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Elblová P, Lunova M, Dejneka A, Jirsa M, Lunov O. Impact of mechanical cues on key cell functions and cell-nanoparticle interactions. DISCOVER NANO 2024; 19:106. [PMID: 38907808 PMCID: PMC11193707 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-024-04052-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, it has been recognized that mechanical forces play an important regulative role in living organisms and possess a direct impact on crucial cell functions, ranging from cell growth to maintenance of tissue homeostasis. Advancements in mechanobiology have revealed the profound impact of mechanical signals on diverse cellular responses that are cell type specific. Notably, numerous studies have elucidated the pivotal role of different mechanical cues as regulatory factors influencing various cellular processes, including cell spreading, locomotion, differentiation, and proliferation. Given these insights, it is unsurprising that the responses of cells regulated by physical forces are intricately linked to the modulation of nanoparticle uptake kinetics and processing. This complex interplay underscores the significance of understanding the mechanical microenvironment in shaping cellular behaviors and, consequently, influencing how cells interact with and process nanoparticles. Nevertheless, our knowledge on how localized physical forces affect the internalization and processing of nanoparticles by cells remains rather limited. A significant gap exists in the literature concerning a systematic analysis of how mechanical cues might bias the interactions between nanoparticles and cells. Hence, our aim in this review is to provide a comprehensive and critical analysis of the existing knowledge regarding the influence of mechanical cues on the complicated dynamics of cell-nanoparticle interactions. By addressing this gap, we would like to contribute to a detailed understanding of the role that mechanical forces play in shaping the complex interplay between cells and nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Elblová
- Department of Optical and Biophysical Systems, Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 18200, Prague, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 3, 121 16, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Mariia Lunova
- Department of Optical and Biophysical Systems, Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 18200, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute for Clinical & Experimental Medicine (IKEM), 14021, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alexandr Dejneka
- Department of Optical and Biophysical Systems, Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 18200, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Jirsa
- Institute for Clinical & Experimental Medicine (IKEM), 14021, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Oleg Lunov
- Department of Optical and Biophysical Systems, Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 18200, Prague, Czech Republic.
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2
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Sukumaran V, Mutlu O, Murtaza M, Alhalbouni R, Dubansky B, Yalcin HC. Experimental assessment of cardiovascular physiology in the chick embryo. Dev Dyn 2023; 252:1247-1268. [PMID: 37002896 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
High resolution assessment of cardiac functional parameters is crucial in translational animal research. The chick embryo is a historically well-used in vivo model for cardiovascular research due to its many practical advantages, and the conserved form and function of the chick and human cardiogenesis programs. This review aims to provide an overview of several different technical approaches for chick embryo cardiac assessment. Doppler echocardiography, optical coherence tomography, micromagnetic resonance imaging, microparticle image velocimetry, real-time pressure monitoring, and associated issues with the techniques will be discussed. Alongside this discussion, we also highlight recent advances in cardiac function measurements in chick embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Onur Mutlu
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | | | | | - Benjamin Dubansky
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Office of Research and Economic Development, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Huseyin C Yalcin
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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3
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Di X, Gao X, Peng L, Ai J, Jin X, Qi S, Li H, Wang K, Luo D. Cellular mechanotransduction in health and diseases: from molecular mechanism to therapeutic targets. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:282. [PMID: 37518181 PMCID: PMC10387486 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01501-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular mechanotransduction, a critical regulator of numerous biological processes, is the conversion from mechanical signals to biochemical signals regarding cell activities and metabolism. Typical mechanical cues in organisms include hydrostatic pressure, fluid shear stress, tensile force, extracellular matrix stiffness or tissue elasticity, and extracellular fluid viscosity. Mechanotransduction has been expected to trigger multiple biological processes, such as embryonic development, tissue repair and regeneration. However, prolonged excessive mechanical stimulation can result in pathological processes, such as multi-organ fibrosis, tumorigenesis, and cancer immunotherapy resistance. Although the associations between mechanical cues and normal tissue homeostasis or diseases have been identified, the regulatory mechanisms among different mechanical cues are not yet comprehensively illustrated, and no effective therapies are currently available targeting mechanical cue-related signaling. This review systematically summarizes the characteristics and regulatory mechanisms of typical mechanical cues in normal conditions and diseases with the updated evidence. The key effectors responding to mechanical stimulations are listed, such as Piezo channels, integrins, Yes-associated protein (YAP) /transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ), and transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4). We also reviewed the key signaling pathways, therapeutic targets and cutting-edge clinical applications of diseases related to mechanical cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingpeng Di
- Department of Urology and Institute of Urology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoshuai Gao
- Department of Urology and Institute of Urology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Liao Peng
- Department of Urology and Institute of Urology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Jianzhong Ai
- Department of Urology and Institute of Urology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Xi Jin
- Department of Urology and Institute of Urology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Shiqian Qi
- Department of Urology and Institute of Urology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Urology and Institute of Urology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Kunjie Wang
- Department of Urology and Institute of Urology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China.
