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Wang S, Argikar UA, Chatzopoulou M, Cho S, Crouch RD, Dhaware D, Gu TJ, Heck CJS, Johnson KM, Kalgutkar AS, Liu J, Ma B, Miller GP, Rowley JA, Seneviratne HK, Zhang D, Khojasteh SC. Bioactivation and reactivity research advances - 2023 year in review. Drug Metab Rev 2024:1-38. [PMID: 38963129 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2024.2376023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Advances in the field of bioactivation have significantly contributed to our understanding and prediction of drug-induced liver injury (DILI). It has been established that many adverse drug reactions, including DILI, are associated with the formation and reactivity of metabolites. Modern methods allow us to detect and characterize these reactive metabolites in earlier stages of drug development, which helps anticipate and circumvent the potential for DILI. Improved in silico models and experimental techniques that better reflect in vivo environments are enhancing predictive capabilities for DILI risk. Further, studies on the mechanisms of bioactivation, including enzyme interactions and the role of individual genetic differences, have provided valuable insights for drug optimizations. Cumulatively, this progress is continually refining our approaches to drug safety evaluation and personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Upendra A Argikar
- Non-clinical Development, Bill and Melinda Gates Medical Research Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Sungjoon Cho
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rachel D Crouch
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lipscomb University College of Pharmacy, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Ting-Jia Gu
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Carley J S Heck
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Kevin M Johnson
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Inotiv, Maryland Heights, MO, USA
| | - Amit S Kalgutkar
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Joyce Liu
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bin Ma
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Grover P Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | | | - Herana Kamal Seneviratne
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Donglu Zhang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - S Cyrus Khojasteh
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
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Fralish Z, Chen A, Khan S, Zhou P, Reker D. The landscape of small-molecule prodrugs. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2024; 23:365-380. [PMID: 38565913 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-024-00914-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Prodrugs are derivatives with superior properties compared with the parent active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), which undergo biotransformation after administration to generate the API in situ. Although sharing this general characteristic, prodrugs encompass a wide range of different chemical structures, therapeutic indications and properties. Here we provide the first holistic analysis of the current landscape of approved prodrugs using cheminformatics and data science approaches to reveal trends in prodrug development. We highlight rationales that underlie prodrug design, their indications, mechanisms of API release, the chemistry of promoieties added to APIs to form prodrugs and the market impact of prodrugs. On the basis of this analysis, we discuss strengths and limitations of current prodrug approaches and suggest areas for future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Fralish
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ashley Chen
- Department of Computer Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Pei Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Daniel Reker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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Goyal R, Gupta S, Sharma P, Sharma M. Insights into Prospects of Novel NSAID Prodrugs in the Management of Gastrointestinal Toxicity: A Perspective Review. RECENT ADVANCES IN INFLAMMATION & ALLERGY DRUG DISCOVERY 2024; 18:2-10. [PMID: 38275026 DOI: 10.2174/0127722708278736231205055035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have a long history in the healthcare system due to their therapeutic potential. These NSAIDs cause ulcerogenicity, stomach pains, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, mucosa bleeding, and pancreatitis when used moderately and consistently. With researchers, managing the aforementioned adverse effects therapeutically is getting increasingly difficult. One method for creating NSAID moieties with low penetration as well as ulcerogenic properties is the prodrug technique. During the oral consumption of NSAID-prodrugs, ulcerations, intestinal hemorrhage, and mucosa hemorrhage have significantly decreased. Considering this background, this review focussed on NSAID prodrugs as well as their justifications, the pathogenesis of NSAIDs inducing gastrointestinal toxicity, and the role of different antioxidants and spacer groups. Prodrug moieties have more advantages over parent medicines concerning both solubility and lipophilicity. In general, NSAID-class prodrugs can successfully treat both acute and long-term inflammation and aches without causing ulcerotoxicity and related gastrointestinal side effects, which reduces their burden from the pharmacoeconomic perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajat Goyal
- MM College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, Haryana, 133207, India
| | - Sumeet Gupta
- MM College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, Haryana, 133207, India
| | - Prabodh Sharma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University (DPSRU), Government of NCT of Delhi, New Delhi, 110017, India
| | - Manu Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Forensic Science Laboratory, New Delhi, India
