Biologization of Pcl-Mesh Using Platelet Rich Fibrin (Prf) Enhances Its Regenerative Potential In Vitro

Development of a super-hydrophilic anaerobic tube for the optimization of platelet-rich fibrin

Horizontal platelet-rich fibrin (H-PRF) contains a variety of bioactive growth factors and cytokines that play a key role in the process of tissue healing and regeneration. The blood collection tubes used to produce Solid-PRF (plasmatrix (PM) tubes) have previously been shown to have a great impact on the morphology, strength and composition of the final H-PRF clot. Therefore, modification to PM tubes is an important step toward the future optimization of PRF. To this end, we innovatively modified the inner wall surface of the PM tubes with plasma and adjusted the gas environment inside the PM tubes to prepare super-hydrophilic anaerobic plasmatrix tubes (SHAP tubes). It was made anaerobic for the preparation of H-PRF with the aim of improving mechanical strength and bioactivity. The findings demonstrated that an anaerobic environment stimulated platelet activation within the PRF tubes. After compression, the prepared H-PRF membrane formed a fibrous cross-linked network with high fracture strength, ideal degradation characteristics, in addition to a significant increase in size. Thereafter, the H-PRF membranes prepared by the SHAP tubes significantly promoted collagen synthesis of gingival fibroblast and the mineralization of osteoblasts while maintaining excellent biocompatibility, and advantageous antibacterial properties. In conclusion, the newly modified PRF tubes had better platelet activation properties leading to better mechanical strength, a longer degradation period, and better regenerative properties in oral cell types including gingival fibroblast and alveolar osteoblasts. It also improves the success rate of H-PRF preparation in patients with coagulation dysfunction and expands the clinical application scenario.

Platelet rich fibrin as a bioactive matrix with proosteogenic and proangiogenic properties on human healthy primary cells in vitro

Blood concentrates like platelet rich fibrin (PRF) have been established as a potential autologous source of cells and growth factors with regenerative properties in the field of dentistry and regenerative medicine. To further analyze the effect of PRF on bone tissue regeneration, this study investigated the influence of liquid PRF matrices on human healthy primary osteoblasts (pOB) and co-cultures composed of pOB and human dermal vascular endothelial cells (HDMEC) as in vitro model for bone tissue regeneration. Special attention was paid to the PRF mediated influence on osteoblastic differentiation and angiogenesis. Based on the low-speed centrifugation concept, cells were treated indirectly with PRF prepared with a low (44 g) and high relative centrifugal force (710 g) before the PRF mediated effect on osteoblast proliferation and differentiation was assessed via gene and protein expression analyses and immunofluorescence. The results revealed a PRF-mediated positive effect on osteogenic proliferation and differentiation accompanied by increased concentration of osteogenic growth factors and upregulated expression of osteogenic differentiation factors. Furthermore, it could be shown that PRF treatment resulted in an increased formation of angiogenic structures in a bone tissue mimic co-culture of endothelial cells and osteoblasts induced by the PRF mediated increased release of proangiogenic growth factors. The effects on osteogenic proliferation, differentiation and vascularization were more evident when low RCF PRF was applied to the cells. In conclusion, PRF possess proosteogenic, potentially osteoconductive as well as proangiogenic properties, making it a beneficial tool for bone tissue regeneration.

Platelet-rich fibrin as an autologous biomaterial for bone regeneration: mechanisms, applications, optimization

Platelet-rich fibrin, a classical autologous-derived bioactive material, consists of a fibrin scaffold and its internal loading of growth factors, platelets, and leukocytes, with the gradual degradation of the fibrin scaffold and the slow release of physiological doses of growth factors. PRF promotes vascular regeneration, promotes the proliferation and migration of osteoblast-related cells such as mesenchymal cells, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts while having certain immunomodulatory and anti-bacterial effects. PRF has excellent osteogenic potential and has been widely used in the field of bone tissue engineering and dentistry. However, there are still some limitations of PRF, and the improvement of its biological properties is one of the most important issues to be solved. Therefore, it is often combined with bone tissue engineering scaffolds to enhance its mechanical properties and delay its degradation. In this paper, we present a systematic review of the development of platelet-rich derivatives, the structure and biological properties of PRF, osteogenic mechanisms, applications, and optimization to broaden their clinical applications and provide guidance for their clinical translation.

