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Roh Y, Kim J, Song H, Seol A, Kim T, Park E, Park K, Lim S, Wang S, Jung Y, Kim H, Lim Y, Hwang D. Impact of the Oral Administration of Polystyrene Microplastics on Hepatic Lipid, Glucose, and Amino Acid Metabolism in C57BL/6Korl and C57BL/6-Lep em1hwl/Korl Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4964. [PMID: 38732183 PMCID: PMC11084201 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The impact of microplastics (MPs) on the metabolic functions of the liver is currently unclear and not completely understood. To investigate the effects of the administration of MPs on the hepatic metabolism of normal and obese mice, alterations in the lipid, glucose (Glu), and amino acid regulation pathways were analyzed in the liver and adipose tissues of C57BL/6Korl (wild type, WT) or C57BL/6-Lepem1hwl/Korl mice (leptin knockout, Lep KO) orally administered polystyrene (PS) MPs for 9 weeks. Significant alterations in the lipid accumulation, adipogenesis, lipogenesis, and lipolysis pathways were detected in the liver tissue of MP-treated WT and Lep KO mice compared to the vehicle-treated group. These alterations in their liver tissues were accompanied by an upregulation of the serum lipid profile, as well as alterations in the adipogenesis, lipogenesis, and lipolysis pathways in the adipose tissues of MP-treated WT and Lep KO mice. Specifically, the level of leptin was increased in the adipose tissues of MP-treated WT mice without any change in their food intake. Also, MP-induced disruptions in the glycogenolysis, Glu transporter type 4 (GLUT4)-5' AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway, levels of lipid intermediates, and the insulin resistance of the liver tissues of WT and Lep KO mice were observed. Furthermore, the levels of seven endogenous metabolites were remarkably changed in the serum of WT and Lep KO mice after MP administrations. Finally, the impact of the MP administration observed in both types of mice was further verified in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes and HepG2 cells. Thus, these results suggest that the oral administration of MPs for 9 weeks may be associated with the disruption of lipid, Glu, and amino acid metabolism in the liver tissue of obese WT and Lep KO mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujeong Roh
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program), Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Laboratory Animal Resources Center, College of Natural Resources & Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Republic of Korea; (Y.R.); (J.K.); (H.S.); (A.S.); (T.K.); (E.P.); (K.P.); (S.L.); (S.W.)
| | - Jieun Kim
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program), Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Laboratory Animal Resources Center, College of Natural Resources & Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Republic of Korea; (Y.R.); (J.K.); (H.S.); (A.S.); (T.K.); (E.P.); (K.P.); (S.L.); (S.W.)
| | - Heejin Song
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program), Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Laboratory Animal Resources Center, College of Natural Resources & Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Republic of Korea; (Y.R.); (J.K.); (H.S.); (A.S.); (T.K.); (E.P.); (K.P.); (S.L.); (S.W.)
| | - Ayun Seol
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program), Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Laboratory Animal Resources Center, College of Natural Resources & Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Republic of Korea; (Y.R.); (J.K.); (H.S.); (A.S.); (T.K.); (E.P.); (K.P.); (S.L.); (S.W.)
| | - Taeryeol Kim
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program), Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Laboratory Animal Resources Center, College of Natural Resources & Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Republic of Korea; (Y.R.); (J.K.); (H.S.); (A.S.); (T.K.); (E.P.); (K.P.); (S.L.); (S.W.)
| | - Eunseo Park
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program), Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Laboratory Animal Resources Center, College of Natural Resources & Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Republic of Korea; (Y.R.); (J.K.); (H.S.); (A.S.); (T.K.); (E.P.); (K.P.); (S.L.); (S.W.)
| | - Kiho Park
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program), Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Laboratory Animal Resources Center, College of Natural Resources & Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Republic of Korea; (Y.R.); (J.K.); (H.S.); (A.S.); (T.K.); (E.P.); (K.P.); (S.L.); (S.W.)
| | - Sujeong Lim
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program), Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Laboratory Animal Resources Center, College of Natural Resources & Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Republic of Korea; (Y.R.); (J.K.); (H.S.); (A.S.); (T.K.); (E.P.); (K.P.); (S.L.); (S.W.)