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Rezaee Y, Rezaee E, Karami L, Torshabi M, Haeri A. Crocin-Phospholipid Complex: Molecular Docking, Molecular Dynamics Simulation, Preparation, Characterization, and Antioxidant Activity. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2024; 23:e144041. [PMID: 39005730 PMCID: PMC11246643 DOI: 10.5812/ijpr-144041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Background Crocin is a water-soluble carotenoid compound present in saffron (Crocus sativus L.), known for its wide range of pharmacological activities, including cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, anti-tumorigenic, anti-atherosclerosis, and anti-inflammatory effects. Objectives The instability of crocin, its low miscibility with oils, and poor bioavailability pose challenges for its pharmaceutical applications. This study aimed to design and prepare a crocin-phospholipid complex (CPC) and assess its physicochemical properties. Methods The study investigated the formation of the complex and its binding affinity through molecular docking. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were conducted to find the optimal molar ratio of crocin to phospholipid for the complex's preparation. The CPC was produced using the solvent evaporation method. Techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and solubility studies were utilized to characterize and confirm the formation of CPC. Additionally, the in vitro antioxidant activity of crocin and CPC was evaluated. Results Molecular dynamic simulations explored molar ratios of 1: 1, 1: 1.5, and 1: 2 for crocin to phospholipid. The ratio of 1: 2 was found to be the most stable, exhibiting the highest probability of hydrogen bond formation. Molecular docking, FTIR, and NMR studies indicated hydrogen bond interactions between crocin and phospholipid, confirming CPC's formation. XRD and FE-SEM analyses showed a decrease in crocin's crystallinity within the phospholipid complex. Furthermore, the solubility of crocin in n-octanol was enhanced post-complexation, indicating an increase in crocin's lipophilic nature. Conclusions Phospholipid complexation emerges as a promising technique for enhancing the physicochemical characteristics of crocin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasaman Rezaee
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Rezaee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Karami
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Torshabi
- Department of Dental Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azadeh Haeri
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Protein Technology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Hassan MI, Anjum D, Mohammad T, Alam M, Khan MS, Shahwan M, Shamsi A, Yadav DK. Integrated virtual screening and MD simulation study to discover potential inhibitors of Lyn-kinase: targeting cancer therapy. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:10558-10568. [PMID: 36495308 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2154849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine-protein kinase Lyn (LynK) has emerged as one of the most attractive therapeutic targets for cancer and diabetes. In this study, we used a multistep virtual screening process of natural compounds to discover potential inhibitors of LynK from the IMPPAT database. The primary filters were based on Lipinski rules, ADMET properties, and PAINS patterns. Then, binding affinities and interaction analyses were carried out for the high-affinity selectivity of the compounds towards LynK. Eventually, two natural compounds, Glabrene and Lactupicrin, were identified with high affinity and specificity for the LynK-binding pocket. Both compounds exhibited drug-like properties, as predicted by ADMET analysis and physicochemical parameters. The molecular dynamics (MD) simulation study revealed that these compounds bind to the ATP-binding pocket of LynK and interact with functionally significant residues with stability without inducing any significant structural changes to the protein. Ultimately, the identified compounds may be regarded as promising LynK inhibitors and can be used as lead molecules in the drug development against LynK-related diseases.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Darakshan Anjum
- Department of Computer Science, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Taj Mohammad
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Manzar Alam
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohd Shahnawaz Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Moyad Shahwan
- Centre of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Anas Shamsi
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
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Song CH, Jeong M, In H, Kim JH, Lin CW, Han KH. Trends in the Development of Antibody-Drug Conjugates for Cancer Therapy. Antibodies (Basel) 2023; 12:72. [PMID: 37987250 PMCID: PMC10660735 DOI: 10.3390/antib12040072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In cancer treatment, the first-generation, cytotoxic drugs, though effective against cancer cells, also harmed healthy ones. The second-generation targeted cancer cells precisely to inhibit their growth. Enter the third-generation, consisting of immuno-oncology drugs, designed to combat drug resistance and bolster the immune system's defenses. These advanced therapies operate by obstructing the uncontrolled growth and spread of cancer cells through the body, ultimately eliminating them effectively. Within the arsenal of cancer treatment, monoclonal antibodies offer several advantages, including inducing cancer cell apoptosis, precise targeting, prolonged presence in the body, and minimal side effects. A recent development in cancer therapy is Antibody-Drug Conjugates (ADCs), initially developed in the mid-20th century. The second generation of ADCs addressed this issue through innovative antibody modification techniques, such as DAR regulation, amino acid substitutions, incorporation of non-natural amino acids, and enzymatic drug attachment. Currently, a third generation of ADCs is in development. This study presents an overview of 12 available ADCs, reviews 71 recent research papers, and analyzes 128 clinical trial reports. The overarching objective is to gain insights into the prevailing trends in ADC research and development, with a particular focus on emerging frontiers like potential targets, linkers, and drug payloads within the realm of cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Hun Song
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Hannam University, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea; (C.H.S.); (M.J.); (H.I.); (J.H.K.)