| | - Deyi Luo
- Department of Urology and Institute of Urology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China.
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4
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Reuter MS, Sokolowski DJ, Javier Diaz-Mejia J, Keunen J, de Vrijer B, Chan C, Wang L, Ryan G, Chiasson DA, Ketela T, Scherer SW, Wilson MD, Jaeggi E, Chaturvedi RR. Decreased left heart flow in fetal lambs causes left heart hypoplasia and pro-fibrotic tissue remodeling. Commun Biol 2023; 6:770. [PMID: 37481629 PMCID: PMC10363152 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05132-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Low blood flow through the fetal left heart is often conjectured as an etiology for hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS). To investigate if a decrease in left heart flow results in growth failure, we generate left ventricular inflow obstruction (LVIO) in mid-gestation fetal lambs by implanting coils in their left atrium using an ultrasound-guided percutaneous technique. Significant LVIO recapitulates important clinical features of HLHS: decreased antegrade aortic valve flow, compensatory retrograde perfusion of the brain and ascending aorta (AAo) from the arterial duct, severe left heart hypoplasia, a non-apex forming LV, and a thickened endocardial layer. The hypoplastic AAo have miRNA-gene pairs annotating to cell proliferation that are inversely differentially expressed by bulk RNA-seq. Single-nucleus RNA-seq of the hypoplastic LV myocardium shows an increase in fibroblasts with a reciprocal decrease in cardiomyocyte nuclei proportions. Fibroblasts, cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells from hypoplastic myocardium have increased expression of extracellular matrix component or fibrosis genes with dysregulated fibroblast growth factor signaling. Hence, a severe sustained ( ~ 1/3 gestation) reduction in fetal left heart flow is sufficient to cause left heart hypoplasia. This is accompanied by changes in cellular composition and gene expression consistent with a pro-fibrotic environment and aberrant induction of mesenchymal programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam S Reuter
- CGEn, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Genetics and Genome Biology, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Dustin J Sokolowski
- Genetics and Genome Biology, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - J Javier Diaz-Mejia
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Johannes Keunen
- Ontario Fetal Centre, Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Barbra de Vrijer
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Children's Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
- London Health Sciences Centre, Victoria Hospital, London, ON, Canada
| | - Cadia Chan
- Genetics and Genome Biology, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Liangxi Wang
- Genetics and Genome Biology, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Greg Ryan
- Ontario Fetal Centre, Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David A Chiasson
- Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Troy Ketela
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Stephen W Scherer
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Genetics and Genome Biology, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- McLaughlin Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael D Wilson
- Genetics and Genome Biology, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Edgar Jaeggi
- Ontario Fetal Centre, Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Labatt Family Heart Centre, Division of Cardiology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rajiv R Chaturvedi
- Ontario Fetal Centre, Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Labatt Family Heart Centre, Division of Cardiology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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5
