1
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Garcia LFC, Wowk PF, Albrecht L. Unraveling the Impact of Extracellular Vesicle-Depleted Serum on Endothelial Cell Characteristics over Time. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4761. [PMID: 38731980 PMCID: PMC11084606 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are produced by all kinds of cells, including endothelial cells. It has been observed that EVs present in fetal bovine serum (FBS), broadly used in cell culture, can be a confounding factor and lead to misinterpretation of results. To investigate this phenomenon, human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs) were cultured for 2 or 24 h in the presence of EV-depleted FBS (EVdS). Cell death, gene and protein expression, and the presence of EVs isolated from these cells were evaluated. The uptake of EVs, intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) expression, and monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells exposed to EVs were also evaluated. Our results revealed higher apoptosis rates in cells cultured with EVdS for 2 and 24 h. There was an increase in interleukin 8 (IL8) expression after 2 h and a decrease in interleukin 6 (IL6) and IL8 expression after 24 h of culture. Among the proteins identified in EVs isolated from cells cultured for 2 h (EV2h), several were related to ribosomes and carbon metabolism. EVs from cells cultured for 24 h (EV24h) presented a protein profile associated with cell adhesion and platelet activation. Additionally, HBMECs exhibited increased uptake of EV2h. Treatment of endothelial cells with EV2h resulted in greater ICAM-1 expression and greater adherence to monocytes than did treatment with EV24h. According to our data, HBMEC cultivated with EVdS produce EVs with different physical characteristics and protein levels that vary over time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pryscilla Fanini Wowk
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fiocruz, Curitiba 81350-010, PR, Brazil;
| | - Letusa Albrecht
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Apicomplexa, ICC-Fiocruz-PR, Curitiba 81350-010, PR, Brazil;
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2
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András IE, Serrano N, Djuraskovic I, Fattakhov N, Sun E, Toborek M. Extracellular Vesicle-Serpine-1 Affects Neural Progenitor Cell Mitochondrial Networks and Synaptic Density: Modulation by Amyloid Beta and HIV-1. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:6441-6465. [PMID: 37458985 PMCID: PMC10533645 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03456-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Brain endothelial extracellular vesicles carrying amyloid beta (EV-Aβ) can be transferred to neural progenitor cells (NPCs) leading to NPC dysfunction. However, the events involved in this EV-mediated Aβ pathology are unclear. EV-proteomics studies identified Serpine-1 (plasminogen activator inhibitor 1, PAI-1) as a major connecting "hub" on several protein-protein interaction maps. Serpine-1 was described as a key player in Aβ pathology and was linked to HIV-1 infection as well. Therefore, the aim of this work was to address the hypothesis that Serpine-1 can be transferred via EVs from brain endothelial cells (HBMEC) to NPCs and contribute to NPC dysfunction. HBMEC concentrated and released Serpine-1 via EVs, the effect that was potentiated by HIV-1 and Aβ. EVs loaded with Serpine-1 were readily taken up by NPCs, and HIV-1 enhanced this event. Interestingly, a highly specific Serpine-1 inhibitor PAI039 increased EV-Aβ transfer to NPCs in the presence of HIV-1. PAI039 also partially blocked mitochondrial network morphology alterations in the recipient NPCs, which developed mainly after HIV + Aβ-EV transfer. PAI039 partly attenuated HIV-EV-mediated decreased synaptic protein levels in NPCs, while increased synaptic protein levels in NPC projections. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the complex mechanisms underlying EV-Serpine-1 related Aβ pathology in the context of HIV infection. They are relevant to HIV-1 associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) in an effort to elucidate the mechanisms of neuropathology in HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibolya E. András
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami School of Medicine, 1011 NW 15Th Street, Gautier Building, Room 528, Miami, FL 33136-1019 USA
| | - Nelson Serrano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami School of Medicine, 1011 NW 15Th Street, Gautier Building, Room 528, Miami, FL 33136-1019 USA
| | - Irina Djuraskovic
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami School of Medicine, 1011 NW 15Th Street, Gautier Building, Room 528, Miami, FL 33136-1019 USA
| | - Nikolai Fattakhov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami School of Medicine, 1011 NW 15Th Street, Gautier Building, Room 528, Miami, FL 33136-1019 USA
| | - Enze Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami School of Medicine, 1011 NW 15Th Street, Gautier Building, Room 528, Miami, FL 33136-1019 USA
| | - Michal Toborek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami School of Medicine, 1011 NW 15Th Street, Gautier Building, Room 528, Miami, FL 33136-1019 USA
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3