| | - Minchan Jeong
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Hannam University, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea; (C.H.S.); (M.J.); (H.I.); (J.H.K.)
| | - Hyukmin In
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Hannam University, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea; (C.H.S.); (M.J.); (H.I.); (J.H.K.)
| | - Ji Hoe Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Hannam University, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea; (C.H.S.); (M.J.); (H.I.); (J.H.K.)
| | - Chih-Wei Lin
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, China Medical University, Taichung 406, Taiwan;
| | - Kyung Ho Han
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Hannam University, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea; (C.H.S.); (M.J.); (H.I.); (J.H.K.)
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Zhang J, Zhang Y, Lai YS, Song Q, Xiao M, Ji X, Yan X, Zuo Z. Elucidation of Carboxylesterase Mediated Pharmacokinetic Interactions between Irinotecan and Oroxylin A in Rats via Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling. Pharm Res 2023; 40:2627-2638. [PMID: 37667147 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-023-03590-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Our previous screening studies identified Oroxylin A (OXA) as a strong inhibitor on the carboxyolesterase mediated hydrolysis of irinotecan to SN-38. The current study employed a whole-body physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling approach to investigate the underlying mechanisms of the carboxylesterase-mediated pharmacokinetics interactions between irinotecan and OXA in rats. METHODS Firstly, rats received irinotecan intravenous treatment at 35 μmol/kg without or with oral OXA pretreatment (2800 μmol/kg) daily for 5 days. On day 5, blood and tissues were collected for analyses of irinotecan/SN-38 concentrations and carboxylesterase expression. In addition, effects of OXA on the enzyme kinetics of irinotecan hydrolysis and unbound fractions of irinotecan and SN-38 in rat plasma, liver and intestine were also determined. Finally, a PBPK model that integrated the physiological parameters, enzyme kinetics, and physicochemical properties of irinotecan and OXA was developed. RESULTS Our PBPK model could accurately predict the pharmacokinetic profiles of irinotecan/SN-38, with AUC0-6h and Cmax values within ±27% of observed values. When OXA was included as a carboxylesterase inhibitor, the model could also predict the irinotecan/SN-38 plasma concentrations within twofold of those observed. In addition, the PBPK model indicated inhibition of carboxylesterase-mediated hydrolysis of irinotecan in the intestinal mucosa as the major underlying mechanism for the pharmacokinetics interactions between irinotecan and OXA. CONCLUSION A whole-body PBPK model was successfully developed to not only predict the impact of oral OXA pretreatment on the pharmacokinetics profiles of irinotecan but also reveal its inhibition on the intestinal carboxylesterase as the major underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Yufeng Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Yuen Sze Lai
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Qianbo Song
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Min Xiao
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Xiaoyu Ji
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Xiaoyu Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Zhong Zuo
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR.
- State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong.
