1
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Pinckard JL, Gibson LA, Williams WR. Comparison of two bedding types on the breeding fecundity of C57BL/6J mice. Lab Anim 2024:236772241249783. [PMID: 39157974 DOI: 10.1177/00236772241249783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
One of the favored options for generating complex transgenic laboratory mice is through in-house breeding and management strategies. One consideration in the management of these colonies is how the animals' environment may affect reproductive success. Several aspects of the microenvironment can be controlled or manipulated, including cage type, bedding, enrichment, diet, and temperature and humidity. This study sought to evaluate reproductive outcomes for C57BL/6J mice that were randomly assigned to one of two different bedding types: paper based or corncob bedding. Our hypothesis was there would be no significant difference in reproductive outcomes between the two bedding types. A total of 10 males and 10 females were paired at 45 days of age. Animals were allowed to breed for 15 consecutive weeks. Cages were checked daily for the presence of pups and a pup count was performed at 7 days of age. Weaning occurred at 20 or 21 days of age, at which time a final pup count, pup weight, and sex were recorded. All litters born and pups weaned in the 15-week timeframe were used for data analysis. Statistical analysis compared cannibalization between the two groups and the results showed no statistical difference between groups (p > 0.05). Other parameters analyzed included average litter size, average weaning weight, and number of litters per group. All pups counted at Day 7 survived to weaning age in both groups. We concluded that both bedding types produced similar success regarding breeding fecundity in C57BL/6J mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Pinckard
- Division of Comparative Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Lauren A Gibson
- Division of Comparative Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Wendy R Williams
- Division of Comparative Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
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2
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Nikolov N, Petkova T, Binev R, Milanova A. Low Doses of Deoxynivalenol and Zearalenone Alone or in Combination with a Mycotoxin Binder Affect ABCB1 mRNA and ABCC2 mRNA Expression in the Intestines of Pigs. TOXICS 2024; 12:297. [PMID: 38668520 PMCID: PMC11054541 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12040297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Mycotoxin binders, in combination with enzymes degrading some mycotoxins, contribute to feed detoxification. Their use reduces economic losses and the negative impacts of mycotoxins on animal health and productivity in farm animals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a mycotoxin detoxifier on the expression of the ATP-binding cassette efflux transporters ABCB1 mRNA and ABCC2 mRNA, which transport xenobiotics and thus have a barrier function, in the tissues of pigs exposed to low doses of deoxynivalenol (DON, 1 mg/kg feed) and zearalenone (ZEN, 0.4 mg/kg feed) for 37 days. The levels of expression were determined by an RT-PCR, and the effect of the mycotoxin detoxifier (Mycofix Plus3.E) was evaluated by a comparison of results between healthy pigs (n = 6), animals treated with DON and ZEN (n = 6), and a group that received both mycotoxins and the detoxifier (n = 6). A significant downregulation of ABCB1 mRNA and ABCC2 mRNA was observed in the jejunum (p < 0.05). A tendencies toward the downregulation of ABCB1 mRNA and ABCC2 mRNA were found in the ileum and duodenum, respectively. The mycotoxin detoxifier restored the expression of ABCB1 mRNA to the level found in healthy animals but did not restore that of ABCC2 mRNA to the level of healthy animals in the jejunum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay Nikolov
- Department of Internal Non-Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, 6015 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria; (N.N.); (R.B.)
| | - Tsvetelina Petkova
- Department of Pharmacology, Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, 6015 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria;
| | - Rumen Binev
- Department of Internal Non-Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, 6015 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria; (N.N.); (R.B.)
| | - Aneliya Milanova
- Department of Pharmacology, Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, 6015 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria;
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3
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Huang N, Sheng W, Jin Z, Bai D, Sun M, Ren L, Wang S, Wang Z, Tang X, Ya T. Colorimetric and photothermal dual-mode immunosensor based on Ti 3C 2T x/AuNPs nanocomposite with enhanced peroxidase-like activity for ultrasensitive detection of zearalenone in cereals. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:479. [PMID: 37994918 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-06073-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
A novel peroxidase-like nanozyme has been constructed by decorating two-dimensional Ti3C2Tx nanosheets (Ti3C2Tx NSs) with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to develop a colorimetric and photothermal dual-mode immunosensor. The Ti3C2Tx/AuNPs nanocomposite-catalyzed 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB)-H2O2 reaction system produces the one-electron oxidation product of TMB (oxTMB), which exhibits color change and strong near-infrared (NIR) laser-driven photothermal effect at 808 nm laser irradiation. Given these characteristics, the developed immunosensor achieves ultrasensitive dual-mode detection of zearalenone (ZEN) by measuring colorimetric and photothermal signals with a microplate reader and a portable infrared thermometer, respectively. Under optimal working conditions, the limit of detection (LOD) of ZEN is 0.15 pg mL-1 for the colorimetric mode and 0.48 pg mL-1 for the photothermal mode. In the analysis of actual contaminated cereals samples, the test result of this method was consistent with that of UPLC-MS/MS. The proposed colorimetric and photothermal dual-mode immunosensor offers a new strategy for the low-cost detection of hazardous substances. The application of a widely used household infrared thermometer makes the signal readout more convenient, which provides great prospects in food safety and environment inspection applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Health of Tianjin, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Wei Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Health of Tianjin, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China.
| | - Zixin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Health of Tianjin, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Dongmei Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Health of Tianjin, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Meiyi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Health of Tianjin, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Lishuai Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Health of Tianjin, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Health of Tianjin, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Ziwuzhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Health of Tianjin, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Xinshuang Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Health of Tianjin, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Tingting Ya
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Health of Tianjin, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
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4
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Wang J, Zhang M, Yang J, Yang X, Zhang J, Zhao Z. Type A Trichothecene Metabolic Profile Differentiation, Mechanisms, Biosynthetic Pathways, and Evolution in Fusarium Species-A Mini Review. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:446. [PMID: 37505715 PMCID: PMC10467051 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15070446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichothecenes are the most common Fusarium toxins detected in grains and related products. Type A trichothecenes are among the mycotoxins of greatest concern to food and feed safety due to their high toxicity. Recently, two different trichothecene genotypes within Fusarium species were reported. The available information showed that Tri1 and Tri16 genes are the key determinants of the trichothecene profiles of T-2 and DAS genotypes. In this review, polymorphisms in the Tri1 and Tri16 genes in the two genotypes were investigated. Meanwhile, the functions of genes involved in DAS and NEO biosynthesis are discussed. The possible biosynthetic pathways of DAS and NEO are proposed in this review, which will facilitate the understanding of the synthesis process of trichothecenes in Fusarium strains and may also inspire researchers to design and conduct further research. Together, the review provides insight into trichothecene profile differentiation and Tri gene evolutionary processes responsible for the structural diversification of trichothecene produced by Fusarium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Wang
- Institute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai 201403, China; (M.Z.); (J.Y.); (X.Y.); (J.Z.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Mengyuan Zhang
- Institute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai 201403, China; (M.Z.); (J.Y.); (X.Y.); (J.Z.); (Z.Z.)
- College of Food Sciences & Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Junhua Yang
- Institute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai 201403, China; (M.Z.); (J.Y.); (X.Y.); (J.Z.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Xianli Yang
- Institute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai 201403, China; (M.Z.); (J.Y.); (X.Y.); (J.Z.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Jiahui Zhang
- Institute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai 201403, China; (M.Z.); (J.Y.); (X.Y.); (J.Z.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Zhihui Zhao
- Institute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai 201403, China; (M.Z.); (J.Y.); (X.Y.); (J.Z.); (Z.Z.)
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5
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Fernandes LB, D'Souza JS, Prasad TSK, Ghag SB. Isolation and characterization of extracellular vesicles from Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense, a banana wilt pathogen. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2023; 1867:130382. [PMID: 37207907 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2023.130382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium wilt of banana is a destructive widespread disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc) that ravaged banana plantations globally, incurring huge economic losses. Current knowledge demonstrates the involvement of several transcription factors, effector proteins, and small RNAs in the Foc-banana interaction. However, the precise mode of communication at the interface remains elusive. Cutting-edge research has emphasized the significance of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in trafficking the virulent factors modulating the host physiology and defence system. EVs are ubiquitous inter- and intra-cellular communicators across kingdoms. This study focuses on the isolation and characterization of Foc EVs from methods that make use of sodium acetate, polyethylene glycol, ethyl acetate, and high-speed centrifugation. Isolated EVs were microscopically visualized using Nile red staining. Further, the EVs were characterized using transmission electron microscopy, which revealed the presence of spherical, double-membrane, vesicular structures ranging in size from 50 to 200 nm (diameter). The size was also determined using the principle based on Dynamic Light Scattering. The Foc EVs contained proteins that were separated using SDS-PAGE and ranged between 10 and 315 kDa. Mass spectrometry analysis revealed the presence of EV-specific marker proteins, toxic peptides, and effectors. The Foc EVs were found to be cytotoxic, whose toxicity increased with EVs isolated from the co-culture preparation. Taken together, a better understanding of Foc EVs and their cargo will aid in deciphering the molecular crosstalk between banana and Foc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizelle B Fernandes
- School of Biological Sciences, UM-DAE Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences, University of Mumbai campus, Kalina, Santacruz (East), Mumbai 400098, India
| | - Jacinta S D'Souza
- School of Biological Sciences, UM-DAE Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences, University of Mumbai campus, Kalina, Santacruz (East), Mumbai 400098, India
| | - T S Keshava Prasad
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Center, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), University Road, Deralakatte, Mangalore 575018, India
| | - Siddhesh B Ghag
- School of Biological Sciences, UM-DAE Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences, University of Mumbai campus, Kalina, Santacruz (East), Mumbai 400098, India.