| | - Suha Wang
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program), Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Laboratory Animal Resources Center, College of Natural Resources & Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Republic of Korea; (Y.R.); (J.K.); (H.S.); (A.S.); (T.K.); (E.P.); (K.P.); (S.L.); (S.W.)
| | - Youngsuk Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyesung Kim
- Department of Nanomechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Republic of Korea;
| | - Yong Lim
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Nursing and Healthcare Science, Dong-Eui University, Busan 47340, Republic of Korea;
| | - Daeyoun Hwang
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program), Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Laboratory Animal Resources Center, College of Natural Resources & Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Republic of Korea; (Y.R.); (J.K.); (H.S.); (A.S.); (T.K.); (E.P.); (K.P.); (S.L.); (S.W.)
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Zhang N, Lv F, Xiao H, Yi B, Shao M, Liang H, Wang Y, Guo N, Yao J, Guan Y, Zhang G. Synergistic and attenuated effects and molecular biological mechanisms of Shouhui Tongbian capsule in the treatment of slow transit constipation based on UPLC-MS/MS, network pharmacology and animal experimental validation. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 239:115846. [PMID: 38039873 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shouhui Tongbian capsule (SHTB) has been widely used for the treatment of constipation. There are few studies on SHTB at present. The current study aimed to explore the effects of multi-components compatibility of SHTB for efficacy enhancement and toxicity reduction and evaluate its molecular biological mechanisms in the treatment of slow transit constipation (STC). METHODS Ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was used to quantify 17 anthraquinone components in different compatible systems of SHTB. Network pharmacological analysis was used to probe the potential mechanisms of SHTB in treating STC. In addition, an animal experiment combined with western blot analysis was performed to further validate the predicted results. RESULTS After compatibility, the dissolution of 13 components with good effects in treating constipation increased, while the dissolution of 3 components with hepatotoxicity decreased. Overall, 145 common targets of 13 synergistic components and constipation were identified. A synergistic component-target-disease network showed that chrysoobtusin, obtusifolin, emodin, obtusin and 2-hydroxyl emodin-1-methyl ether were the potential key synergistic components. A protein-protein interaction network analysis identified 91 targets, and an analysis of topological characteristics was conducted to confirm the core targets. Gene Ontology function revealed that the 13 synergistic components for the treatment of STC mainly played roles via protein phosphorylation, positive regulation of phosphorylation, phosphotransferase activity, kinase activity and protein kinase activity, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis showed that these components were enriched in pathways in cancer, MAPK signaling pathway, IL-17 signaling pathway, NF-κB signaling pathway, etc. The results of animal experimental validation showed that SHTB significantly reduced the expression levels of p-p38 and p-ERK proteins in the colon tissue of the STC rats. CONCLUSION This study preliminarily demonstrated that efficacy enhancement and toxicity reduction of SHTB could be achieved after compatibility, which expounded the connotation of compatibility theory of traditional Chinese medicine from the perspective of chemical composition, reflecting the rationality and scientificity of compatibility theory. Meanwhile, the study also revealed the core targets and potential molecular biological mechanisms of SHTB in the treatment of STC, which may serve as a reference for subsequent studies and clinical applications of SHTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhang
- Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Fengyi Lv
- Zhong Yuan Academy of Biological Medicine, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng 252000, Shandong, China
| | - He Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Integration and Innovation of Classic Formula and Modern Chinese Medicine, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co. Ltd, Linyi 276006, China
| | - Bojiao Yi
- Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Mingguo Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Integration and Innovation of Classic Formula and Modern Chinese Medicine, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co. Ltd, Linyi 276006, China
| | - Hongbao Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Integration and Innovation of Classic Formula and Modern Chinese Medicine, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co. Ltd, Linyi 276006, China
| | - Yonggang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integration and Innovation of Classic Formula and Modern Chinese Medicine, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co. Ltd, Linyi 276006, China
| | - Na Guo
- Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jingchun Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Integration and Innovation of Classic Formula and Modern Chinese Medicine, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co. Ltd, Linyi 276006, China.
| | - Yongxia Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Integration and Innovation of Classic Formula and Modern Chinese Medicine, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co. Ltd, Linyi 276006, China.
| | - Guimin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integration and Innovation of Classic Formula and Modern Chinese Medicine, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co. Ltd, Linyi 276006, China.
