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Huo J, Feng T, Shang H, Guo C, Wu T, Chu M, Zhao H, Wu E, Li H, Wang S, Wei D. Non-targeted metabolomics reveals the characteristics of the unique bitterness substances in quinoa. Heliyon 2024; 10:e37133. [PMID: 39296137 PMCID: PMC11409112 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e37133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2024] [Revised: 08/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Bitterness is a key factor that affects the consumption of quinoa products, even if they are nutritious. In this study, a non-targeted metabolomics approach based on UHPLC-Orbitrap-MS was applied to comprehensively profile the characteristic metabolites of twenty-two quinoas. A total of twenty key metabolites were identified correlated with bitterness, among which, fifteen were triterpenoid saponins. In addition, these metabolites bind to the active site of the human bitter taste receptor and are the main compounds that produce the bitter taste of quinoa. Our results contribute to a deeper understanding of the origin of quinoa bitterness and provide directions for optimizing its flavor to improve market acceptance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqi Huo
- Hebei North University Hebei Key Laboratory of Analysis and Testing for Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products and Food, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, 075000, China
- Hebei North University College of Agriculture, Forestry and Technology, Zhangjiakou, 075000, China
| | - Tingting Feng
- Hebei North University Hebei Key Laboratory of Analysis and Testing for Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products and Food, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, 075000, China
- Hebei North University College of traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhangjiakou, 075000, China
| | - Heting Shang
- Hebei North University Hebei Key Laboratory of Analysis and Testing for Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products and Food, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, 075000, China
- Hebei North University College of Agriculture, Forestry and Technology, Zhangjiakou, 075000, China
| | - Chen Guo
- Hebei North University Hebei Key Laboratory of Analysis and Testing for Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products and Food, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, 075000, China
- Hebei North University College of Agriculture, Forestry and Technology, Zhangjiakou, 075000, China
| | - Tianyu Wu
- Hebei North University College of traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhangjiakou, 075000, China
| | - Mingjuan Chu
- Hebei North University College of traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhangjiakou, 075000, China
| | - Huixin Zhao
- Hebei North University College of traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhangjiakou, 075000, China
| | - Erbin Wu
- Zhangjiakou Animal Health Supervision Institute, Zhangjiakou, 075000, China
| | - Hui Li
- Hebei North University Hebei Key Laboratory of Analysis and Testing for Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products and Food, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, 075000, China
- Hebei North University College of Agriculture, Forestry and Technology, Zhangjiakou, 075000, China
- Hebei North University Zhangjiakou City Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety of Special Agricultural Products, Zhangjiakou, 075000, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Dong Wei
- Hebei North University Hebei Key Laboratory of Analysis and Testing for Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products and Food, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, 075000, China
- Hebei North University College of Agriculture, Forestry and Technology, Zhangjiakou, 075000, China
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Erem E, Kilic-Akyilmaz M. The role of fermentation with lactic acid bacteria in quality and health effects of plant-based dairy analogues. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2024; 23:e13402. [PMID: 39030804 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
The modern food industry is undergoing a rapid change with the trend of production of plant-based food products that are more sustainable and have less impact on nature. Plant-based dairy analogues have been increasingly popular due to their suitability for individuals with milk protein allergy or lactose intolerance and those preferring a plant-based diet. Nevertheless, plant-based products still have insufficient nutritional quality, undesirable structure, and earthy, green, and bean-like flavor compared to dairy products. In addition, most plant-based foods contain lesser amounts of essential nutrients, antinutrients limiting the bioavailability of some nutrients, and allergenic proteins. Novel processing technologies can be applied to have a homogeneous and stable structure. On the other hand, fermentation of plant-based matrix with lactic acid bacteria can provide a solution to most of these problems. Additional nutrients can be produced and antinutrients can be degraded by bacterial metabolism, thereby increasing nutritional value. Allergenic proteins can be hydrolyzed reducing their immunoreactivity. In addition, fermentation has been found to reduce undesired flavors and to enhance various bioactivities of plant foods. However, the main challenge in the production of fermented plant-based dairy analogues is to mimic familiar dairy-like flavors by producing the major flavor compounds other than organic acids, yielding a flavor profile similar to those of fermented dairy products. Further studies are required for the improvement of the flavor of fermented plant-based dairy analogues through the selection of special microbial cultures and formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erenay Erem