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6
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Nomura M, Shidara K, Yasuda I. Inter-laboratory study on simultaneous quantification of ten trichothecenes in feed. Mycotoxin Res 2023; 39:95-108. [PMID: 36853556 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-023-00476-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
An inter-laboratory study was performed in eight laboratories to evaluate the simultaneous quantification method for HT-2 toxin (HT-2), T-2 toxin (T-2), diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), neosolaniol (NES), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-AcDON), 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-AcDON), deoxynivalenol (DON), deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (D3G), nivalenol (NIV), and fusarenon-X (FUS-X) in feed. The mycotoxins in the samples were extracted with hydrous acetonitrile, purified using a multifunctional column (InertSep® VRA-3) and a phospholipid removal column (Hybrid SPE®-Phospholipid), and then quantified using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) with atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation mode. The mean recovery, repeatability, reproducibility, and Horwitz ratio from the inter-laboratory validation study were 99.8-109%, 3.1-9.8%, 4.3-9.8%, and 0.19-0.45, respectively, for type A trichothecenes (HT-2, T-2, DAS, and NES). Those values for type B trichothecenes (3-AcDON, 15-AcDON, DON, NIV, and FUS-X) were 89.9-116%, 3.4-9.1%, 5.6-14%, and 0.25-0.70, and the values for modified mycotoxin (D3G) were 78.2-96.7%, 3.5-6.4%, and 13-22%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayo Nomura
- Food and Agricultural Materials Inspection Center, Fertilizer and Feed Inspection Department, Saitama Shintoshin National Government Building, Kensato Building, Shintoshin 2-1, Chuo-ku, Saitama-shi, 330-9731, Saitama, Japan.
| | - Kenji Shidara
- Food and Agricultural Materials Inspection Center, Fertilizer and Feed Inspection Department, Saitama Shintoshin National Government Building, Kensato Building, Shintoshin 2-1, Chuo-ku, Saitama-shi, 330-9731, Saitama, Japan
| | - Iyo Yasuda
- Food and Agricultural Materials Inspection Center, Fertilizer and Feed Inspection Department, Saitama Shintoshin National Government Building, Kensato Building, Shintoshin 2-1, Chuo-ku, Saitama-shi, 330-9731, Saitama, Japan
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7
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Comprehensive review of liquid chromatography methods for fumonisin determination, a 2006-2022 update. ARAB J CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2023.104716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
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8
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Ji J, Huang H, Li L, Ye J, Sun J, Sheng L, Ye Y, Zheng Y, Zhang Z, Sun X. Volatile Metabolite Profiling of Wheat Kernels Contaminated by Fusarium graminearum. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 71:3508-3517. [PMID: 36576334 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c06711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Traditional methods used to detect fungi or mycotoxins are time-consuming and prevent real-time monitoring. In this study, solid-phase microextraction combined with full two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry was utilized to detect volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by fungi during grain infestation predictive F. graminearum PH-1 infestation in wheat. The results show that the VOCs emitted by F. graminearum can distinguish strains at different growth stages. The growth matrices (potato dextrose agar medium and wheat kernels) play a large role in VOC production. The infection of wheat sample F. graminearum showed that a specific relationship between VOCs and the composition of fungal flora, for example, 5-pentyl-cyclohexa-1,3-diene, 3-hexanone, and 1,3-octadiene, was positively correlated with the infection rate of PH-1. In the correlation study of fungal mycotoxins and VOCs, zearalenone produced by F. graminearum was predicted based on the VOCs released. Further analysis determined the correlation of three VOCs, 6-butyl-1,4-cycloheptadiene, hexahydro-3-methylenebenzofuran-2(3H)-one, and (E,E)-3,5-octadien-2-one, with zearalenone production, confirming the ability of VOCs as characteristic markers of mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- College of Food Science and Pharmacy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, No. 311 Nongda Dong Road, Ürümqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, 830052, P. R. China
| | - Heyang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Li Li
- LECO Instruments (Shanghai) Company Limited, Shanghai 200000, P. R. China
| | - Jin Ye
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, No.11 Baiwanzhuang Str, Xicheng District, Beijing 100037, P. R. China
| | - Jiadi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Lina Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Yongli Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Yi Zheng
- Key Laboratory for High-Tech Research and Development of Veterinary Biopharmaceuticals, Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Zhijie Zhang
- LECO Instruments (Shanghai) Company Limited, Shanghai 200000, P. R. China
| | - Xiulan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yixing 214200, China
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Zhao C, Xie P, Jin J, Jin Q, Wang X. Kinetics, Thermodynamics and Mechanism of Enzymatic Degradation of Zearalenone in Degummed Corn Oil. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 15:19. [PMID: 36668839 PMCID: PMC9867155 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The kinetics and thermodynamics of the enzymatic degradation of zearalenone (ZEN) in degummed corn oil were investigated by analyzing the impacts of temperature, pH, ZEN hydrolase dosage and ZEN concentration on the initial reaction rate. The kinetic study found that the maximum reaction rate was 0.97 μmol × kg−1 min−1, the Michaelis constant (Km) was 11,476 μmol × kg−1 and the Michaelis equation was V = 0.97[S]/(11,476 + [S]). The thermodynamic study showed that the activation energy (Ea) was 70.37 kJ·mol−1, the activation enthalpy change of the reaction (ΔH) > 0, the free energy of activation (ΔG) > 0 and the activation entropy change (ΔS) < 0, indicating the reaction could not be spontaneous. The reaction mechanism of ZEN was studied by a hybrid quadrupole orbitrap mass spectrometer. It was found that ZEN first generated the intermediate G/L/D/W-ZEN+H2O, followed by generating the intermediate W-ZEN-H2O under the action of a degrading enzyme. Then, the lactone bond was opened to produce C18H24O6, and finally the decarboxylation product C17H24O4 formed automatically.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Qingzhe Jin
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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10
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Zhang C, Li C, Liu K, Zhang Y. Characterization of zearalenone-induced hepatotoxicity and its mechanisms by transcriptomics in zebrafish model. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 309:136637. [PMID: 36181844 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Zearalenone is a mycotoxin produced by several species of Fusarium fungi, which contaminates crop and cereal products worldwide. It is widely distributed and can be transported from agricultural fields to the aquatic environment via soil run-off. Zearalenone exposure can cause serious health problems to humans and animals, including estrogenic, immunotoxic, and xenogenic effects. Though its hepatotoxicity has been reported by few studies, the underlying mechanisms are yet to be investigated. This study aimed to comprehensively evaluate the hepatotoxic effects of zearalenone and its molecular mechanism in the zebrafish model system. First, we found zearalenone exposure can cause liver injury, as evidenced by reduced liver size, decreased liver-specific fluorescence, increased aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity, delayed yolk sac absorption and lipid accumulation. Then, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was performed using dissected zebrafish fry liver, which found genes involved in oxidation and reduction were significantly enriched. Quantitative real-time PCR further confirmed the dysregulated expression of several antioxidant enzymes. Additionally, lipid peroxidation was proved by increased malondialdehyde (MDA) production and gene expression at the mRNA level. In contrast to the previous study, apoptosis was likely decreased in response to zearalenone exposure. Last, glucuronidation and amino acid metabolism were also disrupted by zearalenone. Our results revealed the complex mechanism of zearalenone-induced hepatotoxicity, which is a valuable contribution to a more comprehensive understanding of the toxicity of zearalenone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changqing Zhang
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), 28789 Jingshidong Road, Licheng District, Jinan, 250103, China; Engineering Research Center of Zebrafish Models for Human Diseases and Drug Screening of Shandong Province, 28789 Jingshidong Road, Licheng District, Jinan, 250103, China; Key Laboratory of Birth Regulation and Control Technology of National Health Commission of China, Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Chenqinyao Li
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), 28789 Jingshidong Road, Licheng District, Jinan, 250103, China; Engineering Research Center of Zebrafish Models for Human Diseases and Drug Screening of Shandong Province, 28789 Jingshidong Road, Licheng District, Jinan, 250103, China
| | - Kechun Liu
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), 28789 Jingshidong Road, Licheng District, Jinan, 250103, China; Engineering Research Center of Zebrafish Models for Human Diseases and Drug Screening of Shandong Province, 28789 Jingshidong Road, Licheng District, Jinan, 250103, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), 28789 Jingshidong Road, Licheng District, Jinan, 250103, China; Engineering Research Center of Zebrafish Models for Human Diseases and Drug Screening of Shandong Province, 28789 Jingshidong Road, Licheng District, Jinan, 250103, China.
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11
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Zhao C, Xie P, Jin J, Jin Q, Wang X. Removal of Zearalenone from Degummed Corn Oil by Hydrolase on a Batch-Refining Unit. Foods 2022; 11:foods11233795. [PMID: 36496603 PMCID: PMC9737285 DOI: 10.3390/foods11233795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The removal of zearalenone (ZEN) from degummed corn oil (DCO) using hydrolase on a batch-refining unit was studied. According to single-factor and response surface experiments, the optimum technological conditions for reaching the maximum degradation rate were a temperature of 39.01 °C, a pH of 8.08, a time of 3.9 h, and an enzyme dosage of 44.7 mg/kg, whereby the rate of ZEN degradation can reach 94.66%. Different effects on the removal of ZEN were observed at different initial ZEN contents under the optimal technological conditions, of which the decrease was rapid for high ZEN content and slow for low ZEN content.