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Markovic M, Ben-Shabat S, Nagendra Manda J, Abramov-Harpaz K, Regev C, Miller Y, Aponick A, Zimmermann EM, Dahan A. PLA 2-Triggered Activation of Cyclosporine-Phospholipid Prodrug as a Drug Targeting Approach in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14030675. [PMID: 35336048 PMCID: PMC8950246 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14030675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral medication with activity specifically at the inflamed sites throughout the gastrointestinal tract and limited systemic exposure would be a major advance in our therapeutic approach to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). For this purpose, we have designed a prodrug by linking active drug moiety to phospholipid (PL), the substrate of phospholipase A2 (PLA2). PLA2 expression and activity is significantly elevated in the inflamed intestinal tissues of IBD patients. Since PLA2 enzyme specifically hydrolyses the sn-2 bond within PLs, in our PL-based prodrug approach, the sn-2 positioned FA is replaced with cyclosporine, so that PLA2 may be exploited as the prodrug-activating enzyme, releasing the free drug from the PL-complex. Owing to the enzyme overexpression, this may effectively target free cyclosporine to the sites of inflammation. Four PL-cyclosporine prodrugs were synthesized, differing by their linker length between the PL and the drug moiety. To study the prodrug activation, a novel enzymatically enriched model was developed, the colonic brush border membrane vesicles (cBBMVs); in this model, tissue vesicles were produced from colitis-induced (vs. healthy) rat colons. PLA2 overexpression (3.4-fold) was demonstrated in diseased vs. healthy cBBMVs. Indeed, while healthy cBBMVs induced only marginal activation, substantial prodrug activation was evident by colitis-derived cBBMVs. Together with the PLA2 overexpression, these data validate our drug targeting strategy. In the diseased cBBMVs, quick and complete activation of the entire dose was obtained for the 12-carbon linker prodrug, while slow and marginal activation was obtained for the 6/8-carbon linkers. The potential to target the actual sites of inflammation and treat any localizations throughout the GIT, together with the extended therapeutic index, makes this orally delivered prodrug approach an exciting new therapeutic strategy for IBD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Markovic
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel; (M.M.); (S.B.-S.)
| | - Shimon Ben-Shabat
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel; (M.M.); (S.B.-S.)
| | | | - Karina Abramov-Harpaz
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel; (K.A.-H.); (C.R.); (Y.M.)
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Clil Regev
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel; (K.A.-H.); (C.R.); (Y.M.)
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Yifat Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel; (K.A.-H.); (C.R.); (Y.M.)
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Aaron Aponick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA; (J.N.M.); (A.A.)
| | - Ellen M. Zimmermann
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA;
| | - Arik Dahan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel; (M.M.); (S.B.-S.)
- Correspondence:
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Human carboxylesterase 1A plays a predominant role in the hydrolytic activation of remdesivir in humans. Chem Biol Interact 2021; 351:109744. [PMID: 34774545 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Remdesivir, an intravenous nucleotide prodrug, has been approved for treating COVID-19 in hospitalized adults and pediatric patients. Upon administration, remdesivir can be readily hydrolyzed to form its active form GS-441524, while the cleavage of the carboxylic ester into GS-704277 is the first step for remdesivir activation. This study aims to assign the key enzymes responsible for remdesivir hydrolysis in humans, as well as to investigate the kinetics of remdesivir hydrolysis in various enzyme sources. The results showed that remdesivir could be hydrolyzed to form GS-704277 in human plasma and the microsomes from human liver (HLMs), lung (HLuMs) and kidney (HKMs), while the hydrolytic rate of remdesivir in HLMs was the fastest. Chemical inhibition and reaction phenotyping assays suggested that human carboxylesterase 1 (hCES1A) played a predominant role in remdesivir hydrolysis, while cathepsin A (CTSA), acetylcholinesterase (AchE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BchE) contributed to a lesser extent. Enzymatic kinetic analyses demonstrated that remdesivir hydrolysis in hCES1A (SHUTCM) and HLMs showed similar kinetic plots and much closed Km values to each other. Meanwhile, GS-704277 formation rates were strongly correlated with the CES1A activities in HLM samples from different individual donors. Further investigation revealed that simvastatin (a therapeutic agent for adjuvant treating COVID-19) strongly inhibited remdesivir hydrolysis in both recombinant hCES1A and HLMs. Collectively, our findings reveal that hCES1A plays a predominant role in remdesivir hydrolysis in humans, which are very helpful for predicting inter-individual variability in response to remdesivir and for guiding the rational use of this anti-COVID-19 agent in clinical settings.