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Osaid Z, Haider M, Hamoudi R, Harati R. Exosomes Interactions with the Blood-Brain Barrier: Implications for Cerebral Disorders and Therapeutics. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15635. [PMID: 37958619 PMCID: PMC10648512 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) is a selective structural and functional barrier between the circulatory system and the cerebral environment, playing an essential role in maintaining cerebral homeostasis by limiting the passage of harmful molecules. Exosomes, nanovesicles secreted by virtually all cell types into body fluids, have emerged as a major mediator of intercellular communication. Notably, these vesicles can cross the BBB and regulate its physiological functions. However, the precise molecular mechanisms by which exosomes regulate the BBB remain unclear. Recent research studies focused on the effect of exosomes on the BBB, particularly in the context of their involvement in the onset and progression of various cerebral disorders, including solid and metastatic brain tumors, stroke, neurodegenerative, and neuroinflammatory diseases. This review focuses on discussing and summarizing the current knowledge about the role of exosomes in the physiological and pathological modulation of the BBB. A better understanding of this regulation will improve our understanding of the pathogenesis of cerebral diseases and will enable the design of effective treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaynab Osaid
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates;
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Mohamed Haider
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates;
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rifat Hamoudi
- Clinical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates;
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London W1W 7EJ, UK
| | - Rania Harati
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates;
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates;
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4
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Chandra PK, Braun SE, Maity S, Castorena-Gonzalez JA, Kim H, Shaffer JG, Cikic S, Rutkai I, Fan J, Guidry JJ, Worthylake DK, Li C, Abdel-Mageed AB, Busija DW. Circulating Plasma Exosomal Proteins of Either SHIV-Infected Rhesus Macaque or HIV-Infected Patient Indicates a Link to Neuropathogenesis. Viruses 2023; 15:794. [PMID: 36992502 PMCID: PMC10058833 DOI: 10.3390/v15030794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the suppression of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication by combined antiretroviral therapy (cART), 50-60% of HIV-infected patients suffer from HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Studies are uncovering the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs), especially exosomes, in the central nervous system (CNS) due to HIV infection. We investigated links among circulating plasma exosomal (crExo) proteins and neuropathogenesis in simian/human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV)-infected rhesus macaques (RM) and HIV-infected and cART treated patients (Patient-Exo). Isolated EVs from SHIV-infected (SHIV-Exo) and uninfected (CTL-Exo) RM were predominantly exosomes (particle size < 150 nm). Proteomic analysis quantified 5654 proteins, of which 236 proteins (~4%) were significantly, differentially expressed (DE) between SHIV-/CTL-Exo. Interestingly, different CNS cell specific markers were abundantly expressed in crExo. Proteins involved in latent viral reactivation, neuroinflammation, neuropathology-associated interactive as well as signaling molecules were expressed at significantly higher levels in SHIV-Exo than CTL-Exo. However, proteins involved in mitochondrial biogenesis, ATP production, autophagy, endocytosis, exocytosis, and cytoskeleton organization were significantly less expressed in SHIV-Exo than CTL-Exo. Interestingly, proteins involved in oxidative stress, mitochondrial biogenesis, ATP production, and autophagy were significantly downregulated in primary human brain microvascular endothelial cells exposed with HIV+/cART+ Patient-Exo. We showed that Patient-Exo significantly increased blood-brain barrier permeability, possibly due to loss of platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 protein and actin cytoskeleton structure. Our novel findings suggest that circulating exosomal proteins expressed CNS cell markers-possibly associated with viral reactivation and neuropathogenesis-that may elucidate the etiology of HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha K. Chandra
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Stephen E. Braun
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA
| | - Sudipa Maity
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | | | - Hogyoung Kim
- Department of Urology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Jeffrey G. Shaffer
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Sinisa Cikic
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Ibolya Rutkai
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Jia Fan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Jessie J. Guidry
- Proteomics Core Facility, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - David K. Worthylake
- Proteomics Core Facility, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Chenzhong Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Asim B. Abdel-Mageed
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Department of Urology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - David W. Busija
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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5
