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Yamada S, Asakura H. How We Interpret Thrombosis with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome? Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4956. [PMID: 38732176 PMCID: PMC11084439 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Platelets play an important role in hemostasis, and a low platelet count usually increases the risk of bleeding. Conditions in which thrombosis occurs despite low platelet counts are referred to as thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome, including heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, antiphospholipid syndrome, thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA), and disseminated intravascular coagulation. TMA includes thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), and atypical HUS. Patients with these pathologies present with thrombosis and consumptive thrombocytopenia associated with the activation of platelets and the coagulation system. Treatment varies from disease to disease, and many diseases have direct impacts on mortality and organ prognosis if therapeutic interventions are not promptly implemented. Underlying diseases and the results of physical examinations and general laboratory tests as part of a thorough workup for patients should promptly lead to therapeutic intervention before definitive diagnosis. For some diseases, the diagnosis and initial treatment must proceed in parallel. Utilization of not only laboratory tests but also various scoring systems is important for validating therapeutic interventions based on clinical information.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hidesaku Asakura
- Department of Hematology, Kanazawa University Hospital, Takaramachi 13-1, Kanazawa City 920-8640, Ishikawa, Japan;
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2
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Viswanatha Setty B, Nagarajaiah Setty Raghav G, Rangaswamaiah H. Relating D-Dimer, blood sugars, haemoglobin and liver function among COVID patients with T2DM. Bioinformation 2023; 19:1167-1172. [PMID: 38250528 PMCID: PMC10794759 DOI: 10.6026/973206300191167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
It is of interest to evaluate the correlation of D-Dimer, blood sugars, haemoglobin and liver function tests with novel coronavirus in patients with T2DM with and without symptoms. We recruited 200 patients with T2DM and COVID 19 with and without symptoms admitted in Rajarajeshwari Medical College and Hospital, Karnataka. Blood sugars, HbA1c, D-Dimer and also the incidence of T2DM and COVID 19 with and without symptoms were evaluated in all study subjects. There was a significant increased levels of biochemical parameters in T2DM and COVID 19 with symptoms when compared to T2DM and COVID 19 without symptoms (P<0.05). The D-Dimer levels was positively correlated with CT values, (r=0.518, P<0.05). Based on the study findings, the novel coronavirus enhances the insulin resistance, hyper-glycemia, abnormality in the liver and thrombolysis. Additionally, we also suggest that the subjects with T2DM and COVID 19 with and without symptoms require continuous monitoring of D-DIMER and LFT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaji Viswanatha Setty
- Department of General Medicine, Rajarajeshwari Medical College and Hospital, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Hareesh Rangaswamaiah
- Department of General Medicine, Rajarajeshwari Medical College and Hospital, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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3
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Warkentin TE, Baskin-Miller J, Moll S. More on Adenovirus-Associated Thrombocytopenia, Thrombosis, and VITT-like Antibodies. Reply. N Engl J Med 2023; 389:1729-1731. [PMID: 37913523 DOI: 10.1056/nejmc2310644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stephan Moll
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
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4
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Althomali MM, Almalki AS, Alotaibi SM, Alsalman AM, Alqhatani SM, Shehab GM, Abdel-Moneim AS. Navigating Vaccine Uncertainty: Anxiety and Fourth Dose Hesitancy Among Saudi Adults. Cureus 2023; 15:e48766. [PMID: 38098907 PMCID: PMC10719428 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.48766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The continuous evolution of new variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and early evidence of declining effectiveness of the third dose over time have generated anxiety and hesitancy regarding vaccinations. The current study aimed to assess anxiety levels and the willingness to receive a fourth dose of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Potential factors leading to this reluctance were also assessed. Methodology This was a cross-sectional cohort study conducted among the adult Saudi population. A questionnaire including demographic data, questions regarding Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) assessment, and questions related to accepting the vaccine and reasons for hesitancy was employed. Results Of the 1,924 participants who responded, 1,033 were males, and 891 were females. Among the respondents, a significant level of anxiety toward receiving the fourth dose of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine was reported in 1,097 cases, representing 57% of the total, with varying degrees of anxiety. Both gender and age were identified as co-factors contributing to this anxiety. A substantial portion of the participants, 1,369 individuals, accounting for 71.2%, exhibited vaccine hesitancy and reluctance to receive the fourth dose. Conclusions Our findings underscore the pressing need for targeted interventions to combat vaccine hesitancy and alleviate associated anxieties, particularly among the adult Saudi population. As we persist in confronting the ongoing challenges brought about by the evolving pandemic, it is crucial that we customize our vaccination campaigns and communication strategies to tackle the apprehensions and hesitations of the Saudi population directly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Gaber M Shehab
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Taif University, Taif, SAU
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5
