we analyze PMT-MIR domains by an integrated structural biology approach using X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy and evaluate their role in PMT function in vivo. We determine Pmt2- and Pmt3-MIR domain structures and identify two conserved mannose-binding sites, which are consistent with general β-trefoil carbohydrate-binding sites (α, β), and also a unique PMT2-subfamily exposed FKR motif. We show that conserved residues in site α influence enzyme processivity of the Pmt1-Pmt2 heterodimer in vivo. Integration of the data into the context of a Pmt1-Pmt2 structure and comparison with homologous β-trefoil – carbohydrate complexes allows for a functional description of MIR domains in protein O-mannosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonija Grbavac
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hendrik Ra Jonker
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Yvonne Hackmann
- Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center (BZH), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sofia Mortensen
- Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center (BZH), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ewa Zatorska
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andrea Schott
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gunter Stier
- Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center (BZH), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Krishna Saxena
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Klemens Wild
- Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center (BZH), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Harald Schwalbe
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sabine Strahl
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Irmgard Sinning
- Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center (BZH), Heidelberg, Germany
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