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Mills CL, Savanagouder J, de Almeida Monteiro Melo Ferraz M, Noonan MJ. The need for environmentally realistic studies on the health effects of terrestrial microplastics. MICROPLASTICS AND NANOPLASTICS 2023; 3:11. [PMID: 37228296 PMCID: PMC10202987 DOI: 10.1186/s43591-023-00059-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Plastic pollution is now so widespread that microplastics are regularly detected in biological samples surveyed for their presence. Despite their pervasiveness, very little is known about the effects of microplastics on the health of terrestrial vertebrates. While emerging studies are showing that microplastics represent a potentially serious threat to animal health, data have been limited to in vivo studies on laboratory rodents that were force fed plastics. The extent to which these studies are representative of the conditions that animals and humans might actually experience in the real world is largely unknown. Here, we review 114 papers from the peer-reviewed literature in order to understand how the concentrations and types of microplastics being administered to rodents in lab studies compare to those found in terrestrial soils. From 73 in vivo lab studies, and 41 soil studies, we found that lab studies have heretofore fed rodents microplastics at concentrations that were hundreds of thousands of times greater than they would be exposed to in nature. Furthermore, health effects have been studied for only 20% of the microplastic polymers that are known to occur in soils. Plastic pollution is arguably one of the most pressing ecological and public health issues of our time, yet existing lab-based research on the health effects of terrestrial microplastics does not reflect the conditions that free-ranging vertebrates are actually experiencing. Going forward, performing more true-to-life research will be of the utmost importance to fully understand the impacts of microplastics and maintain the public's faith in the scientific process. Graphical Abstract Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s43591-023-00059-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Lauren Mills
- Department of Biology, The Irving K. Barber Faculty of Science, The University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC Canada
| | - Joy Savanagouder
- Department of Biology, The Irving K. Barber Faculty of Science, The University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC Canada
| | | | - Michael J. Noonan
- Department of Biology, The Irving K. Barber Faculty of Science, The University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC Canada
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Saenen ND, Witters MS, Hantoro I, Tejeda I, Ethirajan A, Van Belleghem F, Smeets K. Polystyrene Microplastics of Varying Sizes and Shapes Induce Distinct Redox and Mitochondrial Stress Responses in a Caco-2 Monolayer. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12030739. [PMID: 36978987 PMCID: PMC10045319 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12030739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, we lack crucial knowledge on how the physicochemical properties of particles affect cellular health, resulting in an important gap in our understanding of the human toxicity of microplastics (MPs). Our aim was to evaluate the impact of the size and the shape of MPs on uptake and the intracellular effects in a human epithelial colorectal adenocarcinoma (Caco-2) cell line. Spherical (200 nm and 2 µm) and fibre-/fragment-shaped (8.9 ± 10.1 µm by 1.14 ± 0.97 µm) polystyrene microplastics (PS-MPs) were used to study their uptake and the potential to induce redox and mitochondrial stress responses after 24 h of exposure. We demonstrated the cellular uptake of both spherical and fibre-/fragment-shaped MPs in a size-dependent manner. In response to 2 µm spheres, we observed differential expressions of redox-related genes, including HMOX1, CAT, and GPX1. All PS-MPs decreased the intracellular H2O2 levels, which can be attributed to mitochondrial stress responses, such as increased mitochondrial DNA content, footprint, and morphology. Altogether, we demonstrated uptakes and changes in redox and mitochondrial parameters for all PS-MPs, with the 200 nm spheres showing the most profound effects. This suggests that the induction of defensive responses in Caco-2 cells mainly correlates with the number of particles taken up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelly D. Saenen
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; (N.D.S.); (M.S.W.); (I.T.); (F.V.B.)
| | - Margo S. Witters
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; (N.D.S.); (M.S.W.); (I.T.); (F.V.B.)
| | - Inneke Hantoro
- Food Technology Department, Soegijapranata Catholic University, Jl. Pawiyatan Luhur IV/1, Bendan Duwur, Semarang 50234, Indonesia;
| | - Inés Tejeda
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; (N.D.S.); (M.S.W.); (I.T.); (F.V.B.)
| | - Anitha Ethirajan
- Nano-Biophysics and Soft Matter Interfaces Group, Institute for Materials Research, Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium;
- IMEC, Associated Lab IMOMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Frank Van Belleghem
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; (N.D.S.); (M.S.W.); (I.T.); (F.V.B.)