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Li M, Wu X, Shi J, Niu Y. Endothelium dysfunction and thrombosis in COVID-19 with type 2 diabetes. Endocrine 2023; 82:15-27. [PMID: 37392341 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-023-03439-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 can directly or indirectly damage endothelial cells. Endothelial injury, especially phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure on the outer membrane of cells, can more easily promote thrombosis. Type 2 diabetes(T2D) patients were more susceptible to COVID-19, they had more severe symptoms, higher risk of thrombotic complications, and longer duration of post-COVID-19 sequelae. This review provided a detailed overview of the mechanisms underlying endothelial dysfunction in T2D patients with COVID-19 (including long COVID), which may be influenced by hyperglycemia, hypoxia, and pro-inflammatory environments. The mechanisms of thrombosis in T2D patients with COVID-19 are also explored, particularly the effects of increased numbers of PS-exposing particles, blood cells, and endothelial cells on hypercoagulability. Given the high risk of thrombosis in T2D patients with COVID-19, early antithrombotic therapy can both minimize the impact of the disease on patients and maximize the chances of improvement, thereby alleviating patient suffering. We provided detailed guidance on antithrombotic drugs and dosages for mild, moderate, and severe patients, emphasizing that the optimal timing of thromboprophylaxis is a critical factor in influencing prognosis. Considering the potential interactions between antidiabetic, anticoagulant, and antiviral drugs, we proposed practical and comprehensive management recommendations to supplement the incomplete efficacy of vaccines in the diabetic population, reduce the incidence of post-COVID-19 sequelae, and improve patient quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengdi Li
- Department of Endodontics, The First Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaoming Wu
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jialan Shi
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Department of Research, VA Boston Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yumei Niu
- Department of Endodontics, The First Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
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6
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Agudo M, Moura P, Santos F, Robalo C, Carvalho A, Serra S. Pulmonary Embolism of COVID-19: A Year of Reflection. Cureus 2023; 15:e40638. [PMID: 37476132 PMCID: PMC10355338 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.40638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has brought about significant changes in the medical field. While primarily characterized as a respiratory syndrome, COVID-19 is also associated with vascular events, particularly thrombotic complications. These events can manifest as initial presentations or develop as complications during the course of the disease, predominantly driven by immune-mediated mechanisms. Methods Patients with thrombotic complications followed in the post-COVID-19 thrombosis consult of 2021 were retrospectively analyzed and assessed for predisposing factors for pulmonary embolism (PE), including thrombophilias. Patients underwent reassessments over a minimum six-month period following diagnosis to evaluate vascular reperfusion and the potential discontinuation of anticoagulant therapy. Results All patients with PE exhibited segmental or subsegmental PE. Pulmonary CT angiography revealed that only one patient did not show complete reperfusion after six months of anticoagulant therapy alone. There were no instances of recurrent thrombotic events observed during this observation period. Among the studied patients, hypertension, diabetes, and obesity were identified as the most prevalent predisposing factors. No patients were diagnosed with thrombophilias or other relevant factors. Despite extensive research on the predisposing mechanisms of this complication in recent years, limited data exist regarding patients with this specific complication. Discussion and conclusion Continued research into COVID-19 patients and their complications is crucial for understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms and risk factors associated with these complications. The findings of this study support the existence of a multifactorial mechanism, with a significant pro-inflammatory component exacerbated by pre-existing risk factors, rather than a purely prothrombotic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Agudo
- Internal Medicine, Centro Hospitalar de Setúbal, Setúbal, PRT
| | - Pedro Moura
- Medicine, Centro Hospitalar do Médio Ave, Vila Nova de Famalicão, PRT
| | | | - Carolina Robalo
- Internal Medicine, Centro Hospitalar de Setúbal, Setúbal, PRT
| | - Adriano Carvalho
- Radiology, Instituto Português de Oncologia do Porto, Porto, PRT
| | - Sónia Serra
- Internal Medicine, Centro Hospitalar de Setúbal, Setúbal, PRT
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7
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Zidan A, Noureldin A, Kumar SA, Elsebaie A, Othman M. COVID-19 Vaccine-Associated Immune Thrombosis and Thrombocytopenia (VITT): Diagnostic Discrepancies and Global Implications. Semin Thromb Hemost 2023; 49:9-14. [PMID: 36603593 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1759684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) has been reported in association with the coronavirus disease 2019 preventative adenovirus vector-based vaccines ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (Oxford/AstraZeneca) and Ad26.COV2.S (Janssen/Johnson & Johnson) in hundreds of recipients across the globe. VITT is characterized by thrombosis, typically at unusual sites, low fibrinogen, and elevated plasma D-dimer, generally manifesting between 4 and 28 days following vaccination. Detection of anti-platelet factor antibodies using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is often confirmatory. Although several similar principles subside in most diagnostic criteria for VITT, the presentation of a positive ELISA assay, use of expert hematology and neurology opinion, and exclusion of possible VITT cases outside the "standard" 4 to 28-day timeframe have contributed a lack of global standardization for defining VITT. Accordingly, the global and regional incidence of VITT differs according to the diagnostic pathway and case definition used. This has influenced the public perception of VITT's severity and the decision to use adenovirus vector-based vaccines for limiting severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. We hereby delineate the recognized pathogenic mechanisms, global incidence, discrepancies in diagnostic criteria, recommended treatments, and global implications to vaccine hesitancy from this coagulopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Zidan
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Abdelrahman Noureldin
