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Zhang SY, Qiu L, Zhang SX, Xiao HP, Chu NH, Zhang X, Zhang HQ, Zheng PY, Zhang HY, Lu ZH. Efficacy and Safety of Bufei Jiedu Granules in Treating Multidrug-Resistant Pulmonary Tuberculosis: A Multi-center, Double-Blinded and Randomized Controlled Trial. Chin J Integr Med 2024; 30:579-587. [PMID: 38733454 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-024-3812-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the efficacy and safety of Bufei Jiedu (BFJD) ranules as adjuvant therapy for patients with multidrug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis (MDR-PTB). METHODS A large-scale, multi-center, double-blinded, and randomized controlled trial was conducted in 18 sentinel hospitals in China from December 2012 to December 2016. A total of 312 MDR-PTB patients were randomly assigned to BFJD Granules or placebo groups (1:1) using a stratified randomization method, which both received the long-course chemotherapy regimen for 18 months (6 Am-Lfx-P-Z-Pto, 12 Lfx-P-Z-Pto). Meanwhile, patients in both groups also received BFJD Granules or placebo twice a day for a total of 18 months, respectively. The primary outcome was cure rate. The secondary outcomes included time to sputum-culture conversion, changes in lung cavities and quality of life (QoL) of patients. Adverse reactions were monitored during and after the trial. RESULTS A total of 216 cases completed the trial, 111 in the BFJD Granules group and 105 in the placebo group. BFJD Granules, as an adjuvant treatment, increased the cure rate by 13.6% at the end of treatment, compared with the placebo (58.4% vs. 44.8%, P=0.02), and accelerated the median time to sputum-culture conversion (5 months vs. 11 months). The cavity closure rate of the BFJD Granules group (50.6%, 43/85) was higher than that of the placebo group (32.1%, 26/81; P=0.02) in patients who completed the treatment. At the end of the intensive treatment, according to the 36-item Short Form, the BFJD Granules significantly improved physical functioning, general health, and vitality of patients relative to the placebo group (all P<0.01). Overall, the death rates in the two groups were not significantly different; 5.1% (8/156) in the BFJD Granules group and 2.6% (4/156) in the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS Supplementing BFJD Granules with the long-course chemotherapy regimen significantly increased the cure rate and cavity closure rates, and rapidly improved QoL of patients with MDR-PTB (Registration No. ChiCTR-TRC-12002850).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Yan Zhang
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Lei Qiu
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Shun-Xian Zhang
- Clinical Research Center, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - He-Ping Xiao
- Department of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Nai-Hui Chu
- Department of Tuberculosis, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 101100, China
| | - Xia Zhang
- Department of Tuberculosis, the Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing, 210003, China
| | - Hui-Qiang Zhang
- Department of Tuberculosis, the First Hospital Affiliated to Xinxiang Medical College, Xinxiang, Henan Province, 453100, China
| | - Pei-Yong Zheng
- Clinical Research Center, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hui-Yong Zhang
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhen-Hui Lu
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Zhu K, Shi J, Yang R, Zhou C, Liu Z. Identification of cytokines in benign and malignant thymus tumors: based on Mendelian randomization and proteomics. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1390140. [PMID: 38828408 PMCID: PMC11140017 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1390140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to identify potential causal cytokines in thymic malignancies and benign tumors from the FinnGen database using Mendelian randomization (MR). Methods In this study, data from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of 91 cytokines were used as exposure factors, and those of thymic malignant tumors and thymic benign tumors were the outcome variables. Two methods were used to determine the causal relationship between exposure factors and outcome variables: inverse variance weighting (IVW) and MR-Egger regression. Sensitivity analysis was performed using three methods, namely, the heterogeneity test, the pleiotropy test, and the leave-one-out test. Results There was a causal relationship between the expression of fibroblast growth factor 5, which is a risk factor for thymic malignant tumors, and thymic malignant tumors. C-C motif chemokine 19 expression, T-cell surface glycoprotein CD5 levels, and interleukin-12 subunit beta levels were causally related to thymic malignant tumors and were protective. Adenosine deaminase levels, interleukin-10 receptor subunit beta expression, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand levels, and TNF-related activation-induced cytokine levels showed a causal relationship with thymic benign tumors, which are its risk factors. Caspase 8 levels, C-C motif chemokine 28 levels, interleukin-12 subunit beta levels, latency-associated peptide transforming growth factor beta 1 levels, and programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 expression showed a causal relationship with thymic benign tumors, which are protective factors. Sensitivity analysis showed no heterogeneity. Conclusion Cytokines showed a causal relationship with benign and malignant thymic tumors. Interleukin-12 subunit beta is a common cytokine that affects malignant and benign thymic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangle Zhu