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Roustaei M, In Baek K, Wang Z, Cavallero S, Satta S, Lai A, O'Donnell R, Vedula V, Ding Y, Marsden AL, Hsiai TK. Computational simulations of the 4D micro-circulatory network in zebrafish tail amputation and regeneration. J R Soc Interface 2022; 19:20210898. [PMID: 35167770 PMCID: PMC8848759 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2021.0898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Wall shear stress (WSS) contributes to the mechanotransduction underlying microvascular development and regeneration. Using computational fluid dynamics, we elucidated the interplay between WSS and vascular remodelling in a zebrafish model of tail amputation and regeneration. The transgenic Tg (fli1:eGFP; Gata1:ds-red) zebrafish line was used to track the three-dimensional fluorescently labelled vascular endothelium for post-image segmentation and reconstruction of the fluid domain. Particle image velocimetry was used to validate the blood flow. Following amputation to the dorsal aorta and posterior cardinal vein (PCV), vasoconstriction developed in the dorsal longitudinal anastomotic vessel (DLAV) along with increased WSS in the proximal segmental vessels (SVs) from amputation. Angiogenesis ensued at the tips of the amputated DLAV and PCV where WSS was minimal. At 2 days post amputation (dpa), vasodilation occurred in a pair of SVs proximal to amputation, followed by increased blood flow and WSS; however, in the SVs distal to amputation, WSS normalized to the baseline. At 3 dpa, the blood flow increased in the arterial SV proximal to amputation and through anastomosis with DLAV formed a loop with PCV. Thus, our in silico modelling revealed the interplay between WSS and microvascular adaptation to changes in WSS and blood flow to restore microcirculation following tail amputation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Roustaei
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kyung In Baek
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zhaoqiang Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Susana Cavallero
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sandro Satta
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Angela Lai
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ryan O'Donnell
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Vijay Vedula
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yichen Ding
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | - Tzung K. Hsiai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Greater Los Angeles VA Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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6
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Richardson MK, Keuck G. The revolutionary developmental biology of Wilhelm His, Sr. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2022; 97:1131-1160. [PMID: 35106889 PMCID: PMC9304566 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Swiss‐born embryologist Wilhelm His, Sr. (1831–1904) was the first scientist to study embryos using paraffin histology, serial sectioning and three‐dimensional modelling. With these techniques, His made many important discoveries in vertebrate embryology and developmental neurobiology, earning him two Nobel Prize nominations. He also developed several theories of mechanical and evolutionary developmental biology. His argued that adult form is determined by the differential growth of developmental primordia. Furthermore, he suggested that changes in the growth parameters of those primordia are responsible for generating new phenotypes during evolution. His developed these theories in his book ‘Our Bodily Form’ (Unsere Körperform). Here, we review His's work with special emphasis on its potential importance to the disciplines of evolutionary developmental biology (evo‐devo) and mechanobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael K Richardson
- Institute of Biology, University of Leiden, Sylvius Laboratory, Sylviusweg 72, Leiden, 2333 BE, The Netherlands
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7
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Roustaei M, In Baek K, Wang Z, Cavallero S, Satta S, Lai A, O'Donnell R, Vedula V, Ding Y, Marsden AL, Hsiai TK. Computational simulations of the 4D micro-circulatory network in zebrafish tail amputation and regeneration. J R Soc Interface 2022. [PMID: 35167770 DOI: 10.1101/2021.02.10.430654v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Wall shear stress (WSS) contributes to the mechanotransduction underlying microvascular development and regeneration. Using computational fluid dynamics, we elucidated the interplay between WSS and vascular remodelling in a zebrafish model of tail amputation and regeneration. The transgenic Tg (fli1:eGFP; Gata1:ds-red) zebrafish line was used to track the three-dimensional fluorescently labelled vascular endothelium for post-image segmentation and reconstruction of the fluid domain. Particle image velocimetry was used to validate the blood flow. Following amputation to the dorsal aorta and posterior cardinal vein (PCV), vasoconstriction