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shreya Anil Kumar
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Abdelrahman Elsebaie
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maha Othman
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.,Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansura, Egypt.,Department of Nursing, School of Baccalaureate Nursing, St. Lawrence College, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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8
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Makarem A, Zareef R, Abourjeili J, Nassar JE, Bitar F, Arabi M. Low molecular weight heparin in COVID-19: benefits and concerns. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1159363. [PMID: 37180701 PMCID: PMC10174321 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1159363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Since its emergence, the COVID-19 pandemic had a dramatic impact on the public health worldwide and it scarred the medical, economical, and social determinants of health. Even after the significant vaccination advances, the disease of SARS-CoV-2 can manifest in severe presentations with life-threatening thromboembolic and multi-organ complications leading to notable morbidity and mortality. Clinicians and researchers are on continuous pursuit of investigating different approaches in the attempt to prevent the infection and minimize its severity. Although the COVID-19's pathophysiology remains relatively unclear, it is well established now that coagulopathy, systemic thrombotic propensity, and a robust immunoinflammatory response are some of the most important determinants of its morbidity and mortality. Accordingly, research efforts have focused on addressing the inflammatory and hematological cascades using available agents to avoid thromboembolic events. Several studies and investigators have emphasized the importance of Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH), namely, Lovenox, in addressing these sequelae of the COVID-19 disease, either prophylactically or therapeutically. This review explores the benefits and concerns of employing LMWH, a widely used anticoagulant, in COVID-19 disease. It delves into Enoxaparin as a molecule, along with its pharmacology, mechanism of action, and clinical uses. It also reviews the current high-quality clinical evidence that highlight the role of enoxaparin in SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adham Makarem
- Department of Health Law, Policy & Management, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rana Zareef
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Joseph Abourjeili
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Joseph E Nassar
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Fadi Bitar
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mariam Arabi
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
- *Correspondence: Mariam Arabi,
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9
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Rizzi M, Tonello S, Morani F, Rizzi E, Casciaro GF, Matino E, Costanzo M, Zecca E, Croce A, Pedrinelli A, Vassia V, Landi R, Mallela VR, D’Onghia D, Minisini R, Bellan M, Castello LM, Gavelli F, Avanzi GC, Patrucco F, Pirisi M, Colangelo D, Sainaghi PP. CGRP Plasma Levels Correlate with the Clinical Evolution and Prognosis of Hospitalized Acute COVID-19 Patients. Viruses 2022; 14:2123. [PMID: 36298678 PMCID: PMC9611580 DOI: 10.3390/v14102123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is the etiological agent of COVID-19, an extremely heterogenous disease that can cause severe respiratory failure and critical illness. To date, reliable biomarkers allowing for early patient stratification according to disease severity are still lacking. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a vasoactive neuropeptide involved in lung pathophysiology and immune modulation and is poorly investigated in the COVID-19 context. In this observational, prospective cohort study, we investigated the correlation between CGRP and clinical disease evolution in hospitalized moderate to severe COVID-19 patients. Between January and May 2021 (Italian third pandemic wave), 135 consecutive SARS-CoV-2 patients were diagnosed as being eligible for the study. Plasma CGRP level evaluation and routine laboratory tests were performed on blood samples collected at baseline and after 7 days of hospitalization. At baseline, the majority our patients had a moderate to severe clinical presentation, and higher plasma CGRP levels predicted a higher risk of in-hospital negative evolution (odds-ratio OR 2.84 [IQR 1.07-7.51]) and were correlated with pulmonary intravascular coagulopathy (OR 2.92 [IQR 1.19-7.17]). Finally, plasma CGRP levels were also correlated with plasma IP10 levels. Our data support a possible crosstalk between the lung and the neuroimmune axis, highlighting a crucial role for plasma CGRP in sustaining COVID-19-related hyperinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Rizzi
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università Del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Stelvio Tonello
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università Del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), 28100 Novara, Italy
- CAAD, Center for Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases, Università Del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Francesca Morani
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università Del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Eleonora Rizzi
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università Del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), 28100 Novara, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine and COVID-19 Unit, AOU “Maggiore Della Carità”, 28100 Novara, Italy
- Division of Emergency Medicine and COVID-19 Sub-Intensive Unit, AOU “Maggiore Della Carità”, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Francesco Casciaro
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università Del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), 28100 Novara, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine and COVID-19 Unit, AOU “Maggiore Della Carità”, 28100 Novara, Italy
- Division of Emergency Medicine and COVID-19 Sub-Intensive Unit, AOU “Maggiore Della Carità”, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Erica Matino
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università Del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), 28100 Novara, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine and COVID-19 Unit, AOU “Maggiore Della Carità”, 28100 Novara, Italy