The Association of Nanostructured Carbonated Hydroxyapatite with Denatured Albumin and Platelet-Rich Fibrin: Impacts on Growth Factors Release and Osteoblast Behavior

Platelet-rich Fibrin (PRF), a second-generation blood concentrate, offers a versatile structure for bone regeneration due to its composition of fibrin, growth factors, and cytokines, with adaptations like denatured albumin-enriched with liquid PRF (Alb-PRF), showing potential for enhanced stability and growth factor dynamics. Researchers have also explored the combination of PRF with other biomaterials, aiming to create a three-dimensional framework for enhanced cell recruitment, proliferation, and differentiation in bone repair studies. This study aimed to evaluate a combination of Alb-PRF with nanostructured carbonated hydroxyapatite microspheres (Alb-ncHA-PRF), and how this association affects the release capacity of growth factors and immunomodulatory molecules, and its impact on the behavior of MG63 human osteoblast-like cells. Alb-PRF membranes were prepared and associated with nanocarboapatite (ncHA) microspheres during polymerization. MG63 cells were exposed to eluates of both membranes to assess cell viability, proliferation, mineralization, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. The ultrastructural analysis has shown that the spheres were shattered, and fragments were incorporated into both the fibrin mesh and the albumin gel of Alb-PRF. Alb-ncHA-PRF presented a reduced release of growth factors and cytokines when compared to Alb-PRF (p < 0.05). Alb-ncHA-PRF was able to stimulate osteoblast proliferation and ALP activity at lower levels than those observed by Alb-PRF and was unable to positively affect in vitro mineralization by MG63 cells. These findings indicate that the addition of ncHA spheres reduces the biological activity of Alb-PRF, impairing its initial effects on osteoblast behavior.

Platelet-Rich Fibrin-Conditioned Medium as an Alternative to Fetal Bovine Serum Promotes Osteogenesis of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells

Human dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) exhibit multilineage differentiation capabilities and superior clonogenic and proliferative properties. However, the use of animal-derived components such as FBS raises concerns regarding the clinical application of stem-cell-based therapies. Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) derived from human blood is rich in fibrin, platelets, and growth factors and acts as a bioactive scaffold for grafting with biomaterials. In this study, we assessed the efficacy of PRF-conditioned medium (CM) in promoting DPSCs proliferation and osteogenic differentiation compared with the standard culture medium supplemented with FBS. A comparison of DPSCs cultured in FBS and PRF-CM revealed no differences in characteristics or morphology. However, cells cultured with PRF-CM exhibited inferior proliferation rates and cell numbers during passage in comparison with those cultured with FBS. In contrast, DPSCs cultured in PRF-CM showed significantly higher levels of calcification, and RT-PCR confirmed that the gene expression levels of markers associated with osteoblast differentiation were significantly increased. The PRF-CM approach offers a convenient, straightforward, and advantageous method for culturing DPSCs, without relying on animal-derived components. In summary, this study introduces a novel application of PRF-CM for enhancing the osteogenesis of DPSCs, which provides an alternative to FBS culture medium and addresses concerns associated with the use of animal-derived components in clinical settings.

The Effects of Platelet-Rich Fibrin in the Behavior of Mineralizing Cells Related to Bone Tissue Regeneration-A Scoping Review of In Vitro Evidence

Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) is a second-generation blood concentrate that serves as an autologous approach for both soft and hard tissue regeneration. It provides a scaffold for cell interaction and promotes the local release of growth factors. PRF has been investigated as an alternative to bone tissue therapy, with the potential to expedite wound healing and bone regeneration, though the mechanisms involved are not yet fully understood. This review aims to explore the in vitro evidence of PRF's effects on the behavior of mineralizing cells related to bone tissue regeneration. A systematic electronic search was conducted up to August 2023, utilizing three databases: PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus. A total of 76 studies were selected, which presented in vitro evidence of PRF's usefulness, either alone or in conjunction with other biomaterials, for bone tissue treatment. PRF membranes' influence on the proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization of bone cells is linked to the constant release of growth factors, resulting in changes in crucial markers of bone cell metabolism and behavior. This further reinforces their therapeutic potential in wound healing and bone regeneration. While there are some notable differences among the studies, the overall results suggest a positive effect of PRF on cell proliferation, differentiation, mineralization, and a reduction in inflammation. This points to its therapeutic potential in the field of regenerative medicine. Collectively, these findings may help enhance our understanding of how PRF impacts basic physiological processes in bone and mineralized tissue.