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12
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Bjørklund G, Shanaida M, Lysiuk R, Butnariu M, Peana M, Sarac I, Strus O, Smetanina K, Chirumbolo S. Natural Compounds and Products from an Anti-Aging Perspective. Molecules 2022; 27:7084. [PMID: 36296673 PMCID: PMC9610014 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27207084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is a very complex process that is accompanied by a degenerative impairment in many of the major functions of the human body over time. This inevitable process is influenced by hereditary factors, lifestyle, and environmental influences such as xenobiotic pollution, infectious agents, UV radiation, diet-borne toxins, and so on. Many external and internal signs and symptoms are related with the aging process and senescence, including skin dryness and wrinkles, atherosclerosis, diabetes, neurodegenerative disorders, cancer, etc. Oxidative stress, a consequence of the imbalance between pro- and antioxidants, is one of the main provoking factors causing aging-related damages and concerns, due to the generation of highly reactive byproducts such as reactive oxygen and nitrogen species during the metabolism, which result in cellular damage and apoptosis. Antioxidants can prevent these processes and extend healthy longevity due to the ability to inhibit the formation of free radicals or interrupt their propagation, thereby lowering the level of oxidative stress. This review focuses on supporting the antioxidant system of the organism by balancing the diet through the consumption of the necessary amount of natural ingredients, including vitamins, minerals, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), essential amino acids, probiotics, plants' fibers, nutritional supplements, polyphenols, some phytoextracts, and drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geir Bjørklund
- Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine (CONEM), Toften 24, 8610 Mo i Rana, Norway
| | - Mariia Shanaida
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Medical Botany, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, 46001 Ternopil, Ukraine
| | - Roman Lysiuk
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Botany, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, 79010 Lviv, Ukraine
- CONEM Ukraine Life Science Research Group, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, 79010 Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Monica Butnariu
- Chemistry & Biochemistry Discipline, Banat’s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine “King Michael I of Romania” from Timisoara, 300645 Timisoara, Romania
- CONEM Romania Biotechnology and Environmental Sciences Group, University of Life Sciences “King Mihai I” from Timisoara, 300645 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Massimiliano Peana
- Department of Chemical, Physical, Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Ioan Sarac
- Chemistry & Biochemistry Discipline, Banat’s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine “King Michael I of Romania” from Timisoara, 300645 Timisoara, Romania
- CONEM Romania Biotechnology and Environmental Sciences Group, University of Life Sciences “King Mihai I” from Timisoara, 300645 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Oksana Strus
- Department of Drug Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, 79010 Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Kateryna Smetanina
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Pharmacy, Lesya Ukrainka Volyn National University, 43025 Lutsk, Ukraine
| | - Salvatore Chirumbolo
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
- CONEM Scientific Secretary, Strada Le Grazie 9, 37134 Verona, Italy
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Hosseini K, Ahangari H, Chapeland-leclerc F, Ruprich-Robert G, Tarhriz V, Dilmaghani A. Role of Fungal Infections in Carcinogenesis and Cancer Development: A Literature Review. Adv Pharm Bull 2022; 12:747-756. [PMID: 36415634 PMCID: PMC9675916 DOI: 10.34172/apb.2022.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a serious debilitating disease and one of the most common causes of death. In recent decades the high risk of various cancers enforced scientists to discover novel prevention and treatment methods to diminish the mortality of this terrifying disease. Accordingly, its prevention can be possible in near future. Based on epidemiological evidence, there is a clear link between pathogenic fungal infections and cancer development. This association is often seen in people with weakened immune systems such as the elderly and people with acquired immunodeficiency (AIDS). Carcinoma in these people is first seen chronically and then acutely. Although the different genetic and environmental risk factors are involved in carcinogenesis, one of the most important risk factors is fungal species and infections associating with cancers etiology. Now it is known that microbial infection is responsible for initiating 2.2 million new cancer cases. In this way, many recent studies have focused on investigating the role and mechanism of fungal infections in diverse cancers occurrence. This review provides a comprehensive framework of the latest clinical findings and the association of fungal infections with versatile cancers including esophageal, gastric, colorectal, lung, cervical, skin, and ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamran Hosseini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hossein Ahangari
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Florence Chapeland-leclerc
- Université de Paris, Faculté des Sciences, Laboratoire Interdiciplinaire des Energies de Demain (LIED), UMR 8236 CNRS, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Gwenael Ruprich-Robert
- Université de Paris, Faculté des Sciences, Laboratoire Interdiciplinaire des Energies de Demain (LIED), UMR 8236 CNRS, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Vahideh Tarhriz
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Bio-Medicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Azita Dilmaghani
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Becker LL, DeRouchey JM, Woodworth JC, Tokach MD, Goodband RD, Vidal A, Gougoulias C, Gebhardt JT. Evaluation of dietary mycotoxin control strategies on nursery pig growth performance and blood measures. Transl Anim Sci 2022; 6:txac081. [PMID: 35813664 PMCID: PMC9263879 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txac081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 4,318 pigs (337 × 1,050, PIC; initially 6.5 ± 0.08 kg) were used in a 35-day study to evaluate dietary mycotoxin control strategies on nursery pig performance and blood measures. Pigs were weaned at approximately 21 d of age and randomly allotted to 1 of 5 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design with blocking structure including sow farm origin, date of entry into facility, and average pen BW. A total of 160 pens were used with 80 double-sided 5-hole stainless steel fence line feeders, with feeder serving as the experimental unit. For each feeder, 1 pen contained 27 gilts and 1 pen contained 27 barrows. There were 16 replications per dietary treatment. A common phase 1 diet was fed to all pigs in pelleted form for 7 day prior to treatment diets. Experimental treatments were fed from days 7 to 42 after weaning (days 0 to 35 of the study) and included a low deoxynivalenol (DON) diet (1.12 ± 0.623 mg/kg), high DON diet (2.34 ± 1.809 mg/kg), high DON+ 0.50% sodium metabisulfite (SMB), high DON+ one of two mitigating products; 0.30% Technology1, or 0.30% Technology1+. Technology1 and 1+ are comprised of clays, yeast cell wall components, and a blend of plant extracts. Technology1+ also contains SMB. Overall (days 0 to 35), pigs fed high DON had decreased (P < 0.05) final BW, ADG, and ADFI compared with low DON. Additionally, pigs fed high DON+SMB had increased (P < 0.05) ADG compared with all other treatments. An improvement (P < 0.05) in G:F was observed in pigs fed high DON + SMB or high DON + Technology1+ compared with the low DON or high DON + Technology1 diets with high DON diets intermediate. Pigs fed high DON + SMB or high DON + Technology1 diets had reduced (P < 0.05) total removals and mortality compared with pigs fed low DON diets with high DON and high DON + Technology1+ intermediate. Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis of circulating blood collected on day 35 revealed that pigs fed high DON or high DON + Technology1 had increased (P < 0.05) DON concentrations compared to low DON with high DON + SMB and high DON + Technology1+ intermediate. In summary, pigs fed high DON diets had reduced performance compared with pigs fed low DON. Sodium metabisulfite in high DON diets provided a benefit in growth performance with ADG and G:F exceeding growth performance in the low DON diet while, the improved G:F ratio combined with other immunometabolic changes (gamma glutamyltransferase and creatine kinase) associated with Technology1+ warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa L Becker
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University , Manhattan, KS 66506-0201 , USA
| | - Joel M DeRouchey
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University , Manhattan, KS 66506-0201 , USA
| | - Jason C Woodworth
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University , Manhattan, KS 66506-0201 , USA
| | - Mike D Tokach
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University , Manhattan, KS 66506-0201 , USA
| | - Robert D Goodband
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University , Manhattan, KS 66506-0201 , USA
| | - Arnau Vidal
- Innovad NV/SA , Postbaan 69, 2910 Essen , Belgium
| | | | - Jordan T Gebhardt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University , Manhattan, KS 66506-0201 , USA
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Bai J, Zhou Y, Luo X, Hai J, Si X, Li J, Fu H, Dai Z, Yang Y, Wu Z. Roles of stress response-related signaling and its contribution to the toxicity of zearalenone in mammals. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:3326-3345. [PMID: 35751400 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEA) is a mycotoxin frequently found in cereal crops and cereal-derived foodstuffs worldwide. It affects plant productivity, and is also a serious hazard to humans and animals if being exposed to food/feed contaminated by ZEA. Studies over the last decade have shown that the toxicity of ZEA in animals is mainly mediated by the various stress responses, such as endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, oxidative stress, and others. Accumulating evidence shows that oxidative stress and ER stress signaling are actively implicated in and contributes to the pathophysiology of various diseases. Biochemically, the deleterious effects of ZEA are associated with apoptosis, DNA damage, and lipid peroxidation by regulating the expression of genes implicated in these biological processes. Despite these findings, the underlying mechanisms responsible for these alterations remain unclear. This review summarized the characteristics, metabolism, toxicity and the deleterious effects of ZEA exposure in various tissues of animals. Stress response signaling implicated in the toxicity as well as potential therapeutic options with the ability to reduce the deleterious effects of ZEA in animals were highlighted and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Companion Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yusong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Companion Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Companion Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jia Hai
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Companion Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xuemeng Si
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Companion Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Companion Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Huiyang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Companion Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zhaolai Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Companion Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Ying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Companion Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zhenlong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Companion Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China.,Beijing Jingwa Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Center, #1, Yuda Road, Pinggu, Beijing, P. R. China
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16
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Mycotoxin-Linked Mutations and Cancer Risk: A Global Health Issue. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19137754. [PMID: 35805411 PMCID: PMC9266006 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19137754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Humans continue to be constantly exposed to mycotoxins, mainly through oral exposure (dietary), inhalation, or dermal contact. Recently, it has been of increasing interest to investigate mycotoxin-linked carcinogenicity. This systematic review was conducted to synthesize evidence of the association between mycotoxin-linked mutations and the risk of cancer, to provide an overview of the data linking exposure to different mycotoxins with human cancer risk, and to provide an update on current research on the risk of cancer associated with human exposure to mycotoxins. PRISMA guidelines were used when conducting the systematic review. PubMed, MEDLINE, and CINAHL electronic databases were comprehensively searched to extract the relevant studies published from inception to May 2022. A total of sixteen relevant studies (4907 participants) were identified and included in this review. Of these, twelve studies were from Asia, while four of the studies were conducted in Africa. The overall meta-analysis result found no significant association, although some of the studies confirmed an association between mycotoxin-linked mutations and primary liver cancer risk. Mainly, the experimental studies have shown associations between mycotoxin-linked mutations and cancer risk, and there is a need for researchers to confirm these links in epidemiological studies in order to guide public health policies and interventions.
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17
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Research Progress of Safety of Zearalenone: A Review. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14060386. [PMID: 35737047 PMCID: PMC9230539 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14060386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone, a mycotoxin produced by fungi of the genus Fusarium, widely exists in animal feed and human food. The structure of zearalenone is similar to estrogen, so it mainly has estrogenic effects on various organisms. Products contaminated with zearalenone can pose risks to animals and humans. Therefore, it is imperative to carry out toxicological research on zearalenone and evaluate its risk to human health. This paper briefly introduces the production, physical, and chemical properties of zearalenone and the research progress of its toxicity kinetics, focusing on its genetic toxicity, reproductive toxicity, hepatotoxicity, immunotoxicity, carcinogenicity, endocrine interference, and its impact on intestinal health. Finally, the progress of the risk assessment of human exposure is summarized to provide a reference for the follow-up study of zearalenone.