developed in the dorsal longitudinal anastomotic vessel (DLAV) along with increased WSS in the proximal segmental vessels (SVs) from amputation. Angiogenesis ensued at the tips of the amputated DLAV and PCV where WSS was minimal. At 2 days post amputation (dpa), vasodilation occurred in a pair of SVs proximal to amputation, followed by increased blood flow and WSS; however, in the SVs distal to amputation, WSS normalized to the baseline. At 3 dpa, the blood flow increased in the arterial SV proximal to amputation and through anastomosis with DLAV formed a loop with PCV. Thus, our in silico modelling revealed the interplay between WSS and microvascular adaptation to changes in WSS and blood flow to restore microcirculation following tail amputation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Roustaei
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kyung In Baek
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zhaoqiang Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Susana Cavallero
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sandro Satta
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Angela Lai
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ryan O'Donnell
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Vijay Vedula
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yichen Ding
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | - Tzung K Hsiai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Greater Los Angeles VA Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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8
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Poelmann RE, Gittenberger-de Groot AC, Goerdajal C, Grewal N, De Bakker MAG, Richardson MK. Ventricular Septation and Outflow Tract Development in Crocodilians Result in Two Aortas with Bicuspid Semilunar Valves. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2021; 8:jcdd8100132. [PMID: 34677201 PMCID: PMC8537894 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd8100132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The outflow tract of crocodilians resembles that of birds and mammals as ventricular septation is complete. The arterial anatomy, however, presents with a pulmonary trunk originating from the right ventricular cavum, and two aortas originating from either the right or left ventricular cavity. Mixing of blood in crocodilians cannot occur at the ventricular level as in other reptiles but instead takes place at the aortic root level by a shunt, the foramen of Panizza, the opening of which is guarded by two facing semilunar leaflets of both bicuspid aortic valves. Methods: Developmental stages of Alligator mississipiensis, Crocodilus niloticus and Caiman latirostris were studied histologically. Results and Conclusions: The outflow tract septation complex can be divided into two components. The aorto-pulmonary septum divides the pulmonary trunk from both aortas, whereas the interaortic septum divides the systemic from the visceral aorta. Neural crest cells are most likely involved in the formation of both components. Remodeling of the endocardial cushions and both septa results in the formation of bicuspid valves in all three arterial trunks. The foramen of Panizza originates intracardially as a channel in the septal endocardial cushion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E. Poelmann
- Sylvius Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences and Health, Institute of Biology, University of Leiden, Sylvi-usweg 72, 2333BE Leiden, The Netherlands; (C.G.); (M.A.G.D.B.); (M.K.R.)
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, P.O. Box 9600, 2300RC Leiden, The Netherlands;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-652695875
| | | | - Charissa Goerdajal
- Sylvius Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences and Health, Institute of Biology, University of Leiden, Sylvi-usweg 72, 2333BE Leiden, The Netherlands; (C.G.); (M.A.G.D.B.); (M.K.R.)
| | - Nimrat Grewal
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, P.O. Box 9600, 2300RC Leiden, The Netherlands;
| | - Merijn A. G. De Bakker
- Sylvius Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences and Health, Institute of Biology, University of Leiden, Sylvi-usweg 72, 2333BE Leiden, The Netherlands; (C.G.); (M.A.G.D.B.); (M.K.R.)
| | - Michael K. Richardson
- Sylvius Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences and Health, Institute of Biology, University of Leiden, Sylvi-usweg 72, 2333BE Leiden, The Netherlands; (C.G.); (M.A.G.D.B.); (M.K.R.)