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Campbell LA, Mocchetti I. Extracellular Vesicles and HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders: Implications in Neuropathogenesis and Disease Diagnosis. Neurotox Res 2021; 39:2098-2107. [PMID: 34618322 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-021-00425-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles are heterogeneous cell-derived membranous structures of nanometer size that carry diverse cargoes including nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids. Their secretion into the extracellular space and delivery of their cargo to recipient cells can alter cellular function and intracellular communication. In this review, we summarize the role of extracellular vesicles in the disease pathogenesis of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) by focusing on their role in viral entry, neuroinflammation, and neuronal degeneration. We also discuss the potential role of extracellular vesicles as biomarkers of HAND. Together, this review aims to convey the importance of extracellular vesicles in the pathogenesis of HAND and foster interest in their role in neuroinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee A Campbell
- Laboratory of Preclinical Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, EP09 Research Building, 3970 Reservoir Rd, NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Italo Mocchetti
- Laboratory of Preclinical Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, EP09 Research Building, 3970 Reservoir Rd, NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA.
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6
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Horn MD, MacLean AG. Extracellular Vesicles as a Means of Viral Immune Evasion, CNS Invasion, and Glia-Induced Neurodegeneration. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:695899. [PMID: 34290592 PMCID: PMC8287503 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.695899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small, membrane-bound vesicles released by cells as a means of intercellular communication. EVs transfer proteins, nucleic acids, and other biologically relevant molecules from one cell to another. In the context of viral infections, EVs can also contain viruses, viral proteins, and viral nucleic acids. While there is some evidence that the inclusion of viral components within EVs may be part of the host defense, much of the research in this field supports a pro-viral role for EVs. Packaging of viruses within EVs has repeatedly been shown to protect viruses from antibody neutralization while also allowing for their integration into cells otherwise impervious to the virus. EVs also bidirectionally cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), providing a potential route for peripheral viruses to enter the brain while exiting EVs may serve as valuable biomarkers of neurological disease burden. Within the brain, EVs can alter glial activity, increase neuroinflammation, and induce neurotoxicity. The purpose of this mini-review is to summarize research related to viral manipulation of EV-mediated intercellular communication and how such manipulation may lead to infection of the central nervous system, chronic neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda D Horn
- Neuroscience Program, Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Andrew G MacLean
- Neuroscience Program, Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States.,Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA, United States.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States.,Tulane Center for Aging, New Orleans, LA, United States
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7
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Cho HJ, Velichkovska M, Schurhoff N, András IE, Toborek M. Extracellular vesicles regulate gap junction-mediated intercellular communication and HIV-1 infection of human neural progenitor cells. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 155:105388. [PMID: 33962010 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) has been shown to cross the blood-brain barrier and cause HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) through a process that may involve direct or indirect interactions with the central nervous system (CNS) cells and alterations of amyloid β (Aβ) homeostasis. The present study focused on the mechanisms of HIV-1 infecting human neural progenitor cells (hNPCs) and affecting NPC intercellular communications with human brain endothelial cells (HBMEC). Despite the lack of the CD4 receptor, hNPCs were effectively infected by HIV-1 via a mechanism involving the chemokine receptors, CXCR4 and CCR5. HIV-1 infection increased expression of connexin-43 (Cx43), phosphorylated Cx43 (pCx43), and pannexin 2 (Panx2) protein levels in hNPCs, suggesting alterations in gap-junction (GJ) and pannexin channel communication. Indeed, a functional GJ assay indicated an increase in communication between HIV-infected hNPCs and non-infected HBMEC. We next analyzed the impact of HBMEC-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) and EVs carrying Aβ (EV-Aβ) on the expression of Cx43, pCx43, and Panx2 in HIV-1 infected and non-infected hNPCs. Exposure to EV-Aβ resulted in significant reduction of Cx43 and pCx43 protein expression in non-infected hNPCs when compared to EV controls. Interestingly, EV-Aβ treatment significantly increased levels of Cx43, pCx43, and Panx2 in HIV-1-infected hNPCs when compared to non-infected controls. These results were confirmed in a GJ functional assay and an ATP release assay, which is an indicator of connexin hemichannel and/or pannexin channel functions. Overall, the current study demonstrates the importance of hNPCs in HIV-1 infection and indicates that intercellular communications between infected hNPCs and HBMEC can be effectively modulated by EVs carrying Aβ as their cargo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Joon Cho
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