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Open Universiteit, Valkenburgerweg 177, 6419 AT Heerlen, The Netherlands
| | - Karen Smeets
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; (N.D.S.); (M.S.W.); (I.T.); (F.V.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-11268319
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Efficient extraction of small microplastic particles from rat feed and feces for quantification. Heliyon 2023; 9:e12811. [PMID: 36711289 PMCID: PMC9876835 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e12811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, microplastic is ubiquitously encountered in the environment. Studies analyzing microplastic in terrestrial ecosystems, including animal feces and feed, are few. Microplastic quantification method validation and harmonization are not yet far developed. For the analysis of small microplastic, approximately <0.5 mm, extraction from organic and inorganic materials is fundamental prior to quantitative and qualitative analysis. Method validation, including recovery studies, are necessary throughout the analytical chain. In this study, we developed an optimized, efficient protocol with a duration of 72 h for the digestion of laboratory rat feed and feces. A combination of a mild acidic (H2O2 15%; HNO3 5%) and an alkaline treatment (10% KOH) dissolving the previous filter, followed by enzymatic digestion (Viscozyme®L) proved to be efficient for the extraction and identification of spiked polyamide (15-20 μm) and polyethylene (40-48 μm) from feed and feces samples from rats, showing high recovery rates. Extracted rat feces samples from an in vivo study in which Wistar rats were fed with feed containing microplastic were analyzed with pyrolysis-gas chromatography-Orbitrap™ mass spectrometry, quantifying recovered microplastic in rat feces in environmentally relevant concentrations. The presented three-step protocol provides a suitable, time and cost-effective method to extract microplastic from rat feed and feces.
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Kim JE, Seol A, Choi YJ, Lee SJ, Jin YJ, Roh YJ, Song HJ, Hong JT, Hwang DY. Similarities and differences in constipation phenotypes between Lep knockout mice and high fat diet-induced obesity mice. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276445. [PMID: 36548335 PMCID: PMC9778951 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
CRISPR-Cas9-mediated leptin (Lep) knockout (KO) mice exhibited prominent phenotypes for constipation, even though they were not compared with other model animals. This study compared the stool excretion, gastrointestinal motility, histological structure, mucin secretion, and enteric nerve function in Lep KO and high fat diet (HFD)-treated mice to determine if there were differences in their phenotypes for constipation. Most obesity phenotypes, including fat weight, adipocyte size, expression of lipolytic proteins (HSL, perilipin, and ATGL), and glucose concentrations, were detected similarly in the Lep KO and HFD-treated mice. They showed a similar decrease in the excretion parameters, including the stool number, weight, and water content, while the same pattern was detected in the gastrointestinal motility and intestinal length. A similar decrease in the mucosal layer thickness, muscle thickness, ability for mucin secretion, and expression of water channel (aquaporin 3 and 8) genes was detected in the mid-colon of the Lep KO and HFD-treated mice, but the alteration rate in some levels was greater in the HFD-treated group than the Lep KO mice. On the other hand, the levels of c-kit, nNOS, NSE, and PGP9.5 expression for the enteric neurons and intestitial cells of Cajal (ICC) were remarkably lower in the mid-colon of the HFD-treated mice than in the Lep KO mice, but the level of most proteins in both groups remained lower than those in the control group. A similar alteration pattern in the expression of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) and serotonin receptors was detected in the Lep KO and HFD-treated mice. These results suggest that most phenotypes for obesity-induced constipation were similarly detected in the Lep KO and HFD-treated mice, but there was a difference in the regulatory function of the enteric nervous system (ENS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Eun Kim
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program), College of Natural Resources & Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang, Korea
| | - Ayun Seol
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program), College of Natural Resources & Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang, Korea
| | - Yun Ju Choi
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program), College of Natural Resources & Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang, Korea
| | - Su Jin Lee
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program), College of Natural Resources & Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang, Korea