- Department of Food Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Meral Kilic-Akyilmaz
- Department of Food Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Türkiye
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Ma Y, Zhao Y, Luo M, Jiang Q, Liu S, Jia Q, Bai Z, Wu F, Xie J. Advancements and challenges in pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic research on the traditional Chinese medicine saponins: a comprehensive review. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1393409. [PMID: 38774213 PMCID: PMC11106373 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1393409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent research on traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) saponin pharmacokinetics has revealed transformative breakthroughs and challenges. The multicomponent nature of TCM makes it difficult to select representative indicators for pharmacokinetic studies. The clinical application of saponins is limited by their low bioavailability and short half-life, resulting in fluctuating plasma concentrations. Future directions should focus on novel saponin compounds utilizing colon-specific delivery and osmotic pump systems to enhance oral bioavailability. Optimizing drug combinations, such as ginsenosides with aspirin, shows therapeutic potential. Rigorous clinical validation is essential for practical applications. This review emphasizes a transformative era in saponin research, highlighting the need for clinical validation. TCM saponin pharmacokinetics, guided by traditional principles, are in development, utilizing multidisciplinary approaches for a comprehensive understanding. This research provides a theoretical basis for new clinical drugs and supports rational clinical medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yongxia Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Mingxia Luo
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Qin Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Sha Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Qi Jia
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Zhixun Bai
- Organ Transplant Center, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Faming Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jian Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
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Zhao Q, Wang J, Li Q, Zhang J, Hou R, Wang Z, Zhu Q, Zhou Y, Chen Y, Huang J. Integrated transcriptome and metabolome analysis provide insights into the mechanism of saponin biosynthesis and its role in alleviating cadmium-induced oxidative damage in Ophiopogon japonicum. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 210:108634. [PMID: 38642440 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Zhe-Maidong, a cultivar of Ophiopogon japonicus is a prominent traditional herbal medicine rich in saponins. This study explored the mechanism of saponin biosynthesis and its role in alleviating Cd-induced oxidative damage in the Zhe-Maidong cultivar using three experimental groups undergoing Cd stress. In the Cd-contaminated soil treatment, total saponins were 1.68 times higher than those in the control. The saponin content in the Cd-2 and Cd-3 treatments was approximately twice as high as that in the Cd-CK treatment. These findings revealed that Cd stress leads to total saponin accumulation. Metabolomic analysis identified the accumulated saponins, primarily several monoterpenoids, diterpenoids, and triterpenoids. The increased saponins exhibited an antioxidant ability to prevent the accumulation of Cd-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS). Subsequent saponin application experiments provided strong evidence that saponin played a crucial role in promoting superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and reducing ROS accumulation. Transcriptome analysis revealed vital genes for saponin synthesis under Cd stress, including SE, two SSs, and six CYP450s, positively correlated with differentially expressed metabolite (DEM) levels in the saponin metabolic pathway. Additionally, the TF-gene regulatory network demonstrated that bHLH1, bHLH3, mTERF, and AUX/IAA transcript factors are crucial regulators of hub genes involved in saponin synthesis. These findings significantly contribute to our understanding of the regulatory network of saponin synthesis and its role in reducing oxidative damage in O. japonicum when exposed to Cd stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhao
- Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qing Li
- Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiarong Zhang
- Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ruijun Hou
- Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhihui Wang
- Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qian Zhu
- Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yifeng Zhou
- Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yue Chen
- Horticulture Research Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Huang
- Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China.