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9
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Stefanovic S, Etchevers HC, Zaffran S. Outflow Tract Formation-Embryonic Origins of Conotruncal Congenital Heart Disease. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2021; 8:jcdd8040042. [PMID: 33918884 PMCID: PMC8069607 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd8040042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Anomalies in the cardiac outflow tract (OFT) are among the most frequent congenital heart defects (CHDs). During embryogenesis, the cardiac OFT is a dynamic structure at the arterial pole of the heart. Heart tube elongation occurs by addition of cells from pharyngeal, splanchnic mesoderm to both ends. These progenitor cells, termed the second heart field (SHF), were first identified twenty years ago as essential to the growth of the forming heart tube and major contributors to the OFT. Perturbation of SHF development results in common forms of CHDs, including anomalies of the great arteries. OFT development also depends on paracrine interactions between multiple cell types, including myocardial, endocardial and neural crest lineages. In this publication, dedicated to Professor Andriana Gittenberger-De Groot and her contributions to the field of cardiac development and CHDs, we review some of her pioneering studies of OFT development with particular interest in the diverse origins of the many cell types that contribute to the OFT. We also discuss the clinical implications of selected key findings for our understanding of the etiology of CHDs and particularly OFT malformations.
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10
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Alser M, Shurbaji S, Yalcin HC. Mechanosensitive Pathways in Heart Development: Findings from Chick Embryo Studies. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2021; 8:jcdd8040032. [PMID: 33810288 PMCID: PMC8065436 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd8040032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The heart is the first organ that starts to function in a developing embryo. It continues to undergo dramatic morphological changes while pumping blood to the rest of the body. Genetic regulation of heart development is partly governed by hemodynamics. Chick embryo is a major animal model that has been used extensively in cardiogenesis research. To reveal mechanosensitive pathways, a variety of surgical interferences and chemical treatments can be applied to the chick embryo to manipulate the blood flow. Such manipulations alter expressions of mechanosensitive genes which may anticipate induction of morphological changes in the developing heart. This paper aims to present different approaches for generating clinically relevant disturbed hemodynamics conditions using this embryonic chick model and to summarize identified mechanosensitive genes using the model, providing insights into embryonic origins of congenital heart defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha Alser
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar; (M.A.); (S.S.)
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar
| | - Samar Shurbaji
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar; (M.A.); (S.S.)
| | - Huseyin C. Yalcin
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar; (M.A.); (S.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +974-4403-7719
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11
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Gurung S, Dubansky B, Virgen CA, Verbeck GF, Murphy DW. Effects of crude oil vapors on the cardiovascular flow of embryonic Gulf killifish. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 751:141627. [PMID: 33181982 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Direct contact with toxicants in crude oil during embryogenesis causes cardiovascular defects, but the effects of exposure to airborne volatile organic compounds released from spilled oil are not well understood. The effects of crude oil-derived airborne toxicants on peripheral blood flow were examined in Gulf killifish (Fundulus grandis) since this model completes embryogenesis in the air. Particle image velocimetry was used to measure in vivo blood flow in intersegmental arteries of control and oil-exposed embryos. Significant effects in oil-exposed embryos included increased pulse rate, reduced mean blood flow speed and volumetric flow rate, and decreased pulsatility, demonstrating that normal-appearing oil-exposed embryos retain underlying cardiovascular defects. Further, hematocrit moderately increased in oil-exposed embryos. This study highlights the potential for fine-scale physiological measurement techniques to better understand the sub-lethal effects of oil exposure and demonstrates the efficacy of Gulf killifish as a unique teleost model for aerial toxicant exposure studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjib Gurung
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, United States
| | - Benjamin Dubansky
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, United States
| | - Camila A Virgen
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, United States
| | - Guido F Verbeck
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, United States
| | - David W Murphy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, United States.