| | - Martina Velichkovska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Nicolette Schurhoff
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Ibolya E András
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Michal Toborek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
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8
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Kumar A, Doan VM, Kunkli B, Csősz É. Construction of Unified Human Antimicrobial and Immunomodulatory Peptide Database and Examination of Antimicrobial and Immunomodulatory Peptides in Alzheimer's Disease Using Network Analysis of Proteomics Datasets. Front Genet 2021; 12:633050. [PMID: 33995478 PMCID: PMC8113759 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.633050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The reanalysis of genomics and proteomics datasets by bioinformatics approaches is an appealing way to examine large amounts of reliable data. This can be especially true in cases such as Alzheimer's disease, where the access to biological samples, along with well-defined patient information can be challenging. Considering the inflammatory part of Alzheimer's disease, our aim was to examine the presence of antimicrobial and immunomodulatory peptides in human proteomic datasets deposited in the publicly available proteomics database ProteomeXchange (http://www.proteomexchange.org/). First, a unified, comprehensive human antimicrobial and immunomodulatory peptide database, containing all known human antimicrobial and immunomodulatory peptides was constructed and used along with the datasets containing high-quality proteomics data originating from the examination of Alzheimer's disease and control groups. A throughout network analysis was carried out, and the enriched GO functions were examined. Less than 1% of all identified proteins in the brain were antimicrobial and immunomodulatory peptides, but the alterations characteristic of Alzheimer's disease could be recapitulated with their analysis. Our data emphasize the key role of the innate immune system and blood clotting in the development of Alzheimer's disease. The central role of antimicrobial and immunomodulatory peptides suggests their utilization as potential targets for mechanistic studies and future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajneesh Kumar
- Proteomics Core Facility, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Biomarker Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Molecular Cell and Immune Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Vo Minh Doan
- Proteomics Core Facility, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Biomarker Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Balázs Kunkli
- Biomarker Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Molecular Cell and Immune Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Éva Csősz
- Proteomics Core Facility, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Biomarker Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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9
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Mahajan SD, Ordain NS, Kutscher H, Karki S, Reynolds JL. HIV Neuroinflammation: The Role of Exosomes in Cell Signaling, Prognostic and Diagnostic Biomarkers and Drug Delivery. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:637192. [PMID: 33869183 PMCID: PMC8047197 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.637192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fifty to sixty percent of HIV-1 positive patients experience HIV-1 associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) likely due to persistent inflammation and blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction. The role that microglia and astrocytes play in HAND pathogenesis has been well delineated; however, the role of exosomes in HIV neuroinflammation and neuropathogenesis is unclear. Exosomes are 50-150 nm phospholipid bilayer membrane vesicles that are responsible for cell-to-cell communication, cellular signal transduction, and cellular transport. Due to their diverse intracellular content, exosomes, are well poised to provide insight into HIV neuroinflammation as well as provide for diagnostic and predictive information that will greatly enhance the development of new therapeutic interventions for neuroinflammation. Exosomes are also uniquely positioned to be vehicles to delivery therapeutics across the BBB to modulate HIV neuroinflammation. This mini-review will briefly discuss what is known about exosome signaling in the context of HIV in the central nervous system (CNS), their potential for biomarkers as well as their potential for vehicles to deliver various therapeutics to treat HIV neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriya D. Mahajan
- Department of Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Nigel Smith Ordain
- Department of Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Hilliard Kutscher
- Department of Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
- Institute for Laser, Photonics and Biophotonics, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Shanta Karki
- Department of Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Jessica L. Reynolds
- Department of Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
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10
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Gieseler F, Ender F. Extracellular Vesicles and Cell-Cell Communication: New Insights and New Therapeutic Strategies Not Only in Oncology. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124331. [PMID: 32570703 PMCID: PMC7352511 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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