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18
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Uwineza PA, Urbaniak M, Bryła M, Stępień Ł, Modrzewska M, Waśkiewicz A. In Vitro Effects of Lemon Balm Extracts in Reducing the Growth and Mycotoxins Biosynthesis of Fusarium culmorum and F. proliferatum. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:355. [PMID: 35622601 PMCID: PMC9143328 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14050355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this research were to obtain the extracts of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) using supercritical CO2 (SC-CO2) and methanol as co-solvent and evaluate the antifungal activity of those extracts against two selected strains of Fusarium species (Fusarium culmorum and Fusarium proliferatum). The extraction conditions were set at 40 and 60 °C and 250 bar. The obtained extracts were characterized in terms of antifungal activity on potato dextrose agar media (PDA). The results showed that the extraction parameters had different effects on mycelium growth and mycotoxins biosynthesis reduction. All studied lemon balm extracts (1, 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10%) inhibited the growth of F. proliferatum and F. culmorum mycelia compared to the control. The lemon balm extracts significantly reduced ergosterol content and synthesized mycotoxins in both tested strains. These findings support the antifungal activity of lemon balm extracts against F. proliferatum and F. culmorum. However, more research on other Fusarium species is needed, as well as in vivo applications, before considering lemon balm extracts as a natural alternative to synthetic fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascaline Aimee Uwineza
- Department of Chemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Monika Urbaniak
- Pathogen Genetics and Plant Resistance Department, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 60-479 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Marcin Bryła
- Department of Food Safety and Chemical Analysis, Prof. Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, Rakowiecka 36, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland; (M.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Łukasz Stępień
- Department of Plant-Pathogen Interaction, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 60-479 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Marta Modrzewska
- Department of Food Safety and Chemical Analysis, Prof. Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, Rakowiecka 36, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland; (M.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Agnieszka Waśkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625 Poznań, Poland;
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Brito VD, Achimón F, Zunino MP, Zygadlo JA, Pizzolitto RP. Fungal diversity and mycotoxins detected in maize stored in silo-bags: a review. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:2640-2650. [PMID: 35076089 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Silo-bags are hermetic storage systems that inhibit fungal growth because of their atmosphere with low humidity, as well as low pH and O2 concentrations, and a high CO2 concentration. If a silo-bag with stored maize loses its hermetic nature, it favors the development of fungi and the production of mycotoxins. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first review on the diversity of fungal species and mycotoxins that were reported in maize stored under the environmental conditions provided by silo-bags. The genera Penicillium, Aspergillus and Fusarium were found more frequently, whereas Acremonium spp., Alternaria sp., Candida sp., Cladosporium sp., Debaryomyces spp., Epiconum sp., Eupenicillium spp., Eurotium sp., Eurotium amstelodami, Hyphopichia spp., Hyphopichia burtonii, Moniliella sp., Wallemia sp. and genera within the orden Mucorales were reported less recurrently. Despite finding a great fungal diversity, all of the studies focused their investigations on a small group of toxins: fumonisins (FBs), aflatoxins (AFs), deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEA), patulin (PAT), toxin T2 (T2) and ochratoxin (OT). Of the FBs, fumonisin B1 and fumonisin B2 presented higher incidence percentages, followed by fumonisin B3 . Of the AFs, the only one reported was aflatoxin B1. The mycotoxins DON, ZEA and OT were found with lower incidences, whereas PAT and T2 were not detected. Good management practices of the silo-bags are necessary to achieve a hermetically sealed environment, without exchange of gases and water with the external environment during the storage period. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa D Brito
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos (ICTA), FCEFyN, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Fernanda Achimón
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos (ICTA), FCEFyN, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María P Zunino
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos (ICTA), FCEFyN, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Julio A Zygadlo
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos (ICTA), FCEFyN, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Romina P Pizzolitto
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos (ICTA), FCEFyN, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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20
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Antifungal Potential of Azotobacter salinestris Strain Azt 31 against Phytopathogenic Fusarium spp. Associated with Cereals. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8050473. [PMID: 35628729 PMCID: PMC9145299 DOI: 10.3390/jof8050473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Antifungal efficacy of Azotobacter salinestris against trichothecene-producing Fusarium spp. was investigated in maize, sorghum, and wheat. The three cereals were subjected to four treatments as control (T1), Fusarium alone (T2), combination of Fusarium and A. salinestris treatment (T3), and only A. salinestris (T4). All the treatments were evaluated for total mass of seedlings, root and shoot length, seed germination, and vigor index (VI), and extent of rhizoplane colonization by A. salinestris was investigated. Further, greenhouse studies were conducted to learn the efficacy of A. salinestris in vivo conditions. Antifungal efficacy was tested by the dual-culture method which resulted in significant reduction in Fusarium growth. Infection by Fusarium was reduced up to 50% in treated cereals such as maize, sorghum, and wheat, and there was also significant increase in seedling mass in the three hosts. Maize showed the highest VI (1859.715), followed by sorghum (1470.84), and wheat (2804.123) with A. salinestris treatment. In addition, seed germination was enhanced to 76% in maize, 69% in sorghum, and 68% in wheat, respectively. Efficacy of rhizoplane colonization showed successful isolation of A. salinestris with high CFU rate, and furthermore, significant colonization inhibition by Fusarium spp. was observed. In the greenhouse conditions, on the 45th day of the experimental set-up, the highest shoot length/root length recorded in maize was 155.70/70.0 cm, in sorghum 165.90/48.0 cm, and in wheat 77.85/56.0 cm, and the maximum root mass recorded was 17.53 g in maize, 4.52 g in sorghum, and 1.90 g in wheat. Our present study showed that seed treatment by A. salinestris, may be used as an alternate biocontrol method against Fusarium infection in maize, sorghum, and wheat.
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21
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Janavičienė S, Mankevičienė A, Kochiieru Y, Venslovas E. T-2 and HT-2 toxins in harvested oat grains and their prevalence in whole grain flour during storage. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2022; 39:1284-1295. [PMID: 35435794 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2063392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxin contamination of food is a constant global concern. There has been a scientific debate in Europe on the validation of accredited detection methods for type A trichothecenes T-2 and HT-2 and the restriction on dangerous concentrations. The issue is of great importance as this type of mycotoxin is frequently found in spring cereals grown in Lithuania. The aim of this study was to optimise and validate a method for the determination of T-2/HT-2 toxin concentrations in oats harvested in 2015-2018 and to observe the changes in the concentrations of both toxins in oat flour during 3- and 6-week storage at different temperatures and increased relative air humidity. All of the oat grain samples (100%) collected in 2015-2018 tested positive for contamination with type A trichothecenes. The highest mean co-contamination by T-2 + HT-2 (260.4 ± 140.9 µg/kg) and the highest concentration (594.6 µg/kg) were determined in 2018 when warm and wet weather conditions prevailed during oat flowering. The effect of long-term storage (6 weeks) on T-2 and HT-2 toxin production manifested itself only when the samples had been stored under cooler conditions (8 °C). The most important factors which impacted the variation of the concentrations of type A trichothecenes in flour were ambient temperature and storage time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigita Janavičienė
- Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Kėdainiai, Lithuania
| | | | - Yuliia Kochiieru
- Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Kėdainiai, Lithuania
| | - Eimantas Venslovas
- Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Kėdainiai, Lithuania
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22
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Juraschek LM, Kappenberg A, Amelung W. Mycotoxins in soil and environment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 814:152425. [PMID: 34952071 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by specific fungi that have harmful effects on animals and humans. Worldwide more than 300 different mycotoxins are already known, frequently with concentrations in harvest products exceeding acceptable limits. Nevertheless, although these compounds have extensively been studied in food and feed, only little is known about their occurrence and fate in soil and agro-environmental matrices, such as manure, sewage sludge, drainage water and sediments. Therefore, the aim of this review was to (i) resume available methods for quantifying mycotoxins in soil, (ii) describe the occurrence and quantities of mycotoxins in soil and related agro-environmental matrices, and (iii) discuss the environmental fate of these target compounds with specific focus on their leaching potential into groundwater. The safest and most reliable method for mycotoxin quantification relies on mass spectrometry, while the extraction method and solvent composition differ depending on the compound under investigation. Mycotoxin levels detected in soils to date were in the μg range, reaching maximum amounts of 72.1 μg kg-1 for zearalenone, 32.1 μg kg-1 for deoxynivalenol, 23.7 μg kg-1 for ochratoxin A, 6.7 μg kg-1 for nivalenol, and 5.5 μg kg-1 for aflatoxin. Different compartments in the agroecosystem (cereals, corn, rice, water, manure, sewage sludge) each contained at least one mycotoxin. Mycotoxin retention in soils is controlled by texture, with significant adsorption of the compounds to clays but leaching potentials in sandy soils. We did not find any reports detecting mycotoxins in sediments, although there are increasing reports of mycotoxins in freshwater samples. Overall, it appears that soils and sediments are still underrepresented in research on potential environmental contamination with mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Marie Juraschek
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), Soil Science and Soil Ecology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 13, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Arne Kappenberg
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), Soil Science and Soil Ecology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 13, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Wulf Amelung
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), Soil Science and Soil Ecology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 13, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
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Assessment of Human Mycotoxin Exposure in Hungary by Urinary Biomarker Determination and the Uncertainties of the Exposure Calculation: A Case Study. Foods 2021; 11:foods11010015. [PMID: 35010141 PMCID: PMC8750421 DOI: 10.3390/foods11010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary biomarkers of mycotoxin exposure were evaluated in the case of healthy people (n = 41) and coeliac patients (n = 19) by using a multi-biomarker LC-MS/MS immunoaffinity based method capable to analyse biomarkers of nine mycotoxins, i.e., fumonisin B1 (FB1), fumonisin B2 (FB2), deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEN), ochratoxin A (OTA), Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin and Nivalenol (NIV). Urinary biomarker concentrations were used to calculate the probable daily intake (PDI) of fumonisin B1, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone and ochratoxin A and compared with their tolerable daily intake (TDI). The human urinary excretion rate values reported in the literature and the 24 h excretion rate measured in piglets were used to estimate and compare the PDI values of the four mycotoxins. The highest mean biomarker concentrations were found for DON (2.30 ng/mL for healthy people and 2.68 ng/mL for coeliac patients). Mean OTA concentration was significantly higher (p < 0.001) in healthy people compared to coeliac patients. PDI calculated with piglets excretion data exceeded the TDI values by a much smaller percentage than when they were calculated from human data, especially for FB1. The uncertainties arising from the different calculations can be well perceived on the basis of these data.
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Ekwomadu TI, Akinola SA, Mwanza M. Fusarium Mycotoxins, Their Metabolites (Free, Emerging, and Masked), Food Safety Concerns, and Health Impacts. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:11741. [PMID: 34831498 PMCID: PMC8618243 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182211741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The genus Fusarium produces a number of mycotoxins of diverse chemical structures. Fusariotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by toxigenic fungi of the genus Fusarium. The important and commonly encountered fusariotoxins are trichothecenes, fumonisins, and zearalenone. Fusarium mycotoxins pose varying toxicities to humans and/or animals after consumption of contaminated grain. They can cause acute or chronic illness and, in some cases, death. For instance, a range of Fusarium mycotoxins can alter different intestinal defense mechanisms, such as the epithelial integrity, cell proliferation, mucus layer, immunoglobulins, and cytokine production. Of recent concern is the occurrence of emerging and masked Fusarium mycotoxins in agricultural commodities, which may contribute to toxic health effects, although the metabolic fate of masked mycotoxins still remains a matter of scientific discussion. These mycotoxins have attracted attention worldwide because of their impact on human and animal health, animal productivity, and the associated economic losses. In this paper, we review Fusarium mycotoxins and their metabolites with the aim of summarizing the baseline information on the types, occurrence, and health impacts of these mycotoxins in order to encourage much-needed research on integrated management of this unavoidable food contaminant as concerns for food safety continues to grow worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodora I. Ekwomadu
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Natural and Agriculture, Sciences, Northwest University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa; (S.A.A.); (M.M.)
- Food Security and Food Safety Niche Area, Northwest University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
| | - Stephen A. Akinola
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Natural and Agriculture, Sciences, Northwest University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa; (S.A.A.); (M.M.)
- Food Security and Food Safety Niche Area, Northwest University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
| | - Mulunda Mwanza
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Natural and Agriculture, Sciences, Northwest University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa; (S.A.A.); (M.M.)
