1
|
Liu XL, Zhang Q, Wang X, Liu YP, Ze LJ, Zhang HN, Lu M. Relish involved in immunity and larval survival in the willow leaf beetle Plagiodera versicolora. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:3808-3814. [PMID: 38507262 DOI: 10.1002/ps.8084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insects mainly rely on innate immunity against pathogen infection. Plagiodera versicolora (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), is a worldwide leaf-eating forest pest in salicaceous trees. However, the mechanisms behind the immunodeficiency pathway (IMD) remain poorly understood. RESULTS In this study, we obtained a Relish gene from transcriptome analysis. Tissue and instar expression profiles were subsequently obtained using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis. The results showed that Relish has high expression levels in eggs, larvae and adults, and especially in fat bodies. Transcripts of the tested antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), defensin1, defensin2 and attacin2 were downregulated by dsRelish. Knockdown of Relish led to greater mortality in larvae after Staphylococcus aureus infection. In addition, we performed bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA-based high-throughput sequencing. The results showed that the relative abundance of some gut bacteria was significantly altered after dsRelish ingestion. CONCLUSION This study provides a greater understanding of the IMD signaling pathway, facilitating functional studies of Relish in P. versicolora. Moreover, a genetic pest management technique might be developed using Relish as a lethal gene to control the pest P. versicolora. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Long Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi-Peng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Long-Ji Ze
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hai-Nan Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Min Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Silva RCMC, Ramos IB, Travassos LH, Mendez APG, Gomes FM. Evolution of innate immunity: lessons from mammalian models shaping our current view of insect immunity. J Comp Physiol B 2024; 194:105-119. [PMID: 38573502 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-024-01549-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
The innate immune system, a cornerstone for organismal resilience against environmental and microbial insults, is highly conserved across the evolutionary spectrum, underpinning its pivotal role in maintaining homeostasis and ensuring survival. This review explores the evolutionary parallels between mammalian and insect innate immune systems, illuminating how investigations into these disparate immune landscapes have been reciprocally enlightening. We further delve into how advancements in mammalian immunology have enriched our understanding of insect immune responses, highlighting the intertwined evolutionary narratives and the shared molecular lexicon of immunity across these organisms. Therefore, this review posits a holistic understanding of innate immune mechanisms, including immunometabolism, autophagy and cell death. The examination of how emerging insights into mammalian and vertebrate immunity inform our understanding of insect immune responses and their implications for vector-borne disease transmission showcases the imperative for a nuanced comprehension of innate immunity's evolutionary tale. This understanding is quintessential for harnessing innate immune mechanisms' potential in devising innovative disease mitigation strategies and promoting organismal health across the animal kingdom.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Cardoso M C Silva
- Laboratory of Immunoreceptors and Signaling, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Isabela B Ramos
- Laboratório de Ovogênese Molecular de Vetores, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leonardo H Travassos
- Laboratory of Immunoreceptors and Signaling, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Guzman Mendez
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fabio M Gomes
- Instituto Nacional de Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Atilano ML, Hull A, Romila CA, Adams ML, Wildfire J, Ureña E, Dyson M, Ivan-Castillo-Quan J, Partridge L, Kinghorn KJ. Autophagic dysfunction and gut microbiota dysbiosis cause chronic immune activation in a Drosophila model of Gaucher disease. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1011063. [PMID: 38127816 PMCID: PMC10734978 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1011063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the GBA1 gene cause the lysosomal storage disorder Gaucher disease (GD) and are the greatest known genetic risk factors for Parkinson's disease (PD). Communication between the gut and brain and immune dysregulation are increasingly being implicated in neurodegenerative disorders such as PD. Here, we show that flies lacking the Gba1b gene, the main fly orthologue of GBA1, display widespread NF-kB signalling activation, including gut inflammation, and brain glial activation. We also demonstrate intestinal autophagic defects, gut dysfunction, and microbiome dysbiosis. Remarkably, modulating the microbiome of Gba1b knockout flies, by raising them under germ-free conditions, partially ameliorates