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingwei Shi
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rusong Yang
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chu Zhou
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhengcheng Liu
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Kim NY, Won KJ, Kim DY, Lee DK, Kim YY, Lee HM. Lespedeza maximowiczii flower absolute promotes skin epithelization, barrier properties, and moisturization-related beneficial responses in human keratinocytes. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24434. [PMID: 38293355 PMCID: PMC10826324 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Lespedeza maximowiczii (LM), a member of the legume family, has tyrosinase inhibitory and estrogenic activities. However, its effects on skin-related biological activities remain unclear. Therefore, the present study aimed to explore the effects of LM flower absolute (LMFAb) on skin-related biological events, especially skin re-epithelization, barrier and moisturizing-related keratinocyte (HaCaT cell) responses. In this study, LMFAb was isolated from LM flowers via solvent extraction and its chemical composition analysis was performed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine incorporation, Boyden chamber, sprout outgrowth, enzyme-linked immunosorbent, and Western blot assay were used to analyze the biological effects of LMFAb on HaCaT cells (a human epidermal keratinocyte cell line). Twelve components were identified in LMFAb. LMFAb promoted cell proliferation, migration, and sprout outgrowth in HaCaT cells. The absolute enhanced the activations of MAPKs (ERK1/2, JNK, and p38), PI3K and AKT proteins in HaCaT cells and elevated collagen type I and IV levels in HaCaT cell conditioned medium. In addition, LMFAb induced an increase in the expression levels of epidermal barrier proteins (filaggrin and involucrin) in HaCaT cells. Furthermore, LMFAb increased hyaluronan (HA) production and expression of HA synthases (HAS-1, HAS-2, and HAS-3) but decreased HYBID (HA binding protein involved in HA depolymerization) level in HaCaT cells. These findings demonstrate that LMFAb might promote skin re-epithelization, barrier and moisturizing-related beneficial responses in keratinocytes. This study suggests that LMFAb should be considered a potential starting material for the development of cosmetic or pharmaceutical agents that restore the functions of damaged skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Young Kim
- Division of Cosmetic and Biotechnology, College of Life and Health Sciences, Hoseo University, Asan, 31499, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Jong Won
- Department of Physiology and Medical Science, College of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju, 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Yoon Kim
- Division of Cosmetic and Biotechnology, College of Life and Health Sciences, Hoseo University, Asan, 31499, Republic of Korea
- Korea Essential Oil Resource Research Institute, Hoseo University, Asan, 31499, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Kyoung Lee
- Division of Cosmetic and Biotechnology, College of Life and Health Sciences, Hoseo University, Asan, 31499, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Yi Kim
- Division of Cosmetic and Biotechnology, College of Life and Health Sciences, Hoseo University, Asan, 31499, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwan Myung Lee
- Division of Cosmetic and Biotechnology, College of Life and Health Sciences, Hoseo University, Asan, 31499, Republic of Korea
- Korea Essential Oil Resource Research Institute, Hoseo University, Asan, 31499, Republic of Korea
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Felgendreff P, Lawrence JM, Hosseiniasl SM, Jacobs JF, Amiot BP, Felgendreff L, Minshew A, Sultan A, Ahmadzada B, Rahe MC, Nyberg SL. Clinical characterization of a hypersensitivity mixed bacterial and fungal dermatitis in a translational model of porcine NASH. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 13:1277045. [PMID: 38327680 PMCID: PMC10847572 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1277045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The development of animal models of chronic liver disease via diet modification is a promising avenue for translational research but can lead to unexpected side effects that impact model adoption. While these side effects are well characterized in rodent models of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), limited knowledge of these effects exists for novel porcine models of NASH. To close this gap, the present study investigates the side effects of diet-based NASH induction in pigs, with a systematic analysis of the pathologic mechanisms underlying dermatitis development and evaluation of treatment approaches. Method Twelve pigs (10 large domestic pigs, 2 Goettingen minipigs) were fed a methionine- and choline-deficient, high-fat diet for 8 weeks to induce NASH. A retrospective review of each animal's clinical record was performed to identify the side effects of the diet. Following the identification of diet-associated dermatitis, severity was judged by using a novel gradation system that characterized the individual lesions and body regions resulting in a cumulative evaluation. In addition to this clinical assessment, the etiology of the dermatitis was investigated via histopathologic and