- Food Security and Food Safety Niche Area, Northwest University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
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25
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Jevtić I, Jakšić S, Simin DČ, Uzelac M, Abramović B. UV-induction of photolytic and photocatalytic degradation of fumonisins in water: reaction kinetics and toxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:53917-53925. [PMID: 34041664 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14535-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Although fumonisins are toxic and carcinogenic mold products that contaminate feed, food, and water, their photodegradation has not yet been reported. In this work, the efficiency of photolysis (UV, UV/H2O2, and UV/[Formula: see text]) and photocatalysis (TiO2 (Degussa P25/Wackherr) and ZnO) for the degradation of fumonisins in an aqueous medium were investigated. In the case of fumonisin B1 (FB1) optimal conditions in terms of pH, the initial concentrations of H2O2/[Formula: see text] for UV, UV/H2O2, and UV/[Formula: see text] treatments were investigated. The photocatalytic degradation using TiO2 Wackherr as catalyst at natural pH (about 8) proved to be the most efficient treatment for removal of FB1 and FB3. Namely, during the first 30 min of irradiation, 99% of FB1 (1.39 μM) was degraded, while FB3 (0.425 μM) was completely removed during the first 20 min of irradiation. In the case of FB2 (0.687 μM), UV/[Formula: see text] was the most efficient treatment, and complete removal occurred in the first 90 min of irradiation. All applied treatments for fumonisins removal have followed pseudo-first-order kinetics under the relevant experimental conditions. Toxicity of fumonisins and their mixtures formed during photodegradation were investigated using mammalian cell lines (BHK, H-4-II-E, Neuro-2a, and MRC-5). The BHK cell line was the most sensitive to fumonisins, especially FB2 and FB3, and its photodegradation mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Jevtić
- University of Novi Sad Faculty of Sciences, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
| | - Sandra Jakšić
- Scientific Veterinary Institute Novi Sad, Rumenački put 20, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia.
| | - Dragana Četojević Simin
- Oncology Institute of Vojvodina, Put dr Goldmana 4, Sremska Kamenica, 21204, Serbia
- Singidunum University, Danijelova 32, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Maria Uzelac
- University of Novi Sad Faculty of Sciences, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
| | - Biljana Abramović
- University of Novi Sad Faculty of Sciences, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
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26
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Li L, Zhang T, Ren X, Li B, Wang S. Male reproductive toxicity of zearalenone-meta-analysis with mechanism review. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 221:112457. [PMID: 34175827 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEA) is an oestrogen-like mycotoxin produced by Fusarium fungi, which has a considerable impact on human and animal health and results in substantial economic losses worldwide. This study aimed to demonstrate the reproductive injury induced by ZEA in rodents. We conducted a rigorous meta-analysis of the related literature via PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science. The scope of the study includes the following: development of reproductive organs, serum testosterone, oestradiol, and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels; parameters of Leydig cells; and parameters of semen. In total, 19 articles were reviewed. Compared with the control group, the increased relative epididymis weight, increased serum oestradiol level, and decreased LH levels in the prenatally exposed group were observed. In pubertal and adult rodents, the relative testicular weight, serum oestradiol level, Leydig cell number, and percentage of ST (+) Leydig cells decreased under ZEA exposure. In rodents at all ages, decreased serum testosterone level, sperm concentration, sperm motility rate, and increased serum deformity rate were observed in exposed groups compared with control groups. Although subgroup analysis failed to identify a clear dose-response relationship between ZEA exposure and reproductive system damage in male rodents, we still managed to confirm that zearalenone could decrease the serum testosterone level at the dosage of 50 mg/kg*day, 1.4 mg/kg*day, and 84 mg/kg*day, of prenatal, pubertal, and mature rodents respectively; pubertal zearalenone exposure impairs the quality and quantity of sperms of rodents at the dosage of 1.4 mg/kg*day and mature zearalenone exposure has the same effect at the dosage of 84 mg/kg*day. In conclusion, we found that ZEA exposure can cause considerable damage to the reproductive system of rodents of all ages. While the exact underlying mechanism of ZEA-induced toxicity in the reproductive system remains largely unknown, the theories of oestrogen-like effects and oxidative stress damage are promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Tongtong Zhang
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300, Guangzhou Street, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210029, China
| | - Xiaohan Ren
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300, Guangzhou Street, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210029, China
| | - Bingxin Li
- Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Shangqian Wang
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300, Guangzhou Street, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210029, China; State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
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27
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Thapa A, Horgan KA, White B, Walls D. Deoxynivalenol and Zearalenone-Synergistic or Antagonistic Agri-Food Chain Co-Contaminants? Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13080561. [PMID: 34437432 PMCID: PMC8402399 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13080561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) and Zearalenone (ZEN) are two commonly co-occurring mycotoxins produced by members of the genus Fusarium. As important food chain contaminants, these can adversely affect both human and animal health. Critically, as they are formed prior to harvesting, their occurrence cannot be eliminated during food production, leading to ongoing contamination challenges. DON is one of the most commonly occurring mycotoxins and is found as a contaminant of cereal grains that are consumed by humans and animals. Consumption of DON-contaminated feed can result in vomiting, diarrhoea, refusal of feed, and reduced weight gain in animals. ZEN is an oestrogenic mycotoxin that has been shown to have a negative effect on the reproductive function of animals. Individually, their mode of action and impacts have been well-studied; however, their co-occurrence is less well understood. This common co-occurrence of DON and ZEN makes it a critical issue for the Agri-Food industry, with a fundamental understanding required to develop mitigation strategies. To address this issue, in this targeted review, we appraise what is known of the mechanisms of action of DON and ZEN with particular attention to studies that have assessed their toxic effects when present together. We demonstrate that parameters that impact toxicity include species and cell type, relative concentration, exposure time and administration methods, and we highlight additional research required to further elucidate mechanisms of action and mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmita Thapa
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland;
| | | | - Blánaid White
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Centre for Sensor Research, DCU Water Institute, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
- Correspondence: (B.W.); (D.W.); Tel.: +353-01-7006731 (B.W.); +353-01-7005600 (D.W.)
| | - Dermot Walls
- School of Biotechnology, National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
- Correspondence: (B.W.); (D.W.); Tel.: +353-01-7006731 (B.W.); +353-01-7005600 (D.W.)
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28
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Rehder Silinski MA, Gilliam JA, Fernando RA, Robinson VG, Germolec D, Cunny H, Huang MC, Furr J, Waidyanatha S. Development of an Analytical Method for Quantitation of Deoxynivalenol by UPLC-MS-MS: A Preliminary Assessment of Gestational and Lactational Transfer in Rats. J Anal Toxicol 2021; 45:566-572. [PMID: 32886793 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkaa119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is the most widely distributed trichothecene mycotoxin in grain-based foods and animal feed. Exposure to DON is widespread as it has been detected in food sources from around the world. The objective of this work was to develop a method to quantitate DON in biological matrices and apply it in a preliminary assessment of gestational and lactational transfer of DON following exposure of pregnant rats. The method used protein precipitation followed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The method was evaluated in male Sprague Dawley rat plasma over the concentration range ∼2-1,000 ng/mL. The method was linear (r ≥ 0.99), accurate (mean relative error ≤ ±4.9%) and precise (relative standard deviation ≤ 5.5%). The mean absolute recovery was 85.9%. The limit of detection was 0.35 ng/mL. The method was also evaluated in gestational day (GD) 18 Hsd:Sprague Dawley®SD® dam plasma and fetal homogenate (mean % relative error ≤ ±16.9; % relative standard deviation ≤ 9.5). Concentrations of DON in dam plasma stored at -80°C for at least 29 days and in fetal homogenate for at least 43 days were within 97.9 to 120% of Day 0 concentrations, demonstrating that DON is stable in these matrices. The method was used to quantitate DON in rat maternal plasma, amniotic fluid, GD 18 fetuses and postnatal day (PND) 4 pups following exposure of dams to 0 (control) and 1 mg/kg DON beginning on GD 6 and continuing through gestation and lactation for a preliminary assessment of maternal transfer. In animals exposed to 1 mg/kg/day, similar concentration of DON was found in GD 18 dam plasma and fetuses, demonstrating significant gestational transfer. The concentration of DON in PND 4 dam plasma was similar to that in GD 18 dam plasma. However, DON was not detected in PND 4 pup plasma above the limit of detection of the assay, demonstrating absence of transfer of DON to pups via lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer A Gilliam
- RTI International, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Reshan A Fernando
- RTI International, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Veronica G Robinson
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, NIEHS, P.O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Dori Germolec
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, NIEHS, P.O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Helen Cunny
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, NIEHS, P.O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Madelyn C Huang
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, NIEHS, P.O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | | | - Suramya Waidyanatha
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, NIEHS, P.O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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29
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Jorquera-Pereira D, Pavón-Pérez J, Ríos-Gajardo G. Identification of type B trichothecenes and zearalenone in Chilean cereals by planar chromatography coupled to mass spectroscopy. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2021; 38:1778-1787. [PMID: 34254899 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.1948618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
High-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) and HPTLC coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) methods were described for the simultaneous determination of zearalenone (ZEA); type B trichothecenes (TCT-B); nivalenol (NIV) and deoxynivalenol (DON) along with its acetylated derivatives: 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON) and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON). The extract samples were cleaned-up with Bond Elut Mycotoxin® solid-phase extraction cartridges. Then, separation was performed on HPTLC silica gel 60 F254 plates using toluene, ethyl acetate and formic acid (1:8:1 v/v/v) as mobile phase. Derivatisation was then performed with 10% aluminium trichloride in 50% methanol. Mycotoxin standards and spiked cereals grains were identified by UV spots at 366 nm, with retention factors (RF) of 0.20 (NIV), 0.39 (DON), 0.45 (15-ADON), 0.50 (3-ADON) and 0.60 (ZEA). Some parameters of validation were determined. Calibration data (n = 5) fitted a linear regression model with determination coefficients, R2 > 0.99. The recovery was determined in triplicate at two levels, ranging from 84.3 ± 2.2% to 114.2 ± 11.7%. Detection limits ranged from 80 to 120 μg kg-1 and quantification limits ranged from 120.0 to 200 μg kg-1. The analysis by HPTLC/electrospray (ESI)-MS in negative mode confirmed the presence of TCT-B and ZEA standards in Chilean cereals with mass signals at m/z 355, 371, 337, and 317 for DON, NIV, 3-ADON and 15-ADON, and ZEA, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Jorquera-Pereira
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile.,Interdisciplinary Group of Marine Biotechnology (GIBMAR), Center for Biotechnology, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile.,Interdisciplinary Research Laboratory in Mycotoxins, Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Jessy Pavón-Pérez
- Interdisciplinary Group of Marine Biotechnology (GIBMAR), Center for Biotechnology, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Gisela Ríos-Gajardo
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile.,Interdisciplinary Group of Marine Biotechnology (GIBMAR), Center for Biotechnology, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile.,Interdisciplinary Research Laboratory in Mycotoxins, Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
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30
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Development of a LC-MS/MS Method for the Simultaneous Determination of the Mycotoxins Deoxynivalenol (DON) and Zearalenone (ZEA) in Soil Matrix. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13070470. [PMID: 34357942 PMCID: PMC8310301 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13070470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins, toxins of fungal origin, can directly or indirectly contaminate food and feed and are poisonous to livestock and humans. While a large amount is known about their occurrence in crops, food, and feeds, little is known about mycotoxin amounts in soil. However, soil is known as a major fungal habitat and a potential sink for mycotoxins in the environment. Furthermore, there is neither a reliable detection nor an extraction method for mycotoxins testing in different soil textures or for potential deficits due to aging processes. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to present a reliable extraction and detection method for the simultaneous quantification of the most common mycotoxins, deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEA), via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). This method was validated with six different samples with different textures and different soil organic matter (SOM). Deuterated standards were used to overcome possible matrix effects. This extraction method could eliminate potential aging processes. The recovery rate was always >80% for DON and >82% for ZEA. The quantification limits were 1 ng per g soil for DON and 0.5 ng per g soil for ZEA.