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12
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New Concepts in the Development and Malformation of the Arterial Valves. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2020; 7:jcdd7040038. [PMID: 32987700 PMCID: PMC7712390 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd7040038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although in many ways the arterial and atrioventricular valves are similar, both being derived for the most part from endocardial cushions, we now know that the arterial valves and their surrounding structures are uniquely dependent on progenitors from both the second heart field (SHF) and neural crest cells (NCC). Here, we will review aspects of arterial valve development, highlighting how our appreciation of NCC and the discovery of the SHF have altered our developmental models. We will highlight areas of research that have been particularly instructive for understanding how the leaflets form and remodel, as well as those with limited or conflicting results. With this background, we will explore how this developmental knowledge can help us to understand human valve malformations, particularly those of the bicuspid aortic valve (BAV). Controversies and the current state of valve genomics will be indicated.
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13
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Keller BB, Kowalski WJ, Tinney JP, Tobita K, Hu N. Validating the Paradigm That Biomechanical Forces Regulate Embryonic Cardiovascular Morphogenesis and Are Fundamental in the Etiology of Congenital Heart Disease. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2020; 7:E23. [PMID: 32545681 PMCID: PMC7344498 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd7020023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The goal of this review is to provide a broad overview of the biomechanical maturation and regulation of vertebrate cardiovascular (CV) morphogenesis and the evidence for mechanistic relationships between function and form relevant to the origins of congenital heart disease (CHD). The embryonic heart has been investigated for over a century, initially focusing on the chick embryo due to the opportunity to isolate and investigate myocardial electromechanical maturation, the ability to directly instrument and measure normal cardiac function, intervene to alter ventricular loading conditions, and then investigate changes in functional and structural maturation to deduce mechanism. The paradigm of "Develop and validate quantitative techniques, describe normal, perturb the system, describe abnormal, then deduce mechanisms" was taught to many young investigators by Dr. Edward B. Clark and then validated by a rapidly expanding number of teams dedicated to investigate CV morphogenesis, structure-function relationships, and pathogenic mechanisms of CHD. Pioneering studies using the chick embryo model rapidly expanded into a broad range of model systems, particularly the mouse and zebrafish, to investigate the interdependent genetic and biomechanical regulation of CV morphogenesis. Several central morphogenic themes have emerged. First, CV morphogenesis is inherently dependent upon the biomechanical forces that influence cell and tissue growth and remodeling. Second, embryonic CV systems dynamically adapt to changes in biomechanical loading conditions similar to mature systems. Third, biomechanical loading conditions dynamically impact and are regulated by genetic morphogenic systems. Fourth, advanced imaging techniques coupled with computational modeling provide novel insights to validate regulatory mechanisms. Finally, insights regarding the genetic and biomechanical regulation of CV morphogenesis and adaptation are relevant to current regenerative strategies for patients with CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley B. Keller
- Cincinnati Children’s Heart Institute, Greater Louisville and Western Kentucky Practice, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - William J. Kowalski
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Neuro-Vascular Biology, Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Joseph P. Tinney
- Kosair Charities Pediatric Heart Research Program, Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA;
| | - Kimimasa Tobita
- Department of Medical Affairs, Abiomed Japan K.K., Muromachi Higashi Mitsui Bldg, Tokyo 103-0022, Japan;
| | - Norman Hu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA;
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14
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The Development of the Ascending Aortic Wall in Tricuspid and Bicuspid Aortic Valve: A Process from Maturation to Degeneration. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9040908. [PMID: 32225051 PMCID: PMC7230962 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9040908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Patients with a bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) have an increased risk for aortic dilation and dissection. In this study, we provide a histological stratification of the developing aorta in the tricuspid aortic valve (TAV) and the BAV populations as a reference for future studies on aortopathy and related syndromes. Methods: Non-dilated TAV and BAV ascending aortic wall samples were collected, including 60 TAV (embryonic–70 years) and 32 BAV specimens (fetal–72 years, categorized in eight age groups. Results: In TAV, intimal development starts in the neonatal phase. After birth, the thickness of the medial layer increases significantly by increase of elastic lamellae up to and including the “young child” phase stabilizing afterwards. The BAV shows already prenatal intimal thickening becoming significantly thinner after birth subsequently stabilizing. In BAV, increase in elastic lamellae is seen between the young child and the adolescent phases, stabilizing afterwards. Conclusions: Vascular development in TAV is described in three phases: maturation, stabilization, and degeneration. For BAV, the development can be described in two phases: maturation (already prenatally) and degeneration. After birth, the development of the aorta is characterized by degeneration, leading to weakening of the ascending aortic wall and increasing the risk of aortopathy.