microbiologic testing. Furthermore, the success of prophylactic and therapeutic treatment approaches was evaluated by considering dermatitis development and clinical course. Results All study animals demonstrated unexpected side effects of the methionine- and choline-deficient, high fat diet. In addition to marked dermatitis, study pigs showed impaired weight gain and developed steatorrhea and anemia. Based on the skin gradation system, five animals developed severe dermatitis, four animals moderate dermatitis, and three animals mild diet-associated dermatitis. Histological and microbiological evaluation of the affected skin showed signs of a hypersensitivity reaction with secondary infection by bacteria and fungi. The analysis showed that preemptive bathing extended the lesion-free duration by nearly 20 days. Furthermore, bathing in combination with a targeted antibiotic treatment represented a helpful treatment approach for diet-associated dermatitis. Conclusion The provision of a methionine- and choline-deficient, high fat diet represents an effective approach for inducing NASH liver disease in pigs but predisposes study animals to multiple side effects. These side effects are universal to animals on study but can be adequately managed and do not represent a significant limitation of this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Felgendreff
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | | | - Julie F. Jacobs
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Bruce P. Amiot
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Lisa Felgendreff
- Center for Empirical Research in Economics and Behavioral Sciences, Media and Communication Science, University of Erfurt, Erfurt, Germany
| | - Anna Minshew
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Ahmer Sultan
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | | | - Michael C. Rahe
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Scott L. Nyberg
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- William J. von Liebig Center for Transplantation and Clinical Regeneration, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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Kim HM, Jin BR, Lee JS, Jo EH, Park MC, An HJ. Anti-atopic dermatitis effect of fish collagen on house dust mite-induced mice and HaCaT keratinocytes. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14888. [PMID: 37689763 PMCID: PMC10492863 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41831-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Collagen, a major structural protein in mammalian tissues, is effective against skin wounds and osteoarthritis. Although bovine and porcine collagens have mainly been used, several potential risks of mammalian collagen have led to the use of fish collagen (FC) as an alternative. FC and its peptides are used as common cosmeceutical products because of their antihypertensive, anti-bacterial, and antioxidant activities. Despite the effects of FC on wrinkle reduction, UV-protection, and wound healing, the relationship between FC and atopic dermatitis (AD) has not yet been reported. Therefore, we investigated the anti-AD effects of FC against house dust mite (Dermatophagoides farinae, HDM)-induced AD in NC/Nga mice and TNF-α/IFN-γ-stimulated HaCaT keratinocytes. FC alleviated AD apparent symptoms, such as dermatitis score, transepidermal water loss, epidermal thickness, and mast cell infiltration upon declining pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediators, IL-6, IL-5, IL-13, TSLP, and TNF-α. The skin barrier protein, filaggrin, was also recovered by FC administration in vivo and in vitro. Immune response and skin barrier dysfunction are both mitigated by three routes of FC administration: oral, topical, and both routes via the regulation of IκB, MAPKs, and STATs pathways. In summary, FC could be a potential therapeutic agent for AD by regulating immune balance and skin barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Min Kim
- Department of Herbology, College of Korean Medicine, Sangji University, Wonju, Gangwon-do, 26339, Republic of Korea
- Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Ram Jin
- Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Sil Lee
- R&D Institute, Haewon Biotech, Inc., Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Heui Jo
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Wonkwang University Korean Medicine Hospital and Research Center of Traditional Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Cheol Park
- Department of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology, Wonkwang University Korean Medicine Hospital and Research Center of Traditional Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksan-daero, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do, 54538, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyo-Jin An
- Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Integrated Drug Development and Natural Products, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