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31
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Neera, Murali HS. Development and evaluation of multiplex PCR for detection of T-2 and zearalenone producing Fusarium spp. Lett Appl Microbiol 2021; 73:363-371. [PMID: 34101222 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The study aimed to develop and evaluate a multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay (mPCR) for the concurrent detection of three major mycotoxin metabolic pathway genes, namely tri8 (T-2 toxin), tri6 (trichothecene) and pks4 (zearalenone), along with competitive internal amplification control. Specific primers for each of the aforementioned genes were optimized and validated using 14 reference strains and 10 pure culture isolates. The optimized mPCR assay detected the three metabolic pathway genes in artificially contaminated maize samples with a sensitivity of 2 × 103 CFU per g for tri6 and pks4 positive Fusarium strains, whereas 2 × 104 CFU per g for tri8 positive Fusarium strains. Application of the developed mPCR assay to 30 cereal and 20 feed samples revealed 24% (12 of 50) contamination with either one or more mycotoxins. The results of mPCR assay were further evaluated with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and both methods provided unequivocal results. This mPCR assay might be a supplementary tool to conventional mycotoxin analytical techniques like thin-layer chromatography, HPLC, etc. The current mPCR assay is a rapid and reliable tool for simultaneous, sensitive and specific detection of T-2, zearalenone and trichothecene producing Fusarium spp. from naturally contaminated foods and to monitor them during the processing steps of food and feed commodities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neera
- Food Biotechnology Division, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Mysore, India
| | - H S Murali
- Food Biotechnology Division, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Mysore, India
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32
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Abdel-Tawwab M, Khalil RH, Diab AM, Khallaf MA, Abdel-Razek N, Abdel-Latif HMR, Khalifa E. Dietary garlic and chitosan enhanced the antioxidant capacity, immunity, and modulated the transcription of HSP70 and Cytokine genes in Zearalenone-intoxicated European seabass. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 113:35-41. [PMID: 33785470 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The present study was performed to evaluate the toxic effects of feed-born zearalenone (ZEN) on antioxidative status, immunity, transcriptomic responses of European seabass, and the modulating roles of dietary garlic and/or chitosan powders. Fish (30.7 ± 0.6 g) were randomly arranged in five experimental groups (in triplicates), whereas the first group was fed on the control diet only without any supplements (control), and the second group was fed on the basal diet contaminated with ZEN (0.725 mg/kg diet). Three other groups were fed on ZEN-contaminated diets and simultaneously supplemented with garlic powder (GP) (30 g/kg diet) (ZEN + GP), chitosan powder (CH) (10 g/kg diet) (ZEN + CH), and a mixture of GP and CH (ZEN + GP + CH). Fish were fed on the experimental diets thrice a day for 4 weeks. Two-way ANOVA revealed a gradual decline in serum superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities in the ZEN group reaching their lowest levels at the 4th week. Contrariwise, malondialdehyde levels were markedly higher in the ZEN group reaching their highest values at the end of the experiment. A significant decline of total immunoglobulins (P < 0.05) was observed in the serum of the ZEN group, especially after the 4th week. Moreover, significant down-regulation of interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) genes (P < 0.05) alongside significant up-regulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) genes (P < 0.05) in the liver and anterior kidney of ZEN-intoxicated group. Interestingly, dietary supplementation with GP and CH significantly attenuated ZEN-induced oxidative stress, immunosuppression, and modulated transcriptomic responses of ZEN-exposed fish. Moreover, combined dietary supplementation of both feed additives resulted in better effects than each one alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Abdel-Tawwab
- Department of Fish Biology and Ecology, Central Laboratory for Aquaculture Research, Agriculture Research Center, Abbassa, Abo-Hammad, Sharqia 44662, Egypt.
| | - Riad H Khalil
- Department of Poultry and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Amany M Diab
- Aquatic Microbiology, Faculty of Aquatic and Fisheries Sciences, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Khallaf
- Department of Aquatic Animals Medicine and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Nashwa Abdel-Razek
- Department of Fish Health and Management, Central Laboratory for Aquaculture Research, Agriculture Research Center, Abbassa, Abo-Hammad, Sharqia 44662, Egypt
| | - Hany M R Abdel-Latif
- Department of Poultry and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Eman Khalifa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Matrouh University, Matrouh, Egypt
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Zhao DT, Gao YJ, Zhang WJ, Bi TC, Wang X, Ma CX, Rong R. Development a multi-immunoaffinity column LC-MS-MS method for comprehensive investigation of mycotoxins contamination and co-occurrence in traditional Chinese medicinal materials. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1178:122730. [PMID: 34146768 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are poisonous secondary fungal toxic metabolites and harmful to human health. Traditional Chinese medicinal materials (TCMs), including more than two hundred functional foods, are vulnerably bred fungi, causing spoilage and multi-mycotoxins contamination. This study established a simultaneous analytical method by using multi-mycotoxins immunoaffinity column (multi-IAC) and HPLC-MS/MS to evaluate mycotoxins' contamination levels and natural incidence in TCMs. Aflatoxins (AFs, including AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2), ochratoxin A (OTA), fumonisins (FB1 and FB2), zearalenone (ZEN), deoxynivalenol (DON) and T-2 toxins in three TCMs or functional foods of Polygalae Radix (PR), Coicis Semen (CS) and Eupolyphaga Steleophaga (ES) were detected. The systematically investigated results of 30 batch AFB1 positive samples revealed co-occurrence and correlation of multi-mycotoxins are significant differences in various matrices. All the samples in this study contain more than 5 mycotoxins. AFB1-AFs, AFB1-FBs, AFB1-DON, and AFB1-T-2 are the most observed co-occurrence, AFB1-OTA is also of concern due to its synergistic toxicity. This study's results can be used to establish guidelines for screening mycotoxin contaminants and limitations on acceptable levels in TCMs. Simultaneously, mycotoxin's correlation results in different matrices can also provide a reference for the standardization of TCM production and processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Tong Zhao
- College of Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, People's Republic of China; Heze Institute for Food and Drug Control, Heze, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Jun Gao
- Heze Municipal Hospital, Heze, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Jin Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian-Chen Bi
- Heze Institute for Food and Drug Control, Heze, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Xia Ma
- Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Rong Rong
- College of Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, People's Republic of China.
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Changenet V, Macadré C, Boutet-Mercey S, Magne K, Januario M, Dalmais M, Bendahmane A, Mouille G, Dufresne M. Overexpression of a Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenase Involved in Orobanchol Biosynthesis Increases Susceptibility to Fusarium Head Blight. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:662025. [PMID: 33868356 PMCID: PMC8048717 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.662025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) is a cereal disease caused primarily by the ascomycete fungus Fusarium graminearum with public health issues due to the production of mycotoxins including deoxynivalenol (DON). Genetic resistance is an efficient protection means and numerous quantitative trait loci have been identified, some of them related to the production of resistance metabolites. In this study, we have functionally characterized the Brachypodium distachyon BdCYP711A29 gene encoding a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP). We showed that BdCYP711A29 belongs to an oligogenic family of five members. However, following infection by F. graminearum, BdCYP711A29 is the only copy strongly transcriptionally induced in a DON-dependent manner. The BdCYP711A29 protein is homologous to the Arabidopsis thaliana MAX1 and Oryza sativa MAX1-like CYPs representing key components of the strigolactone biosynthesis. We show that BdCYP711A29 is likely involved in orobanchol biosynthesis. Alteration of the BdCYP711A29 sequence or expression alone does not modify plant architecture, most likely because of functional redundancy with the other copies. B. distachyon lines overexpressing BdCYP711A29 exhibit an increased susceptibility to F. graminearum, although no significant changes in defense gene expression were detected. We demonstrate that both orobanchol and exudates of Bd711A29 overexpressing lines stimulate the germination of F. graminearum macroconidia. We therefore hypothesize that orobanchol is a susceptibility factor to FHB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Changenet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, University of Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
- Université de Paris, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Catherine Macadré
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, University of Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
- Université de Paris, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Stéphanie Boutet-Mercey
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - Kévin Magne
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, University of Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
- Université de Paris, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Mélanie Januario
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, University of Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
- Université de Paris, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Marion Dalmais
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, University of Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
- Université de Paris, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Abdelhafid Bendahmane
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, University of Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
- Université de Paris, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Grégory Mouille
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - Marie Dufresne
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, University of Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
- Université de Paris, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
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Wokorach G, Landschoot S, Anena J, Audenaert K, Echodu R, Haesaert G. Mycotoxin profile of staple grains in northern Uganda: Understanding the level of human exposure and potential risks. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Caldeirão L, Sousa J, Nunes LCG, Godoy HT, Fernandes JO, Cunha SC. Herbs and herbal infusions: Determination of natural contaminants (mycotoxins and trace elements) and evaluation of their exposure. Food Res Int 2021; 144:110322. [PMID: 34053527 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Herbal infusions are amongst the world's most popular and widely enjoyed beverages, due to both large variety and convenience. However, natural contaminants, such as mycotoxins and trace elements can accumulate in aromatic herbs, which may have serious food safety and public health implications. In this study, the presence of mycotoxins, as well as the content of trace elements was evaluated in herbs and herbal infusions commercialized in Brazil. For the determination of fourteen mycotoxins, including the emerging mycotoxins enniatins (EN), beauvericin (BEA), and sterigmatocystin (STE), a liquid-chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was validated. Overall, 42 out of 58 herb samples (72%) were contaminated, being BEA the most usual mycotoxin, present in 43% of the samples, followed by STE and HT-2 toxin, present in 37% and 24% of the samples, respectively. In herbal infusions, the occurrence of mycotoxins was 88% lesser than those verified in raw products. Despite these low levels, the hazard quotient (HQ) calculated revealed a potential health concern for HT-2 in infusions. The margin of exposure values for aflatoxins (AF), and ochratoxin A (OTA) from six herbal infusions were below 10,000, indicating also potential health risks. The twenty-one trace elements comprising toxic elements such as arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) were determined in herb raw materials by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The levels of trace elements in herbs were very varied, with aluminum (Al) presenting the highest amount. The levels of legislated elements (As, Cd, Pb) analyzed in herbs were lower than 3.03 µg g-1 (Pb), thus not exceeding the legal limits defined for herbal medicinal by both European and Brazilian pharmacopeia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Caldeirão
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), P.O. Box 6121, 13083-862 Campinas, SP, Brazil; LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - João Sousa
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Laura C G Nunes
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Helena T Godoy
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), P.O. Box 6121, 13083-862 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - José O Fernandes
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara C Cunha
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Portugal.