lifespan, locomotor and immune phenotypes. Moreover, we show that modulation of the immune deficiency (IMD) pathway is detrimental to the survival of Gba1 deficient flies. We also reveal that direct stimulation of autophagy by rapamycin treatment achieves similar benefits to germ-free conditions independent of gut bacterial load. Consistent with this, we show that pharmacologically blocking autophagosomal-lysosomal fusion, mimicking the autophagy defects of Gba1 depleted cells, is sufficient to stimulate intestinal immune activation. Overall, our data elucidate a mechanism whereby an altered microbiome, coupled with defects in autophagy, drive chronic activation of NF-kB signaling in a Gba1 loss-of-function model. It also highlights that elimination of the microbiota or stimulation of autophagy to remove immune mediators, rather than prolonged immunosuppression, may represent effective therapeutic avenues for GBA1-associated disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magda L. Atilano
- UCL Institute of Healthy Ageing, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Hull
- UCL Institute of Healthy Ageing, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Catalina-Andreea Romila
- UCL Institute of Healthy Ageing, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mirjam L. Adams
- UCL Institute of Healthy Ageing, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jacob Wildfire
- UCL Institute of Healthy Ageing, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Enric Ureña
- UCL Institute of Healthy Ageing, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Miranda Dyson
- UCL Institute of Healthy Ageing, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jorge Ivan-Castillo-Quan
- Section on Islet Cell & Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
| | - Linda Partridge
- UCL Institute of Healthy Ageing, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kerri J. Kinghorn
- UCL Institute of Healthy Ageing, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Vomáčková Kykalová B, Sassù F, Volf P, Telleria EL. RNAi-mediated gene silencing of Phlebotomus papatasi defensins favors Leishmania major infection. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1182141. [PMID: 37265840 PMCID: PMC10230645 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1182141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Production of different antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) is one of the insect's prominent defense strategies, regulated mainly by Toll and immune deficiency (IMD) humoral pathways. Here we focused mainly on two AMPs of Phlebotomus papatasi, vector of Leishmania major parasites, their association with the relish transcription factor and the effective participation on Leishmania infection. Methods and results: We further characterized the role of previously described gut-specific P. papatasi defensin (PpDef1) and identified the second defensin (PpDef2) expressed in various sand fly tissues. Using the RNAi-mediated gene silencing, we report that the silencing of PpDef1 gene or simultaneous silencing of both defensin genes (PpDef1 and PpDef2) resulted in increased parasite levels in the sand fly (detectable by PCR) and higher sand fly mortality. In addition, we knocked down relish, the sole transcription factor of the IMD pathway, to evaluate the association of the IMD pathway with AMPs expression in P. papatasi. We demonstrated that the relish gene knockdown reduced the expression of PpDef2 and attacin, another AMP abundantly expressed in the sand fly body. Conclusions: Altogether, our experiments show the importance of defensins in the sand fly response toward L. major and the role of the IMD pathway in regulating AMPs in P. papatasi.
Collapse
|
5
|
Petronio Petronio G, Pietrangelo L, Cutuli MA, Magnifico I, Venditti N, Guarnieri A, Abate GA, Yewhalaw D, Davinelli S, Di Marco R. Emerging Evidence on Tenebrio molitor Immunity: A Focus on Gene Expression Involved in Microbial Infection for Host-Pathogen Interaction Studies. Microorganisms 2022; 10:1983. [PMID: 36296259 PMCID: PMC9611967 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10101983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the scientific community's interest in T. molitor as an insect model to investigate immunity and host-pathogen interactions has considerably increased. The reasons for this growing interest could be explained by the peculiar features of this beetle, which offers various advantages compared to other invertebrates models commonly used in laboratory studies. Thus, this review aimed at providing a broad view of the T. molitor immune system in light of the new scientific evidence on the developmental/tissue-specific gene expression studies related to microbial infection. In addition to the well-known cellular component and humoral response process, several studies investigating the factors associated with T. molitor immune response or deepening of those already known have been reported. However, various aspects remain still less understood, namely the possible crosstalk between the immune deficiency protein and Toll pathways and the role exerted by T. molitor apolipoprotein III in the expression of the antimicrobial peptides. Therefore, further research is required for T. molitor to be recommended as an alternative insect model for pathogen-host interaction and immunity studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Petronio Petronio