- Division of Emergency Medicine and COVID-19 Sub-Intensive Unit, AOU “Maggiore Della Carità”, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Martina Costanzo
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università Del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), 28100 Novara, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine and COVID-19 Unit, AOU “Maggiore Della Carità”, 28100 Novara, Italy
- Division of Emergency Medicine and COVID-19 Sub-Intensive Unit, AOU “Maggiore Della Carità”, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Erika Zecca
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università Del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), 28100 Novara, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine and COVID-19 Unit, AOU “Maggiore Della Carità”, 28100 Novara, Italy
- Division of Emergency Medicine and COVID-19 Sub-Intensive Unit, AOU “Maggiore Della Carità”, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Alessandro Croce
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università Del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), 28100 Novara, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine and COVID-19 Unit, AOU “Maggiore Della Carità”, 28100 Novara, Italy
- Division of Emergency Medicine and COVID-19 Sub-Intensive Unit, AOU “Maggiore Della Carità”, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Anita Pedrinelli
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università Del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), 28100 Novara, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine and COVID-19 Unit, AOU “Maggiore Della Carità”, 28100 Novara, Italy
- Division of Emergency Medicine and COVID-19 Sub-Intensive Unit, AOU “Maggiore Della Carità”, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Veronica Vassia
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università Del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), 28100 Novara, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine and COVID-19 Unit, AOU “Maggiore Della Carità”, 28100 Novara, Italy
- Division of Emergency Medicine and COVID-19 Sub-Intensive Unit, AOU “Maggiore Della Carità”, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Raffaella Landi
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università Del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), 28100 Novara, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine and COVID-19 Unit, AOU “Maggiore Della Carità”, 28100 Novara, Italy
- Division of Emergency Medicine and COVID-19 Sub-Intensive Unit, AOU “Maggiore Della Carità”, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Venkata Ramana Mallela
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università Del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Davide D’Onghia
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università Del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Rosalba Minisini
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università Del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Mattia Bellan
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università Del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), 28100 Novara, Italy
- CAAD, Center for Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases, Università Del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), 28100 Novara, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine and COVID-19 Unit, AOU “Maggiore Della Carità”, 28100 Novara, Italy
- Internal Medicine and Rheumatology Unit, AOU “Maggiore Della Carità”, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Luigi Mario Castello
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università Del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), 28100 Novara, Italy
- Division of Internal Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera “SS. Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo”, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Francesco Gavelli
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università Del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), 28100 Novara, Italy
- Division of Emergency Medicine and COVID-19 Sub-Intensive Unit, AOU “Maggiore Della Carità”, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Gian Carlo Avanzi
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università Del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), 28100 Novara, Italy
- Division of Emergency Medicine and COVID-19 Sub-Intensive Unit, AOU “Maggiore Della Carità”, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Filippo Patrucco
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università Del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), 28100 Novara, Italy
- Medical Department, Division of Respiratory Diseases, AOU “Maggiore Della Carità”, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Mario Pirisi
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università Del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), 28100 Novara, Italy
- CAAD, Center for Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases, Università Del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), 28100 Novara, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine and COVID-19 Unit, AOU “Maggiore Della Carità”, 28100 Novara, Italy
- Division of Emergency Medicine and COVID-19 Sub-Intensive Unit, AOU “Maggiore Della Carità”, 28100 Novara, Italy
- Internal Medicine and Rheumatology Unit, AOU “Maggiore Della Carità”, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Donato Colangelo
- Department of Health Sciences, Pharmacology Unit, Università Del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Sainaghi
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università Del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), 28100 Novara, Italy
- CAAD, Center for Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases, Università Del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), 28100 Novara, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine and COVID-19 Unit, AOU “Maggiore Della Carità”, 28100 Novara, Italy
- Division of Emergency Medicine and COVID-19 Sub-Intensive Unit, AOU “Maggiore Della Carità”, 28100 Novara, Italy
- Internal Medicine and Rheumatology Unit, AOU “Maggiore Della Carità”, 28100 Novara, Italy
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10
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Takami A. Molecular Immunology in Hematological Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179584. [PMID: 36076973 PMCID: PMC9455795 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Akiyoshi Takami
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute 480-1195, Japan
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