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Tian J, Qiao F, Hou Y, Tian B, Yang J. Exploring space-energy matching via quantum-molecular mechanics modeling and breakage dynamics-energy dissipation via microhydrodynamic modeling to improve the screening efficiency of nanosuspension prepared by wet media milling. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2021; 18:1643-1657. [PMID: 34382869 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2021.1967928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The preparation of nanosuspensions by wet media milling is a promising technique that increases the bioavailability of insoluble drugs. The nanosuspension is thermodynamically unstable, where its stability might be influenced by the interaction energy between the stabilizers and the drugs after milling at a specific collision energy. However, it is difficult to screen the stabilizers and the parameters of milling accurately and quickly by using traditional analysis methods. Quantum-molecular mechanics and microhydrodynamic modeling can be applied to improve screening efficiency.Areas covered: Quantum-molecular mechanics model, which includes molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations, and data on binding energy, provides insights into screening stabilizers based on their molecular behavior at the atomic level. The microhydrodynamic model explores the mechanical processes and energy dissipation in nanomilling, and even combines information on the mechanical modulus and an energy vector diagram for the milling parameters screening of drug crystals.Expert opinion: These modeling methods improve screening efficiency and support screening theories based on thermodynamics and physical dynamics. However, how to reasonably combine different modeling methods with their theoretical characteristics and further multidimensional and cross-scale simulations of nanosuspension formation remain challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Tian
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, P R China
| | - Fangxia Qiao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, P R China
| | - Yanhui Hou
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, P R China
| | - Bin Tian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shanxi University of Science and Technology, Weiyang University Park, Xi'an, P R China
| | - Jianhong Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, P R China
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Breijyeh Z, Karaman R. Enzyme Models-From Catalysis to Prodrugs. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113248. [PMID: 34071328 PMCID: PMC8198240 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymes are highly specific biological catalysts that accelerate the rate of chemical reactions within the cell. Our knowledge of how enzymes work remains incomplete. Computational methodologies such as molecular mechanics (MM) and quantum mechanical (QM) methods play an important role in elucidating the detailed mechanisms of enzymatic reactions where experimental research measurements are not possible. Theories invoked by a variety of scientists indicate that enzymes work as structural scaffolds that serve to bring together and orient the reactants so that the reaction can proceed with minimum energy. Enzyme models can be utilized for mimicking enzyme catalysis and the development of novel prodrugs. Prodrugs are used to enhance the pharmacokinetics of drugs; classical prodrug approaches focus on alternating the physicochemical properties, while chemical modern approaches are based on the knowledge gained from the chemistry of enzyme models and correlations between experimental and calculated rate values of intramolecular processes (enzyme models). A large number of prodrugs have been designed and developed to improve the effectiveness and pharmacokinetics of commonly used drugs, such as anti-Parkinson (dopamine), antiviral (acyclovir), antimalarial (atovaquone), anticancer (azanucleosides), antifibrinolytic (tranexamic acid), antihyperlipidemia (statins), vasoconstrictors (phenylephrine), antihypertension (atenolol), antibacterial agents (amoxicillin, cephalexin, and cefuroxime axetil), paracetamol, and guaifenesin. This article describes the works done on enzyme models and the computational methods used to understand enzyme catalysis and to help in the development of efficient prodrugs.