- Department of Medicine and Health Science “V. Tiberio”, Università degli Studi del Molise, 8600 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Laura Pietrangelo
- Department of Medicine and Health Science “V. Tiberio”, Università degli Studi del Molise, 8600 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Marco Alfio Cutuli
- Department of Medicine and Health Science “V. Tiberio”, Università degli Studi del Molise, 8600 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Irene Magnifico
- Department of Medicine and Health Science “V. Tiberio”, Università degli Studi del Molise, 8600 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Noemi Venditti
- Department of Medicine and Health Science “V. Tiberio”, Università degli Studi del Molise, 8600 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Antonio Guarnieri
- Department of Medicine and Health Science “V. Tiberio”, Università degli Studi del Molise, 8600 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Getnet Atinafu Abate
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos P.O. Box 269, Ethiopia
| | - Delenasaw Yewhalaw
- School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma P.O. Box 307, Ethiopia
- Tropical and Infectious Diseases Research Center, Jimma University, Jimma P.O. Box 378, Ethiopia
| | - Sergio Davinelli
- Department of Medicine and Health Science “V. Tiberio”, Università degli Studi del Molise, 8600 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Roberto Di Marco
- Department of Medicine and Health Science “V. Tiberio”, Università degli Studi del Molise, 8600 Campobasso, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jang HA, Kojour MAM, Patnaik BB, Han YS, Jo YH. Current Status of Immune Deficiency Pathway in Tenebrio molitor Innate Immunity. Front Immunol 2022; 13:906192. [PMID: 35860244 PMCID: PMC9292131 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.906192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) is a highly beneficial beetle that serves as an excellent source of edible protein as well as a practical study model. Therefore, studying its immune system is important. Like in other insects, the innate immune response effected through antimicrobial peptides production provides the most critical defense armory in T. molitor. Immune deficiency (Imd) signaling is one of the major pathways involved in the humoral innate immune response in this beetle. However, the nature of the molecules involved in the signaling cascade of the Imd pathway, from recognition to the production of final effectors, and their mechanism of action are yet to be elucidated in T. molitor model. In this review, we present a general overview of the current literature available on the Imd signaling pathway and its identified interaction partners in T. molitor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ho Am Jang
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Maryam Ali Mohammadie Kojour
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Bharat Bhusan Patnaik
- Post Graduate (PG) Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Fakir Mohan University, Balasore, India
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, South Korea
| | - Yeon Soo Han
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Yong Hun Jo
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Yong Hun Jo,
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chen C, Yang L, Abbas MN, Zou D, Li J, Geng X, Zhang H, Sun Y. Relish regulates innate immunity via mediating ATG5 activity in Antheraea pernyi. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 132:104406. [PMID: 35364136 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In innate immunity, autophagy is an important molecular mechanism that plays a critical role in the animal defense system. Given the importance of anti-microbial autophagy in the innate immune processes, the relationship between anti-microbial autophagy and LPS-induced innate immunity in A. pernyi was investigated. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed that autophagy-related genes (ATG6, ATG5, and ATG12) were induced following LPS injection. LPS treatment in the Relish knockdown larvae reduced the expression of autophagy-related genes, especially ATG5. Furthermore, ATG5 depletion decreased the innate immune effect, while its over-expression with ATG12 was induced after the LPS challenge. The dual-luciferase assay revealed that Relish could regulate ATG5 expression by binding directly to the promoter of the ATG5 gene. Overall, our findings show that Relish regulates the ATG5 transcription to eliminate Gram-negative bacteria by anti-microbial autophagy, implying a strong connection between autophagy and innate immunity in immunologic homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, 235000, China
| | - Liangli Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Muhammad Nadeem Abbas
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Deng Zou
- College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, 235000, China
| | - Jun Li
- College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, 235000, China
| | - Xuexia Geng
- College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, 235000, China
| | - Haijun Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, 235000, China.