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Inhibition of Mast Cell Degranulation in Atopic Dermatitis by Celastrol through Suppressing MRGPRX2. DISEASE MARKERS 2023; 2023:9049256. [PMID: 36712922 PMCID: PMC9876689 DOI: 10.1155/2023/9049256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Background Atopic dermatitis is a common dermatological disease, and mast cell degranulation is believed to be related with the progression of atopic dermatitis. Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor-X2 (MRGPRX2), and calcium release-activated calcium channel protein 1-2 (ORAI-1, ORAI-2) are involved in mast cell degranulation. Celastrol is an active monomer of Tripterygium wilfordii, and it presents an antiatopic role. Methods 2,4-Dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) and compound 48/80 (C 48/80) were used to establish a slow and acute scratching animal model, respectively. Hematoxylin-eosin and toluidine blue staining was used to investigate tissue injury. Inflammatory factor concentration was measured with ELISA. The expression of MRGPRX2, ORAI-1, and ORAI-2 was detected with immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining. Gene expression profiling and microRNA array were performed to investigate gene differential expression. Results Celastrol greatly inhibited atopic dermatitis-related tissues injury, mast cell production, histamine release, scratching level, inflammatory factor expression, and activation of MRGPRX2/ORAI axis in the DNFB-induced atopic dermatitis model. The influence of Celastrol on atopic dermatitis was remarkably reversed by overexpression of MRGPRX2. Conclusion We found that the improvements of atopic dermatitis caused by Celastrol were reversed by treatment with MRGPRX2OE, indicating that Celastrol might affect atopic dermatitis through MRGPRX2. This study might provide a novel thought for the prevention and treatment of atopic dermatitis by regulating MRGPRX2.
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Wu M, Lai H, Peng W, Zhou X, Zhu L, Tu H, Yuan K, Yang Z. Monotropein: A comprehensive review of biosynthesis, physicochemical properties, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacology. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1109940. [PMID: 36937894 PMCID: PMC10017856 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1109940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Monotropein, a principal natural compound in iridoid glycosides extracted from Morindae officinalis radix, has potent pharmacological activities. To understand and utilize monotropein, we systematically summarized the studies on monotropein, including its biosynthetic pathway, physicochemical properties, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacology. Interestingly, we found that the multiple bioactivities of monotropein, such as anti-osteoporosis, anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation, anti-nociception, and hepatic or renal protection, are closely associated with its capability of downregulating the nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway, inhibiting the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway, attenuating the activation of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 signaling pathway, and regulating the mammalian target of rapamycin/autophagy signaling pathway. However, the clinically therapeutic effects and the potential problems need to be addressed. This review highlights the current research progress on monotropein, which provides a reference for further investigation of monotropein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingquan Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Orthopedic Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- *Correspondence: Mingquan Wu, ; Zhirui Yang,
| | - Huabing Lai
- Department of Rehabilitation and Prosthetic Orthopedics Center, Sichuan Orthopedic Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei Peng
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Orthopedic Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xu Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Orthopedic Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Liyang Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Orthopedic Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - He Tu
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Orthopedic Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Kezhu Yuan
- Department of Scientific Research, Sichuan Orthopedic Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhirui Yang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chengdu Second People’s Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- *Correspondence: Mingquan Wu, ; Zhirui Yang,
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Immunomodulatory Effect of Polysaccharide from Fermented Morinda citrifolia L. (Noni) on RAW 264.7 Macrophage and Balb/c Mice. Foods 2022; 11:foods11131925. [PMID: 35804740 PMCID: PMC9266266 DOI: 10.3390/foods11131925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to determine the immunomodulatory effects of a polysaccharide fraction from fermented M. citrifolia L. (FMP) in RAW 264.7 macrophages and Balb/c mice. M. citrifolia was fermented for 72 h using Lactobacillus brevis; polysaccharides were extracted using ethanol precipitation. The RAW 264.7 cells exposed to FMP (50, 100, and 200 μg/mL) for 24 h showed increased NO production, proinflammatory cytokine (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) release, and COX-2 and iNOS protein expression. FMP (100, 200 mg/kg) and deacetylasperulosidic acid (DAA) (20 mg/kg) administered orally to Balb/c mice for 14 days upregulated NO production and NK cytotoxicity in abdominal cavity and spleen, respectively. Th1 and Th2 cytokines production and immune cell numbers increased in spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), peritoneal exudate cells (PEC), Peyer’s patches (PP), and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Therefore, FMP containing DAA can be used as materials for health functional foods to enhance immune responses.
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