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15
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Mandrycky CJ, Williams NP, Batalov I, El-Nachef D, de Bakker BS, Davis J, Kim DH, DeForest CA, Zheng Y, Stevens KR, Sniadecki NJ. Engineering Heart Morphogenesis. Trends Biotechnol 2020; 38:835-845. [PMID: 32673587 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2020.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in stem cell biology and tissue engineering have laid the groundwork for building complex tissues in a dish. We propose that these technologies are ready for a new challenge: recapitulating cardiac morphogenesis in vitro. In development, the heart transforms from a simple linear tube to a four-chambered organ through a complex process called looping. Here, we re-examine heart tube looping through the lens of an engineer and argue that the linear heart tube is an advantageous starting point for tissue engineering. We summarize the structures, signaling pathways, and stresses in the looping heart, and evaluate approaches that could be used to build a linear heart tube and guide it through the process of looping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian J Mandrycky
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nisa P Williams
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ivan Batalov
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Danny El-Nachef
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Bernadette S de Bakker
- Clinical Anatomy and Embryology, Department of Medical Biology, AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jennifer Davis
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Deok-Ho Kim
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Medicine/Cardiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Cole A DeForest
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ying Zheng
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kelly R Stevens
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nathan J Sniadecki
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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16
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Urban JD, Wikoff DS, Chappell GA, Harris C, Haws LC. Systematic evaluation of mechanistic data in assessing in utero exposures to trichloroethylene and development of congenital heart defects. Toxicology 2020; 436:152427. [PMID: 32145346 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2020.152427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The hypothesis that in utero exposures to low levels of trichloroethylene (TCE) may increase the risk of congenital heart defects (CHDs) in offspring remains a subject of substantial controversy within the scientific community due primarily to the reliance on an inconsistent and unreproducible experimental study in rats. To build on previous assessments that have primarily focused on epidemiological and experimental animal studies in developing conclusions, the objective of the current study is to conduct a systematic evaluation of mechanistic data related to in utero exposures to TCE and the development of CHDs. The evidence base was heterogeneous; 79 mechanistic datasets were identified, characterizing endpoints which ranged from molecular to organismal responses in seven species, involving both in vivo and in vitro study designs in mammalian and non-mammalian models. Of these, 24 datasets were considered reliable following critical appraisal using a study quality tool that employs metrics specific to the study type. Subsequent synthesis and integration demonstrated that the available mechanistic data: 1) did not support the potential for CHD hazard in humans, 2) did not support the biological plausibility of a response in humans based on organization via a putative adverse outcome pathway for valvulo-septal cardiac defects, and 3) were not suitable for serving as candidate studies in risk assessment. Findings supportive of an association were generally limited to in ovo chicken studies, in which TCE was administered in high concentration solutions via direct injection. Results of these in ovo studies were difficult to interpret for human health risk assessment given the lack of generalizability of the study models (including dose relevance, species-specific biological differences, variations in the construct of the study design, etc.). When the mechanistic data are integrated with findings from previous evaluations of human and animal evidence streams, the totality of evidence does not support CHDs as a critical effect in TCE human health risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Urban
- ToxStrategies, Inc., 9390 Research Blvd, Ste. 100, Austin, TX, 78759, USA.