| | - You Jeong Jin
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program), College of Natural Resources & Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang, Korea
| | - Yu Jeong Roh
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program), College of Natural Resources & Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang, Korea
| | - Hee Jin Song
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program), College of Natural Resources & Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang, Korea
| | - Jin Tae Hong
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Chungju, Korea
| | - Dae Youn Hwang
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program), College of Natural Resources & Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang, Korea
- Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute/Laboratory Animal Resources Center, College of Natural Resources & Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Prevention of Loperamide-Induced Constipation in Mice and Alteration of 5-Hydroxytryotamine Signaling by Ligilactobacillus salivarius Li01. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14194083. [PMID: 36235735 PMCID: PMC9571718 DOI: 10.3390/nu14194083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Ligilactobacillus salivarius Li01 (Li01) has shown much promise in preventing multiple gastrointestinal diseases, the potential of the probiotic in alleviating constipation and the related mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, the effects of Li01 were evaluated in a loperamide-induced constipation mouse model. The results demonstrated that Li01 intervention can relieve constipation symptoms by improving water content, quantity, and morphology of feces and act as an intestinal barrier structure protector. Furthermore, Li01 can modulate gut motility (gastrointestinal transit rate), the fluid transit-associated expression of aquaporins, and the serum parameters vasoactive intestinal peptide, substance P, and somatostatin. Constipation significantly increased the levels of 5-hydroxytryotamine (5-HT) in serum (p < 0.01) and decreased the levels in the intestine (p < 0.001). Due to its function of elevating the expression of tryptophan hydroxylase 1, this was reversed after Li01 treatment. Li01 also promoted the expression of 5-HT receptor 3 and 4, indicating that the 5-HT signaling pathway may play a critical role in the mechanism by which Li01 alleviate constipation symptoms. Additionally, Li01 significantly altered the gut microbiota composition by enhancing the ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes and increasing the abundance of Rikenellaceae_RC9 genera. Based on the above results, Li01 may have the potential to effectively alleviate constipation by regulating the 5-HT pathway and alteration of the gut microbiota.
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Hou Z, Meng R, Chen G, Lai T, Qing R, Hao S, Deng J, Wang B. Distinct accumulation of nanoplastics in human intestinal organoids. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 838:155811. [PMID: 35597345 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plastic particles, especially nanoplastics, represent an emerging concern of threat to human health, oral uptake is an important pathway for the plastic particles ingestion by human. While their fate and adverse effects in animal gastrointestinal tract are increasingly investigated, knowledge about their uptake and toxicity in human intestine is still limited. Here, by exposing human intestinal organoids to polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs, ~50 nm in size) with concentrations of 10 and 100 μg/mL, we present evidence of their distinct accumulation in various type cells in intestinal organoids, then causing the cell apoptosis and inflammatory response. Our results further revealed that the effective inhibition of PS-NPs accumulation in secretive cells through co-exposure to a clathrin-mediated endocytosis inhibitor (chlorpromazine), and proved the essential role of active endocytosis in the PS-NPs uptaking into enterocyte cells. Our work not only elucidated the potential uptake and toxicity of PS-NPs in human intestinal cells and the underlying mechanism, but also provide a potential therapeutic approach to relieve the toxicity of PS-NPs to human through the endocytosis inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongkun Hou
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Run Meng
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Ganghua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Tangmin Lai
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Rui Qing
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Shilei Hao
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China.
| | - Jia Deng
- College of Environment and Resources, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Bochu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China.