| | - Yuxuan Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, 235000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Liu Q, Kausar S, Tang Y, Huang W, Tang B, Abbas MN, Dai L. The Emerging Role of STING in Insect Innate Immune Responses and Pathogen Evasion Strategies. Front Immunol 2022; 13:874605. [PMID: 35619707 PMCID: PMC9127187 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.874605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence reveals that the stimulator of the interferon genes (STING) signaling pathway in insects and other animal cells helps them to sense and effectively respond to infection caused by numerous types of microbial pathogens. Recent studies have shown that genomic material from microbial pathogens induces the STING signaling pathway for the production of immune factors to attenuate infection. In contrast, microbial pathogens are equipped with various factors that assist them in evading the STING signaling cascade. Here we discuss the STING signaling pathway different animal groups compared to human and then focus on its crucial biological roles and application in the microbial infection of insects. In addition, we examine the negative and positive modulators of the STING signaling cascade. Finally, we describe the microbial pathogen strategies to evade this signaling cascade for successful invasion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiuning Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Bioresources of Saline Soils, Jiangsu Synthetic Innovation Center for Coastal Bio-agriculture, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Bioresources and Environmental Protection, School of Wetlands, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Saima Kausar
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yingyu Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Bioresources of Saline Soils, Jiangsu Synthetic Innovation Center for Coastal Bio-agriculture, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Bioresources and Environmental Protection, School of Wetlands, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng, China.,Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wuren Huang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Boping Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Bioresources of Saline Soils, Jiangsu Synthetic Innovation Center for Coastal Bio-agriculture, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Bioresources and Environmental Protection, School of Wetlands, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng, China
| | - Muhammad Nadeem Abbas
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lishang Dai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Li R, Xiao Y, Li K, Tian L. Transcription and Post-translational Regulation of Autophagy in Insects. Front Physiol 2022; 13:825202. [PMID: 35283796 PMCID: PMC8916536 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.825202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy attracts great attention, and numerous progresses have been obtained in the last two decades. Autophagy is implicated in mammalian neurodegenerative diseases, tumorigenesis, as well as development in insects. The regulatory mechanism of autophagy is well documented in yeast and mammals, whereas it is not fully illustrated in insects. Drosophila melanogaster and Bombyx mori are the two well-studied insects for autophagy, and several insect-mammalian evolutionarily conserved or insect-specific mechanisms in regulating autophagy are reported. In this review, we summarize the most recent studies of autophagy regulated at both transcriptional and post-translational levels by insect hormone in cooperation with other signals, such as nutrient, which will provide a reference and deep thinking for studies on autophagy in insects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rongsong Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Sericulture and Mulberry Engineering Research Center, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Xiao
- Department of Sericulture and Southern Medicine Resources Utilization, The Sericultural and Agri-Food Research Institute of the Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kang Li
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Tian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Sericulture and Mulberry Engineering Research Center, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Ling Tian,
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ali Mohammadie Kojour M, Baliarsingh S, Jang HA, Yun K, Park KB, Lee JE, Han YS, Patnaik BB, Jo YH. Current knowledge of immune priming in invertebrates, emphasizing studies on Tenebrio molitor. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 127:104284. [PMID: 34619174 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Vertebrates rely on the most sophisticated adaptive immunity to defend themselves against various pathogens. This includes immunologic memory cells, which mount a stronger and more effective immune response against an antigen after its first encounter. Unlike vertebrates, invertebrates' defense completely depends on the innate immunity mechanisms including humoral and cell-mediated immunity. Furthermore, the invertebrate equivalent of the memory cells was discovered only recently. Since the discovery of transgenerational immune priming (TGIP) in crustaceans, numerous findings have proven the IP in invertebrate classes such as insects. TGIP can be induced through maternal priming pathways such as transcriptional regulation of antimicrobial peptides, and also paternal IP including the induction of proPO system activity. We appraise the diversity and specificity of IP agents to provide sustained immunologic memory in insects, particularly T. molitor in the review. An understanding of IP (more so TGIP) response in T. molitor will deepen our knowledge of invertebrate immunity, and boost the mass-rearing industry by reducing pathogen infection rates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Ali Mohammadie Kojour
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, South Korea
| | - Snigdha Baliarsingh
- PG Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Fakir Mohan University, Balasore, Odisha, 756089, India
| | - Ho Am Jang
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, South Korea
| | - Keunho Yun
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, South Korea
| | - Ki Beom Park
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, South Korea
| | - Jong Eun Lee
- Department of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Andong National University, Andong, 36729, South Korea
| | - Yeon Soo Han
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, South Korea
| | - Bharat Bhusan Patnaik
- PG Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Fakir Mohan University, Balasore, Odisha, 756089, India.