Technological advances in fibrin for tissue engineering

Fibrin is a promising natural polymer that is widely used for diverse applications, such as hemostatic glue, carrier for drug and cell delivery, and matrix for tissue engineering. Despite the significant advances in the use of fibrin for bioengineering and biomedical applications, some of its characteristics must be improved for suitability for general use. For example, fibrin hydrogels tend to shrink and degrade quickly after polymerization, particularly when they contain embedded cells. In addition, their poor mechanical properties and batch-to-batch variability affect their handling, long-term stability, standardization, and reliability. One of the most widely used approaches to improve their properties has been modification of the structure and composition of fibrin hydrogels. In this review, recent advances in composite fibrin scaffolds, chemically modified fibrin hydrogels, interpenetrated polymer network (IPN) hydrogels composed of fibrin and other synthetic or natural polymers are critically reviewed, focusing on their use for tissue engineering.

Three-Dimensional Printed Polycaprolactone Mesh in Pediatric Cranial Vault Remodeling Surgery

BACKGROUND

The surgical management of craniosynostosis has greatly evolved with improvements in both technology and understanding of the disease process. Some drawbacks remain regarding bone regeneration within the surgical bony gaps. Generally, bony gaps improve in the 12 to 24 months after surgery, but some gaps may remain for longer and cause deformity and/or require additional bony reconstruction. These considerations make tissue-engineered bone very attractive. Novel 3-dimensional printed bioresorbable mesh implants made of Polycaprolactone (PCL) can be used to fill the surgical bony defects.

OBJECTIVES

The authors seek to investigate how the use of a 3-dimensional printed biodegradable PCL mesh applied to bony defects in cranial vault surgery affects bone healing.

METHODS

Case series analysis of 8 pediatric patients who have undergone surgical intervention using PCL mesh implants for reconstruction of bony defects during craniosynostosis correction surgery.

FINDINGS

Radiological evaluation of 3 patients at random time points between 9 and 12 months postoperative revealed persistent bony gaps in areas where PCL mesh was laid. One patient who underwent a subsequent cranial vault surgery at 9 months was found to have less bone regeneration in the defect area where PCL mesh was used when compared with an adjacent area where a particulate bone graft was used.

CONCLUSIONS

Based on our experience, the use of PCL mesh on its own did not augment bone regeneration. It is possible that a greater amount of time or increased vascularization of the scaffold is required, which supports the concept of regenerative matching axial vascularization or the further addition of osteogenic factors to increase the rate of bone formation.

A Strategic and Worldwide Cooperative Challenge Required for the Next Generation of Platelet Concentrates

Blood-derived biomaterials, which are represented by platelet-rich plasma (PRP) or more recently by platelet-rich fibrin (PRF), have been used in regenerative therapy for almost 30 years [...].

Preparation and Evaluation of the Curative Effect of Blue Shark (Prionace glauca) Skin Collagen Composite Gel in a Rat Oral Ulcers Model

Objective: To evaluate the curative effect of blue shark skin collagen composite gel on oral mucosal ulcer using the rat oral ulcers model stimulated by glacial acetic acid. Methods: Collagen from blue shark skin was isolated and physiochemically characterized by FTIR, SDS-PAGE and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Seventy standard male rats were divided into seven groups. The surface and the area of the ulcer were observed and calculated daily. After 12 days of administration, rats in the model group and the control group were killed and the ulcer and surrounding tissues were cut to pieces about one mm3 size. The specimens were stained with 10% formalin solution, paraffinembedded sections, HE staining and light microscope were used to observe the histopathological changes in ulcer tissues. Results: The high-dose group had the fastest ulcer healing effects after 12 days of treatment with blue shark skin collagen composite gel. The composite gel was found to significantly accelerate the healing of oral ulcers in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion: The blue shark skin collagen composite gel in this study may be a good biomedical material candidate for the treatment of oral ulcers in the near future. Potential of other marine fish skin collagen comples on healing oral ulcers should be also considered.