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Choudhary S, Kumar M, Silakari O. QM/MM analysis, synthesis and biological evaluation of epalrestat based mutual-prodrugs for diabetic neuropathy and nephropathy. Bioorg Chem 2020; 108:104556. [PMID: 33376013 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Herein, a quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) based biotransformation study was performed on synthetically feasible mutual-prodrugs of epalrestat which have been identified from an in-house database developed by us. These prodrugs were submitted to quantum polarized ligand docking (QPLD) with the CES1 enzyme followed by MM-GBSA calculation. Electronic aspects of transition state of these prodrugs were also considered to study the catalytic process through density functional theory (DFT). ADMET analysis of prodrugs was then carried out to assess the drug-likeness. On the basis of in-silico results, the best five prodrugs were synthesized and further evaluated for their neuroprotective and nephroprotective potential in high-fat diet-streptozotocin (HFD-STZ) induced diabetes in rat model. Clinically relevant molecular manifestations of diabetic complications (DC) including aldose reductase (ALR2) activity and oxidative stress markers such as reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were determined in blood plasma as well as tissues of the brain and kidneys. The histopathological examination of these organs was also carried out to see the improvement in structural deformities caused due to neuropathy and nephropathy. Finally, in-vivo pharmacokinetic study was performed for the best two prodrugs to assess the improvement in biopharmaceutical attributes of parent drugs. Overall, EP-G-MFA and EP-MFA have significantly reduced the hyperglycemia-induced ALR2 activity, levels of oxidative stress markers, and manifested about a two-fold increase in the biological half-life (T1/2) of parent drugs. The overall findings of this study suggest that methyl ferulate conjugated prodrugs of epalrestat may be considered as potential protective agents in diabetic neuropathy and nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalki Choudhary
- Molecular Modeling Lab (MML), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab 147002, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Molecular Modeling Lab (MML), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab 147002, India
| | - Om Silakari
- Molecular Modeling Lab (MML), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab 147002, India.
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Zarei M, Rahbar MR, Negahdaripour M. Interaction of indole-3-acetic acid with horseradish peroxidase as a potential anticancer agent: from docking to molecular dynamics simulation. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 40:4188-4196. [PMID: 33280524 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1854118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The oxidation process, catalyzed by the peroxidase enzymes, occurs in all domains of life to detoxify the hydrogen peroxide toxicity. The most well-known, applicable and vastly studied member of the peroxidases family is horseradish peroxidase (HRP), especially the isoenzyme C (HRP C). HRP (primarily HRP C) is commercially available and applicable in biotechnology and diagnosis. Recently, a novel application of HRP has been introduced in cancer therapy as the combination of HRP with indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). The anticancer activity of HRP/IAA complex is through oxidation of IAA by HRP in hypoxic tumor condition, which leads to apoptosis and cancerous cell death. However, the molecular interaction of HRP/IAA has not been elucidated. Identifying the interaction of IAA with HRP would provide a better insight into its function and applications. In this study, molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation were applied to determine the molecular interaction of the IAA/HRP complex. The docking study represented that IAA bound at the 'exposed' heme edge of the HRP enzyme, and the IAA entrance to the enzyme was situated at the carboxymethyl side-chain of the selected structure. Our computational results showed the HRP/IAA complex structure stability. While hydrogen bond formation with ARG38 and HIS42 stabilized the substrate, hydrophobic interactions with Phe68, Gly69, Leu138, Pro139, Pro141 and Phe179 contributed to IAA/HRP complex stability. The results can help to better understand peroxidase enzyme activity and would pave the way for future development of new therapeutics with improved anticancer efficacy.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahboubeh Zarei
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Rahbar
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Manica Negahdaripour
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Markovic M, Ben-Shabat S, Dahan A. Prodrugs for Improved Drug Delivery: Lessons Learned from Recently Developed and Marketed Products. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12111031. [PMID: 33137942 PMCID: PMC7692606 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12111031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Prodrugs are bioreversible, inactive drug derivatives, which have the ability to convert into a parent drug in the body. In the past, prodrugs were used as a last option; however, nowadays, prodrugs are considered already in the early stages of drug development. Optimal prodrug needs to have effective absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination (ADME) features to be chemically stable, to be selective towards the particular site in the body, and to have appropriate safety. Traditional prodrug approach aims to improve physicochemical/biopharmaceutical drug properties; modern prodrugs also include cellular and molecular parameters to accomplish desired drug effect and site-specificity. Here, we present recently investigated prodrugs, their pharmaceutical and clinical advantages, and challenges facing the overall prodrug development. Given examples illustrate that prodrugs can accomplish appropriate solubility, increase permeability, provide site-specific targeting (i.e., to organs, tissues, enzymes, or transporters), overcome rapid drug metabolism, decrease toxicity, or provide better patient compliance, all with the aim to provide optimal drug therapy and outcome. Overall, the prodrug approach is a powerful tool to decrease the time/costs of developing new drug entities and improve overall drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Arik Dahan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +972-8-6479483; Fax: +972-8-6479303
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