| | - Yong Hun Jo
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ko HJ, Patnaik BB, Park KB, Kim CE, Baliarsingh S, Jang HA, Lee YS, Han YS, Jo YH. TmIKKε Is Required to Confer Protection Against Gram-Negative Bacteria, E. coli by the Regulation of Antimicrobial Peptide Production in the Tenebrio molitor Fat Body. Front Physiol 2022; 12:758862. [PMID: 35069235 PMCID: PMC8777057 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.758862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The inhibitor of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) kinase (IKK) is the core regulator of the NF-κB pathway against pathogenic invasion in vertebrates or invertebrates. IKKβ, -ε and -γ have pivotal roles in the Toll and immune deficiency (IMD) pathways. In this study, a homolog of IKKε (TmIKKε) was identified from Tenebrio molitor RNA sequence database and functionally characterized for its role in regulating immune signaling pathways in insects. The TmIKKε gene is characterized by two exons and one intron comprising an open reading frame (ORF) of 2,196 bp that putatively encodes a polypeptide of 731 amino acid residues. TmIKKε contains a serine/threonine protein kinases catalytic domain. Phylogenetic analysis established the close homology of TmIKKε to Tribolium castaneum IKKε (TcIKKε) and its proximity with other IKK-related kinases. The expression of TmIKKε mRNA was elevated in the gut, integument, and hemocytes of the last-instar larva and the fat body, Malpighian tubules, and testis of 5-day-old adults. TmIKKε expression was significantly induced by Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans challenge in whole larvae and tissues, such as hemocytes, gut, and fat body. The knockdown of the TmIKKε messenger RNA (mRNA) expression significantly reduced the survival of the larvae against microbial challenges. Further, we investigated the induction patterns of 14 T. molitor antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) genes in TmIKKε gene-silencing model after microbial challenges. While in hemocytes, the transcriptional regulation of most AMPs was negatively regulated in the gut and fat body tissue of T. molitor, AMPs, such as TmTenecin 1, TmTenecin 4, TmDefensin, TmColeoptericin A, TmColeoptericin B, TmAttacin 1a, and TmAttacin 2, were positively regulated in TmIKKε-silenced individuals after microbial challenge. Collectively, the results implicate TmIKKε as an important factor in antimicrobial innate immune responses in T. molitor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jin Ko
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Bharat Bhusan Patnaik
- Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Fakir Mohan University, Balasore, India
| | - Ki Beom Park
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Chang Eun Kim
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Snigdha Baliarsingh
- Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Fakir Mohan University, Balasore, India
| | - Ho Am Jang
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Yong Seok Lee
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, South Korea
| | - Yeon Soo Han
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Yong Hun Jo
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Jo YH, Lee JH, Patnaik BB, Keshavarz M, Lee YS, Han YS. Autophagy in Tenebrio molitor Immunity: Conserved Antimicrobial Functions in Insect Defenses. Front Immunol 2021; 12:667664. [PMID: 34135896 PMCID: PMC8202003 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.667664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The yellow mealworm beetle (Tenebrio molitor) has been exploited as an experimental model to unravel the intricacies of cellular and humoral immunity against pathogenic infections. Studies on this insect model have provided valuable insights into the phenotypic plasticity of immune defenses against parasites and pathogens. It has thus been possible to characterize the hemocoelic defenses of T. molitor that rely on the recognition of non-self-components of pathogens by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). The subsequent signaling cascade activating pathways such as the NF-κB controlled by Toll and IMD pathways lead to the synthesis of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), onset of hemocyte-driven phagocytosis, and activation of the prophenoloxidase cascade regulating the process of melanization. Nevertheless, the activation of autophagy-mediated defenses of T. molitor against the facultative intracellular gram-positive bacterium Listeria monocytogenes provides clear evidence of the existence of a cross-talk between autophagy and the IMD pathway. Moreover, the identification of several autophagy-related genes (Atgs) in T. molitor transcriptome and expressed sequence tag (EST) databases has contributed to the understanding of the autophagy-signaling cascade triggered by L. monocytogenes challenge. Providing further evidence of the cross-talk hypothesis, TmRelish has been shown to be required not only for regulating the synthesis of AMPs through the