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Mwaniki AW, Buis QR, Trott D, Huber LA, Yang C, Kiarie EG. Comparative efficacy of commercially available deoxynivalenol detoxifying feed additives on growth performance, total tract digestibility of components, and physiological responses in nursery pigs fed diets formulated with naturally contaminated corn. Transl Anim Sci 2021; 5:txab050. [PMID: 34085027 PMCID: PMC8162626 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txab050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Comparative efficacy of deoxynivalenol (DON) detoxifying feed additives (FA) was evaluated in growth performance (exp. 1) and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD; exp. 2) nursery pig studies. Six corn-soybean meal-based diets were used: 1) positive control (PC, formulated with <1.5 ppm DON corn), negative control (NC, formulated with 5.5 ppm DON corn), NC + FA1 (clay plus yeast cell wall extract), NC + FA2 (aluminosilicate), NC + FA3 (aluminosilicate plus fungal extract), and NC + FA4 (sodium metabisulfite, SMB). In exp. 1, 144 pigs (body weight [BW], 10.2 ± 0.1kg) were housed (4 pigs/pen), allocated to diets (n = 6) based on BW, and fed for 4-wk. The BW and feed intake were monitored weekly. On d 7, one pig/pen was bled for plasma and euthanized for organ weight and tissue samples. Assayed DON concentration in PC, NC, NC + FA4 was 0.29, 2.86, and 1.21 ppm, respectively. In wk-1, the average daily gain (ADG) of pigs fed NC + FA4 was not different (P > 0.05) to that of pigs fed PC diet but greater (P = 0.01) than for pigs fed NC without or with other FA. Pigs fed NC and NC + FA2 had lower (P = 0.026) average daily feed intake (ADFI) than pigs fed PC and NC + FA3. Pigs fed NC + FA4 had greater (P = 0.003) G:F than pigs fed the other diets. Diets had no effect (P > 0.05) on ADG, ADFI, and G: F after first week, plasma concentration of urea and creatinine or liver and spleen weight. Pigs fed NC diets had greater (P = 0.01) jejunal mRNA expression of superoxide dismutase 1 relative to pigs fed PC or NC plus FA. Jejunal histomorphology and mRNA expression of nutrient transporters, inflammatory cytokines, and tight junction proteins and ceca digesta concentration of short-chain fatty acids were not affected (P > 0.05) by the diet. In exp. 2, 24 barrows (BW 10.2 ± 0.3 kg) were individually placed in metabolism crates and allocated to four diets: PC, NC, NC + FA3, and NC + FA4 (n = 6) containing TiO2 as digestibility marker. Pigs were adjusted to diets for 5 d, followed by a 2-d grab fecal sample collection. Pigs fed PC and NC + FA4 diets had higher ATTD of dry matter, gross energy, and crude protein than NC fed pigs. The FA3 was intermediate in digestibility response. In conclusion, FA containing sequestering component plus fungal extract or SMB in DON-contaminated feed resulted in commensurate nursery pig performance to PC. The tested FA mitigated intestinal oxidative stress through decreased expression of genes for superoxide dismutase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice W Mwaniki
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Quincy R Buis
- Wallenstein Feed & Supply Ltd., Wallenstein, ON, Canada
| | - David Trott
- Wallenstein Feed & Supply Ltd., Wallenstein, ON, Canada
| | - Lee-Anne Huber
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Chengbo Yang
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Elijah G Kiarie
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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De Colli L, De Ruyck K, Abdallah MF, Finnan J, Mullins E, Kildea S, Spink J, Elliott C, Danaher M. Natural Co-Occurrence of Multiple Mycotoxins in Unprocessed Oats Grown in Ireland with Various Production Systems. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13030188. [PMID: 33806558 PMCID: PMC7998419 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13030188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The natural co-occurrence of 42 mycotoxins was investigated in unprocessed oat grains grown in Ireland. The sample set included a total of 208 oat crops harvested during 2015–2016 and produced using conventional, organic, or gluten free farming systems. A range of different toxins was identified, including the major type A (neosolaniol, HT-2 and T-2 toxins, T-2 triol, and T-2-glucoside, co-occurring in 21 samples) and B trichothecenes (deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, and deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside), enniatins (B1, B, and A1, co-occurring in 12 samples), as well as beauvericin, alternariol, mycophenolic acid, and sterigmatocystin. The influences of sowing season, year, and production system were investigated, eventually indicating that the latter factor may have a higher impact than others on the production of certain mycotoxins in oats. The most frequently quantified compounds were HT-2 (51%) and T-2 (41%) toxins, with gluten free oats containing significantly lower concentrations of HT-2 compared to conventionally produced oats. Although the prevalence and concentrations of mycotoxin found in oat samples in this study should be substantially reduced by processing. However, as mycotoxin occurrence is clearly influenced by multiple factors, controlled field trials should be carried out to define optimal agronomic practices and mitigate mycotoxin production. Furthermore, this work highlights the need for regularly testing cereal-based foods with multi-residue analytical methods with wider specificities than the traditionally screened and regulated toxins, to generate knowledge on the occurrence of several mycotoxins that are, to date, rarely investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo De Colli
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK;
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland; (K.D.R.); (M.D.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Karl De Ruyck
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland; (K.D.R.); (M.D.)
| | - Mohamed F. Abdallah
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium;
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - John Finnan
- Crops Science Department, Teagasc, Oak Park, Carlow R93 XE12, Ireland; (J.F.); (E.M.); (S.K.); (J.S.)
| | - Ewen Mullins
- Crops Science Department, Teagasc, Oak Park, Carlow R93 XE12, Ireland; (J.F.); (E.M.); (S.K.); (J.S.)
| | - Steven Kildea
- Crops Science Department, Teagasc, Oak Park, Carlow R93 XE12, Ireland; (J.F.); (E.M.); (S.K.); (J.S.)
| | - John Spink
- Crops Science Department, Teagasc, Oak Park, Carlow R93 XE12, Ireland; (J.F.); (E.M.); (S.K.); (J.S.)
| | - Christopher Elliott
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK;
| | - Martin Danaher
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland; (K.D.R.); (M.D.)
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Huang MC, Furr JR, Robinson VG, Betz L, Shockley K, Cunny H, Witt K, Waidyanatha S, Germolec D. Oral deoxynivalenol toxicity in Harlan Sprague Dawley (Hsd:Sprague Dawley® SD®) rat dams and their offspring. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 148:111963. [PMID: 33388407 PMCID: PMC7923685 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
There is widespread human exposure to deoxynivalenol (DON), a fungal mycotoxin found globally in many grain-based foods and animal feed. Acute exposures to high levels of DON are associated with gastrointestinal effects and emesis in humans and some animals, but the effects of low-dose exposures throughout the lifetime, a more likely exposure scenario in humans, are understudied. Therefore, this study was designed to identify doses of DON that could be used to evaluate long-term toxicity following perinatal exposure. Time-mated Harlan Sprague Dawley (Hsd:Sprague Dawley® SD®) rats were administered 0, 0.03, 0.1, 0.3, 1, or 3 mg/kg/day of DON once daily via gavage starting on gestational day 6 through postnatal day (PND) 27. F1 animals were administered the same dose as their respective dams via gavage starting on PND 12 until PND 27. Animals were euthanized on PND 28. DON had no effect on maternal body weight or feed consumption at any dose. Findings were limited to the 3 mg/kg/day group: F0 females had smaller live litter sizes than controls and F1 pups had lower body weight (4-13%) compared to controls. By PND 28, F1 body weight, after adjustments for litter effects, was 10-13% lower than controls. Blood samples obtained on PND 28 showed no increases in frequencies of micronucleated immature erythrocytes in either F0 or F1 animals. In summary, doses of DON up to 3 mg/kg/day did not affect maternal survival or body weight. Doses of 3 mg/kg/day resulted in slight toxicity manifested as decreased body weight in the offspring. The no-observed effect level was 1 mg/kg/day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madelyn C Huang
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
| | | | - Veronica G Robinson
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Laura Betz
- Social and Scientific Systems, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Keith Shockley
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Helen Cunny
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Kristine Witt
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Suramya Waidyanatha
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Dori Germolec
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Tyska D, Mallmann AO, Vidal JK, de Almeida CAA, Gressler LT, Mallmann CA. Multivariate method for prediction of fumonisins B1 and B2 and zearalenone in Brazilian maize using Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIR). PLoS One 2021; 16:e0244957. [PMID: 33412558 PMCID: PMC7790530 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fumonisins (FBs) and zearalenone (ZEN) are mycotoxins which occur naturally in grains and cereals, especially maize, causing negative effects on animals and humans. Along with the need for constant monitoring, there is a growing demand for rapid, non-destructive methods. Among these, Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIR) has made great headway for being an easy-to-use technology. NIR was applied in the present research to quantify the contamination level of total FBs, i.e., fumonisin B1+fumonisin B2 (FB1+FB2), and ZEN in Brazilian maize. From a total of six hundred and seventy-six samples, 236 were analyzed for FBs and 440 for ZEN. Three regression models were defined: one with 18 principal components (PCs) for FB1, one with 10 PCs for FB2, and one with 7 PCs for ZEN. Partial least square regression algorithm with full cross-validation was applied as internal validation. External validation was performed with 200 unknown samples (100 for FBs and 100 for ZEN). Correlation coefficient (R), determination coefficient (R2), root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP), standard error of prediction (SEP) and residual prediction deviation (RPD) for FBs and ZEN were, respectively: 0.809 and 0.991; 0.899 and 0.984; 659 and 69.4; 682 and 69.8; and 3.33 and 2.71. No significant difference was observed between predicted values using NIR and reference values obtained by Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), thus indicating the suitability of NIR to rapidly analyze a large numbers of maize samples for FBs and ZEN contamination. The external validation confirmed a fair potential of the model in predicting FB1+FB2 and ZEN concentration. This is the first study providing scientific knowledge on the determination of FBs and ZEN in Brazilian maize samples using NIR, which is confirmed as a reliable alternative methodology for the analysis of such toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denize Tyska
- Department of Animal Health and Reproduction, Laboratory of Mycotoxicological Analyses (LAMIC), Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Juliano Kobs Vidal
- Department of Animal Health and Reproduction, Laboratory of Mycotoxicological Analyses (LAMIC), Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Araújo de Almeida
- Department of Animal Health and Reproduction, Laboratory of Mycotoxicological Analyses (LAMIC), Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos Augusto Mallmann
- Department of Animal Health and Reproduction, Laboratory of Mycotoxicological Analyses (LAMIC), Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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41
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Kumari A, Joshua R, Kumar R, Ahlawat P, Sindhu SC. Fungal Mycotoxins: Occurrence and Detection. Fungal Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-68260-6_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
: Mycotoxin contamination of rice has been introduced as a big challenge for public health in developing countries in numerous studies. Rice consumption is also considered the main source of secondary metabolites in Iran. Given the diversity of climatic conditions in this region as well as unsuitable storage conditions, including high temperature and humidity, rice can be extremely contaminated via various fungi. The current study is a review of the occurrence of mycotoxins in rice in Iran. In this regard, some investigations had revealed that rice could be contaminated by mycotoxins such as aflatoxins (AFTs) (B1, B2, G1, and G2), deoxynivalenol (DON), fumonisin (FM) (B1 and B2), ochratoxin A (OTA), T-2 toxin, and zearalenone (ZEN). Moreover, the amount of mycotoxins in rice was reported in varying ranges in different provinces and regions and normally less than Iranian maximum tolerated dose (MTD). Given the importance of rice in the Iranian diet, it was finally recommended to screen consumed rice to find about fungal contaminations and mycotoxins.