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Wen Y, Zhan Y, Tang S, Kang J, Wu R, Tang X. Mechanistic Prediction of Chinese Herb Compound (Zhi Zhu Ma Ren Pill) in the Treatment of Constipation Using Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking. Nat Prod Commun 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x221124780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Constipation is one of the most prevalent chronic gastrointestinal diseases. Notably, previous studies have demonstrated that Chinese herbal compounds may exert effects on constipation. The present study aimed to predict the mechanisms underlying the effects of Zhi Zhu Ma Ren Pill (ZZMRP), which includes Aurantii Fructus Immaturus, Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma, Fructus Cannabis, Paeonia lactiflora and Radix Asteris in the treatment of constipation, using network pharmacology and molecular docking. Methods: The components and target information of ZZMRP were accessed using the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology database and analysis platform, and the associated targets of constipation were obtained from the GeneCards, Disgenet, Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, DrugBANK and Therapeutic Target Database databases. The major targets were subsequently selected using a Venn diagram and network topology analysis, which was followed by Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses. Molecular docking was performed to authenticate the binding activity between active components and core targets. Results: A total of 44 active components, 249 targets of ZZMRP and 1501 targets associated with constipation were acquired. A total of 122 intersection targets were discovered between ZZMRP and constipation. Subsequently, 18 key targets were authenticated, including tumor protein 53, RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase, JUN and caspase-3. GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis indicated that mitogen-activated protein kinase, tumor necrosis factor, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B signaling pathways may be involved in the treatment of constipation using ZZMRP. Molecular docking suggested that quercetin, kaempferol, and luteolin exhibited high binding affinities with several of the primary targets. Conclusions: The active components, core targets, and signaling pathways of ZZMRP in the treatment of constipation were predicted, which may be applicable to the development of treatments for constipation and application of ZZMRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wen
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
- The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Yu Zhan
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine of Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
- Chengdu Integrated TCM & Western Medicine Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Shiyu Tang
- Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Jian Kang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Rong Wu
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Xuegui Tang
- Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, P.R. China
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
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10
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López de las Hazas MC, Boughanem H, Dávalos A. Untoward Effects of Micro- and Nanoplastics: An Expert Review of Their Biological Impact and Epigenetic Effects. Adv Nutr 2022; 13:1310-1323. [PMID: 34928307 PMCID: PMC9340974 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmab154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of plastic has dramatically increased in the last 50 y. Because of their stability and durability, plastics are ubiquitously incorporated in both marine and terrestrial ecosystems. Plastic is acted upon by biological, chemical, and physical agents, leading to fragmentation into small pieces [i.e., microplastics (MPs) or nanoplastics (NPs)], classified depending on their size. MPs range from 0.1 to 5000 μm and NPs are fragments between 0.001 to 0.1 μm. MPs and, especially NPs, are easily incorporated into living beings via ingestion. The penetration of MPs and NPs into the food system is an important issue, for both food security and health risk assessment. Ingestion of different MPs and NPs has been associated with different issues in the intestine, such as direct physical damage, increased intestinal permeability, diminished microbiota diversity, and increases in local inflammatory response. However, the potential harmful effects of low-dose dietary plastic are still unclear. Some evidence indicates that intestinal uptake of plastic particles is relatively low and is mostly dependent on the particle's size. However, other evidence highlights that NPs dysregulate key molecular signaling pathways, modify the gut microbiota composition, and may induce important epigenetic changes, including transgenerational effects that might be involved in the onset of many different metabolic disorders. Until now, experiments have been mostly performed on marine organisms, Caenorhabditis elegans, and mouse models, but some research indicates accidental plastic dietary consumption by humans, raising the issue of detrimental health effects of MPs and NPs. This review discusses the impact that MPs and NPs could have on the intestinal tract and the biodistribution and systemic, cellular, and molecular levels. Accumulated evidence of MPs' effects on the human gut suggests that large exposure to MPs and NPs may have phenotypical untoward effects in humans, calling for urgent research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- María-Carmen López de las Hazas
- Laboratory of Epigenetics of Lipid Metabolism, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies (IMDEA)–Food, CEI UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hatim Boughanem
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición del Hospital Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, Spain
| | - Alberto Dávalos