PGRP-LE/IMD pathway activation but also for the expression of Atgs in T. molitor larvae following L. monocytogenes challenge. Notably, L. monocytogenes can stimulate the T. molitor innate immune system by producing molecules recognized by the multifunctional PRR (TmPGRP-LE), which stimulates intracellular activation of the IMD pathway and autophagy. Considering the conservation of autophagy components involved in combating intracellular pathogens, it will be interesting to extrapolate a dynamic cross-talk model of immune activation. This review summarizes the most significant findings on the regulation of autophagy in T. molitor during L. monocytogenes infection and on the role of the innate immunity machinery, including the NF-κB pathway, in the control of pathogenic load.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Hun Jo
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Jung Hee Lee
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Bharat Bhusan Patnaik
- P. G. Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Fakir Mohan University, Balasore, India
| | - Maryam Keshavarz
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute for Biology-Zoology, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yong Seok Lee
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan City, South Korea
| | - Yeon Soo Han
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ko HJ, Jo YH, Patnaik BB, Park KB, Kim CE, Keshavarz M, Jang HA, Lee YS, Han YS. IKKγ/NEMO Is Required to Confer Antimicrobial Innate Immune Responses in the Yellow Mealworm, Tenebrio Molitor. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186734. [PMID: 32937897 PMCID: PMC7555931 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
IKKγ/NEMO is the regulatory subunit of the IκB kinase (IKK) complex, which regulates the NF-κB signaling pathway. Within the IKK complex, IKKγ/NEMO is the non-catalytic subunit, whereas IKKα and IKKβ are the structurally related catalytic subunits. In this study, TmIKKγ was screened from the Tenebrio molitor RNA-Seq database and functionally characterized using RNAi screening for its role in regulating T. molitor antimicrobial peptide (AMP) genes after microbial challenges. The TmIKKγ transcript is 1521 bp that putatively encodes a polypeptide of 506 amino acid residues. TmIKKγ contains a NF-κB essential modulator (NEMO) and a leucine zipper domain of coiled coil region 2 (LZCC2). A phylogenetic analysis confirmed its homology to the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum IKKγ (TcIKKγ). The expression of TmIKKγ mRNA showed that it might function in diverse tissues of the insect, with a higher expression in the hemocytes and the fat body of the late-instar larvae. TmIKKγ mRNA expression was induced by Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans challenges in the whole larvae and in tissues such as the hemocytes, gut and fat body. The knockdown of TmIKKγ mRNA significantly reduced the survival of the larvae after microbial challenges. Furthermore, we investigated the tissue-specific induction patterns of fourteen T. molitor AMP genes in TmIKKγ mRNA-silenced individuals after microbial challenges. In general, the mRNA expression of TmTenecin1, -2, and -4; TmDefensin1 and -2; TmColeoptericin1 and 2; and TmAttacin1a, 1b, and 2 were found to be downregulated in the hemocytes, gut, and fat body tissues in the TmIKKγ-silenced individuals after microbial challenges. Under similar conditions, TmRelish (NF-κB transcription factor) mRNA was also found to be downregulated. Thus, TmIKKγ is an important factor in the antimicrobial innate immune response of T. molitor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jin Ko
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (H.J.K.); (Y.H.J.); (K.B.P.); (C.E.K.); (M.K.); (H.A.J.)
| | - Yong Hun Jo
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (H.J.K.); (Y.H.J.); (K.B.P.); (C.E.K.); (M.K.); (H.A.J.)
| | - Bharat Bhusan Patnaik
- School of Biotech Sciences, Trident Academy of Creative Technology (TACT), Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India;
- P.G. Department of Bio-Sciences and Bio-Technology, Fakir Mohan University, Nuapadhi, Balasore, Odisha 756089, India
| | - Ki Beom Park
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (H.J.K.); (Y.H.J.); (K.B.P.); (C.E.K.); (M.K.); (H.A.J.)
| | - Chang Eun Kim
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (H.J.K.); (Y.H.J.); (K.B.P.); (C.E.K.); (M.K.); (H.A.J.)
| | - Maryam Keshavarz
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (H.J.K.); (Y.H.J.); (K.B.P.); (C.E.K.); (M.K.); (H.A.J.)
| | - Ho Am Jang
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (H.J.K.); (Y.H.J.); (K.B.P.); (C.E.K.); (M.K.); (H.A.J.)
| | - Yong Seok Lee
- School of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, 22 Soonchunhyangro, Shinchang-Myeon, Asan, Chungchungnam-do 31538, Korea;
| | - Yeon Soo Han
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (H.J.K.); (Y.H.J.); (K.B.P.); (C.E.K.); (M.K.); (H.A.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-62-530-2072
| |
Collapse
|