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Chen P, Xiang B, Shi H, Yu P, Song Y, Li S. Recent advances on type A trichothecenes in food and feed: Analysis, prevalence, toxicity, and decontamination techniques. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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44
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Guo L, Wang Z, Xu X, Xu L, Kuang H, Xiao J, Xu C. Europium nanosphere-based fluorescence strip sensor for ultrasensitive and quantitative determination of fumonisin B 1. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:5229-5235. [PMID: 33084636 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay01734e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of grains and related products by fumonisins (FBs) is increasingly becoming a serious food security issue. The aim of this work was to develop a europium fluorescent microsphere-based time-resolved fluorescence immunochromatographic assay (TRFICA) for FB1 detection in different grains, including corn, corn flour, wheat, rice and brown rice. Standard curves for the five types of grain matrix were established, and showed good linearity (R2 > 0.975), LOD of 8.26 μg kg-1, and a wide working range of 13.81-1000 μg kg-1. The recoveries of TRFICA for FB1 detection ranged from 82.85-103.62% with variation coefficients of 1.92-15.33%. Two corn reference materials and other natural samples were tested using TRFICA. The same samples analyzed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry further confirmed the TRFICA results. The entire detection time of TRFICA was within 30 min. Thus, this developed TRFICA can be used for onsite detection and quantitation of FB1 in grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, China.
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Adaku Chilaka C, Mally A. Mycotoxin Occurrence, Exposure and Health Implications in Infants and Young Children in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Review. Foods 2020; 9:E1585. [PMID: 33139646 PMCID: PMC7693847 DOI: 10.3390/foods9111585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Infants and young children (IYC) remain the most vulnerable population group to environmental hazards worldwide, especially in economically developing regions such as sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). As a result, several governmental and non-governmental institutions including health, environmental and food safety networks and researchers have been proactive toward protecting this group. Mycotoxins, toxic secondary fungal metabolites, contribute largely to the health risks of this young population. In SSA, the scenario is worsened by socioeconomic status, poor agricultural and storage practices, and low level of awareness, as well as the non-establishment and lack of enforcement of regulatory limits in the region. Studies have revealed mycotoxin occurrence in breast milk and other weaning foods. Of concern is the early exposure of infants to mycotoxins through transplacental transfer and breast milk as a consequence of maternal exposure, which may result in adverse health effects. The current paper presents an overview of mycotoxin occurrence in foods intended for IYC in SSA. It discusses the imperative evidence of mycotoxin exposure of this population group in SSA, taking into account consumption data and the occurrence of mycotoxins in food, as well as biomonitoring approaches. Additionally, it discusses the health implications associated with IYC exposure to mycotoxins in SSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Adaku Chilaka
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Versbacher Straβe 9, 97078 Würzburg, Germany;
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Antidotal Potency of the Novel, Structurally Different Adsorbents in Rats Acutely Intoxicated with the T-2 Toxin. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12100643. [PMID: 33028026 PMCID: PMC7600379 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12100643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, the potential antidote efficacy of commercially available formulations of various feed additives such as Minazel-Plus®, Mycosorb®, and Mycofix® was considered by recording their incidence on general health, body weight, and food and water intake, as well as through histopathology and semiquantitative analysis of gastric alterations in Wistar rats treated with the T-2 toxin in a single-dose regimen of 1.67 mg/kg p.o. (1 LD50) for 4 weeks. As an organic adsorbent, Mycosorb® successfully antagonized acute lethal incidence of the T-2 toxin (protective index (PI) = 2.25; p < 0.05 vs. T-2 toxin), and had adverse effects on body weight gain as well as food and water intake during the research (p < 0.001). However, the protective efficacy of the other two food additives was significantly lower (p < 0.05). Treatment with Mycosorb® significantly reduced the severity of gastric damage, which was not the case when the other two adsorbents were used. Our results suggest that Mycosorb® is a much better adsorbent for preventing the adverse impact of the T-2 toxin as well as its toxic metabolites compared with Minazel-plus® or Mycofix-plus®, and it almost completely suppresses its acute toxic effects and cytotoxic potential on the gastric epithelial, glandular, and vascular endothelial cells.
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Distribution of T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin during experimental feeding of yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor). Mycotoxin Res 2020; 37:11-21. [PMID: 32990831 PMCID: PMC7819947 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-020-00411-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Within the European Union (EU), edible insects need to be approved as "Novel Food" according to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283 and must comply with the requirements of European food law with regard to microbiological and chemical food safety. Substrates used for feeding insects are susceptible to the growth of Fusarium spp. and consequently to contamination with trichothecene mycotoxins. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate the influence of T-2 and HT-2 toxins on the larval life cycle of yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor (L.)) and to study the transfer of T-2, HT-2, T-2 triol and T-2 tetraol in the larvae. In a 4-week feeding study, T. molitor larvae were kept either on naturally (oat flakes moulded with Fusarium sporotrichioides) or artificially contaminated oat flakes, each at two levels (approximately 100 and 250 μg/kg total T-2 and HT-2). Weight gain and survival rates were monitored, and mycotoxins in the feeding substrates, larvae and residues were determined using LC-MS/MS. Larval development varied between the diets and was 44% higher for larvae fed artificially contaminated diets. However, the artificially contaminated diets had a 16% lower survival rate. No trichothecenes were detected in the surviving larvae after harvest, but T-2 and HT-2 were found both in the dead larvae and in the residues of naturally and artificially contaminated diets.
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Preparation of multitarget Fusarium toxin (zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, T-2, and HT-2) immunoaffinity columns using poly(glycidyl methacrylate–divinylbenzene) as a matrix. Polym Bull (Berl) 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-019-02991-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Yu S, Jia B, Liu N, Yu D, Wu A. Evaluation of the Individual and Combined Toxicity of Fumonisin Mycotoxins in Human Gastric Epithelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165917. [PMID: 32824643 PMCID: PMC7460643 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fumonisin contaminates food and feed extensively throughout the world, causing chronic and acute toxicity in human and animals. Currently, studies on the toxicology of fumonisins mainly focus on fumonisin B1 (FB1). Considering that FB1, fumonisin B2 (FB2) and fumonisin B3 (FB3) could coexist in food and feed, a study regarding a single toxin, FB1, may not completely reflect the toxicity of fumonisin. The gastrointestinal tract is usually exposed to these dietary toxins. In our study, the human gastric epithelial cell line (GES-1) was used as in vitro model to evaluate the toxicity of fumonisin. Firstly, we found that they could cause a decrease in cell viability, and increase in membrane leakage, cell death and the induction of expression of markers for endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Their toxicity potency rank is FB1 > FB2 >> FB3. The results also showed that the synergistic effect appeared in the combinations of FB1 + FB2 and FB1 + FB3. Nevertheless, the combinations of FB2 + FB3 and FB1 + FB2 + FB3 showed a synergistic effect at low concentration and an antagonistic effect at high concentration. We also found that myriocin (ISP-1) could alleviate the cytotoxicity induced by fumonisin in GES-1 cells. Finally, this study may help to determine or optimize the legal limits and risk assessment method of mycotoxins in food and feed and provide a potential method to block the fumonisin toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Aibo Wu
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-21-54920716
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Nomura M, Shidara K, Yasuda I, Aoyama K, Takahashi A, Ishibashi T. Development of a simultaneous quantification method for ten trichothecenes including deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside in feed. Mycotoxin Res 2020; 36:353-360. [PMID: 32653989 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-020-00401-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
An analytical method for the simultaneous quantitation of ten trichothecenes of type A (HT-2 toxin, T-2 toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol, and neosolaniol) and type B (3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, deoxynivalenol, deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside, nivalenol, and fusarenon-X) in feed has been developed using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Mycotoxins extracted twice from samples using aqueous acetonitrile were purified using a multifunctional clean-up column, followed by a phospholipid removal column. Trichothecenes were analysed using liquid chromatography atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry. The extraction efficiency of the mycotoxins and the repeatability of some were improved by repeated extractions. Ionization enhancement (signal enhancement) of some mycotoxins was improved by using the phospholipid removal column at the clean-up step. Spike and recovery tests of trichothecenes were conducted on maize, barley, soybean meal, rapeseed meal, and formula feeds (for starting broiler chicks, suckling pigs, and beef cattle). The mean recovery values were 70.6-119% with relative standard deviations < 17%. The limit of quantification and the limit of detection of our method were 20 and 6 μg/kg, respectively, for 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol; 10 and 3 μg/kg, respectively, for T-2 toxin, deoxynivalenol, and fusarenon-X; and 5 and 2 μg/kg, respectively, for nivalenol and the remaining mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayo Nomura
- Food and Agricultural Materials Inspection Center, Saitama Shintoshin National Government Building, Kensato Building, Shintoshin 2-1, Chuo-Ku, Saitama-Shi, Saitama, 330-9731, Japan.
| | - Kenji Shidara
- Food and Agricultural Materials Inspection Center, Saitama Shintoshin National Government Building, Kensato Building, Shintoshin 2-1, Chuo-Ku, Saitama-Shi, Saitama, 330-9731, Japan
| | - Iyo Yasuda
- Sendai Regional Center, Food and Agricultural Materials Inspection Center, Sendai National Government Building III, 1-3-15, Gorin, Miyagino-Ku, Sendai-Shi, Miyagi, 983-0842, Japan
| | - Koji Aoyama
- Food and Agricultural Materials Inspection Center, Saitama Shintoshin National Government Building, Kensato Building, Shintoshin 2-1, Chuo-Ku, Saitama-Shi, Saitama, 330-9731, Japan
| | - Akiko Takahashi
- Food and Agricultural Materials Inspection Center, Saitama Shintoshin National Government Building, Kensato Building, Shintoshin 2-1, Chuo-Ku, Saitama-Shi, Saitama, 330-9731, Japan
| | - Takayuki Ishibashi
- Food and Agricultural Materials Inspection Center, Saitama Shintoshin National Government Building, Kensato Building, Shintoshin 2-1, Chuo-Ku, Saitama-Shi, Saitama, 330-9731, Japan
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