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de Aguiar NS, Hansel FA, Reis CAF, Lazzarotto M, Wendling I. Optimizing the Vanillin-Acid Sulfuric Method to Total Saponin Content in Leaves of Yerba Mate Clones. Chem Biodivers 2024; 21:e202301883. [PMID: 38358959 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202301883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) is a forest species consumed in the form of non-alcoholic beverages in South America, with applications in foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. The species leaves are globally recognized for their important bioactive compounds, including, saponins. We adjusted the vanillin-acid sulfuric method for determining spectrophotometrically the total saponin in yerba mate leaves. Seeking to maximize the extraction of saponins from leaves, a Doehlert design combined with Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used, considering ethanol:water ratios and ultrasound times. In addition, the same methodology was used for the analysis of times and temperatures in the vanillin-sulfuric acid reaction heating. The contents of total saponin in mature leaves were compared in four yerba mate clones. The extraction was maximized using 40 % ethanol:60 % water and 60 minutes of ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) without heating. For the reaction conditions, 70 °C for 10 minutes heating is recommended, and UV/Vis reading from 460 to 680 nm. Using the optimized methodology, total saponin contents ranged from 28.43 to 53.09 mg g-1 in the four yerba mate clones. The significant difference in saponin contents between clones indicate great genetic diversity and potential for clones' selection and extraction of these compounds from yerba mate leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Saudade de Aguiar
- Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Departament of Forest Science, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil, 80210-170
| | - Fabricio Augusto Hansel
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Embrapa Forestry, Colombo, Paraná, Brazil, 83411-000
| | | | - Marcelo Lazzarotto
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Embrapa Grape and Wine, Bento Gonçalves, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 95701-008
| | - Ivar Wendling
- Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Departament of Forest Science, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil, 80210-170
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Embrapa Forestry, Colombo, Paraná, Brazil, 83411-000
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Wijesekara T, Luo J, Xu B. Critical review on anti-inflammation effects of saponins and their molecular mechanisms. Phytother Res 2024; 38:2007-2022. [PMID: 38372176 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.8164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
This review highlights the increasing interest in one of the natural compounds called saponins, for their potential therapeutic applications in addressing inflammation which is a key factor in various chronic diseases. It delves into the molecular mechanisms responsible for the anti-inflammatory effects of these amphiphilic compounds, prevalent in plant-based foods and marine organisms. Their structures vary with soap-like properties influencing historical uses in traditional medicine and sparking renewed scientific interest. Recent research focuses on their potential in chronic inflammatory diseases, unveiling molecular actions such as NF-κB and MAPK pathway regulation and COX/LOX enzyme inhibition. Saponin-containing sources like Panax ginseng and soybeans suggest novel anti-inflammatory therapies. The review explores their emerging role in shaping the gut microbiome, influencing composition and activity, and contributing to anti-inflammatory effects. Specific examples, such as Panax notoginseng and Gynostemma pentaphyllum, illustrate the intricate relationship between saponins, the gut microbiome, and their collective impact on immune regulation and metabolic health. Despite promising findings, the review emphasizes the need for further research to comprehend the mechanisms behind anti-inflammatory effects and their interactions with the gut microbiome, underscoring the crucial role of a balanced gut microbiome for optimal health and positioning saponins as potential dietary interventions for managing chronic inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tharuka Wijesekara
- Food Science and Technology Program, Department of Life Sciences, BNU-HKBU United International College, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Jinhai Luo
- Food Science and Technology Program, Department of Life Sciences, BNU-HKBU United International College, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Baojun Xu
- Food Science and Technology Program, Department of Life Sciences, BNU-HKBU United International College, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
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Tandoro Y, Chen BK, Ali A, Wang CK. Review of Phytochemical Potency as a Natural Anti- Helicobacter pylori and Neuroprotective Agent. Molecules 2023; 28:7150. [PMID: 37894629 PMCID: PMC10609179 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28207150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytochemicals are plant secondary metabolites that show health benefits for humans due to their bioactivity. There is a huge variety of phytochemicals that have already been identified, and these compounds can act as antimicrobial and neuroprotection agents. Due to their anti-microbial activity and neuroprotection, several phytochemicals might have the potency to be used as natural therapeutic agents, especially for Helicobacter pylori infection and neurodegenerative disease, which have become a global health concern nowadays. According to previous research, there are some connections between H. pylori infection and neurodegenerative diseases, especially Alzheimer's disease. Hence, this comprehensive review examines different kinds of phytochemicals from natural sources as potential therapeutic agents to reduce H. pylori infection and improve neurodegenerative disease. An additional large-scale study is needed to establish the connection between H. pylori infection and neurodegenerative disease and how phytochemicals could improve this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohanes Tandoro
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, 110, Section 1, Jianguo North Road, Taichung 40201, Taiwan; (Y.T.); (B.-K.C.); (A.A.)
- Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Widya Mandala Catholic University Surabaya, Surabaya 60265, Indonesia
| | - Bo-Kai Chen
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, 110, Section 1, Jianguo North Road, Taichung 40201, Taiwan; (Y.T.); (B.-K.C.); (A.A.)
| | - Asif Ali
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, 110, Section 1, Jianguo North Road, Taichung 40201, Taiwan; (Y.T.); (B.-K.C.); (A.A.)
| | - Chin-Kun Wang
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, 110, Section 1, Jianguo North Road, Taichung 40201, Taiwan; (Y.T.); (B.-K.C.); (A.A.)
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