- Laboratory of Epigenetics of Lipid Metabolism, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies (IMDEA)–Food, CEI UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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11
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Choi YJ, Kim JE, Lee SJ, Gong JE, Jin YJ, Seo S, Lee JH, Hwang DY. Inflammatory response in the mid colon of ICR mice treated with polystyrene microplastics for two weeks. Lab Anim Res 2021; 37:31. [PMID: 34809705 PMCID: PMC8607556 DOI: 10.1186/s42826-021-00109-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The oral administration of polystyrene-microplastics (PS-MPs) causes chronic constipation of ICR mice, but there are no reports on their effects on the inflammatory response in the colon. To determine if the oral administration of MPs causes inflammation in the colon, the changes in the apoptosis-associated speck like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (ASC)-inflammasome pathway, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) signaling pathway, and inflammatory cytokine expression were evaluated in the mid colon of ICR mice treated with 0.5 μm size PS-MPs for two weeks. Results The thicknesses of the mucosa, muscle, flat luminal surface, and crypt layer were decreased significantly (p < 0.01) in the mid colon of the MPs treated group compared to the Vehicle treated group. On the other hand, a remarkable increase in the expression levels of NOD-like receptor pyrin domain-containing protein (NLRP) 3, ASC, and Cleaved Caspase (Cas)-1 protein was observed in the MPs treated group. In addition, similar increasing pattern in the levels of p-NF-κB and phospho-inhibitory subunit of NF-κB (p-IkB) α protein was detected. Four inflammatory cytokines, including NF-κB, interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and IL-1β, showed an increased expression level after the MPs treatment. Conclusions Therefore, the present study suggests that PS-MPs can be a novel cause of an inflammatory response in the mid colon of ICR mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Ju Choi
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program), College of Natural Resources & Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute/Laboratory Animals Resources Center, Pusan National University, Miryang, South Korea
| | - Ji Eun Kim
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program), College of Natural Resources & Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute/Laboratory Animals Resources Center, Pusan National University, Miryang, South Korea
| | - Su Jin Lee
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program), College of Natural Resources & Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute/Laboratory Animals Resources Center, Pusan National University, Miryang, South Korea
| | - Jeong Eun Gong
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program), College of Natural Resources & Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute/Laboratory Animals Resources Center, Pusan National University, Miryang, South Korea
| | - You Jeong Jin
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program), College of Natural Resources & Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute/Laboratory Animals Resources Center, Pusan National University, Miryang, South Korea
| | - Sungbaek Seo
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program), College of Natural Resources & Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute/Laboratory Animals Resources Center, Pusan National University, Miryang, South Korea
| | - Jae Ho Lee
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program), College of Natural Resources & Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute/Laboratory Animals Resources Center, Pusan National University, Miryang, South Korea
| | - Dae Youn Hwang
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program), College of Natural Resources & Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute/Laboratory Animals Resources Center, Pusan National University, Miryang, South Korea.
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12
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Palaniappan S, Sadacharan CM, Rostama B. Polystyrene and Polyethylene Microplastics Decrease Cell Viability and Dysregulate Inflammatory and Oxidative Stress Markers of MDCK and L929 Cells In Vitro. EXPOSURE AND HEALTH 2021; 14:75-85. [PMID: 34337190 PMCID: PMC8310682 DOI: 10.1007/s12403-021-00419-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics are ubiquitous environmental pollutants that are a growing concern to many ecosystems, as well as human health. Many of the effects of microplastics on mammalian cells and tissues remain unknown. To address this, we treated L929 murine fibroblasts and Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) epithelial cell lines with 1 μg/mL, 10 μg/mL, or 20 μg/mL of polyethylene (PE) or polystyrene (PS) microspheres in vitro for 6 and 24 h and measured the resulting changes in cell viability, metabolism, and transcriptional expression of inflammatory cytokines and antioxidant enzymes. We observed dose-dependent decreases in cell viability corresponding to increases in doses of both PE and PS. We conducted cell metabolism assays and observed dose-dependent increases in metabolism per cell with increasing doses of both PE and PS. Similarly, we also observed increased expression of the superoxide dismutase-3 gene (SOD3), indicating oxidative stress caused by the microplastics treatments. We also observed increased expression of TNFα, but decreased expression of IFNβ, suggesting different mechanisms by which the microplastics regulate inflammatory responses in mammalian cells. Our results contribute new data to the growing understanding of the effects of microplastics on mammalian cells and indicate complex cellular stress responses to microplastics in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bahman Rostama
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of New England, Biddeford, ME 04005 USA
- 11 Hills Beach Road, Stella Maris #408, Biddeford, ME 04005-9526 USA
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