| | - Daniele S Wikoff
- ToxStrategies, Inc., 31 College Place, Ste. B118, Asheville, NC, 28801, USA
| | - Grace A Chappell
- ToxStrategies, Inc., 31 College Place, Ste. B118, Asheville, NC, 28801, USA
| | - Craig Harris
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Laurie C Haws
- ToxStrategies, Inc., 9390 Research Blvd, Ste. 100, Austin, TX, 78759, USA
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17
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Jiang B, Yan L, Shamul JG, Hakun M, He X. Stem cell therapy of myocardial infarction: a promising opportunity in bioengineering. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2020; 3:1900182. [PMID: 33665356 PMCID: PMC7928435 DOI: 10.1002/adtp.201900182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) is a life-threatening disease resulting from irreversible death of cardiomyocytes (CMs) and weakening of the heart blood-pumping function. Stem cell-based therapies have been studied for MI treatment over the last two decades with promising outcome. In this review, we critically summarize the past work in this field to elucidate the advantages and disadvantages of treating MI using pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) including both embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), adult stem cells, and cardiac progenitor cells. The main advantage of the latter is their cytokine production capability to modulate immune responses and control the progression of healing. However, human adult stem cells have very limited (if not 'no') capacity to differentiate into functional CMs in vitro or in vivo. In contrast, PSCs can be differentiated into functional CMs although the protocols for the cardiac differentiation of PSCs are mainly for adherent cells under 2D culture. Derivation of PSC-CMs in 3D, allowing for large-scale production of CMs via modulation of the Wnt/β-catenin signal pathway with defined chemicals and medium, may be desired for clinical translation. Furthermore, the technology of purification and maturation of the PSC-CMs may need further improvements to eliminate teratoma formation after in vivo implantation of the PSC-CMs for treating MI. In addition, in vitro derived PSC-CMs may have mechanical and electrical mismatch with the patient's cardiac tissue, which causes arrhythmia. This supports the use of PSC-derived cells committed to cardiac lineage without beating for implantation to treat MI. In this case, the PSC derived cells may utilize the mechanical, electrical, and chemical cues in the heart to further differentiate into mature/functional CMs in situ. Another major challenge facing stem cell therapy of MI is the low retention/survival of stem cells or their derivatives (e.g., PSC-CMs) in the heart for MI treatment after injection in vivo. This may be resolved by using biomaterials to engineer stem cells for reduced immunogenicity, immobilization of the cells in the heart, and increased integration with the host cardiac tissue. Biomaterials have also been applied in the derivation of CMs in vitro to increase the efficiency and maturation of differentiation. Collectively, a lot has been learned from the past failure of simply injecting intact stem cells or their derivatives in vivo for treating MI, and bioengineering stem cells with biomaterials is expected to be a valuable strategy for advancing stem cell therapy towards its widespread application for treating MI in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Jiang
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Li Yan
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - James G Shamul
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Maxwell Hakun
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Xiaoming He
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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18
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Courchaine K, Rugonyi S. Optical coherence tomography for in vivo imaging of endocardial to mesenchymal transition during avian heart development. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 10:5989-5995. [PMID: 31799059 PMCID: PMC6865111 DOI: 10.1364/boe.10.005989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The endocardial to mesenchymal transition (EndMT) that occurs in endocardial cushions during heart development is critical for proper heart septation and formation of the heart's valves. In EndMT, cells delaminate from the endocardium and migrate into the previously acellular endocardial cushions. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging uses the optical properties of tissues for contrast, and during early development OCT can differentiate cellular versus acellular tissues. Here we show that OCT can be used to non-invasively track EndMT progression in vivo in the outflow tract cushions of chicken embryos. This enables in vivo studies to elucidate factors leading to cardiac malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Courchaine
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, 3303 SW Bond Ave. Mail/Code:CH13B, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Sandra Rugonyi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, 3303 SW Bond Ave. Mail/Code:CH13B, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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19
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Wang S, Yu J, Kane MA, Moise AR. Modulation of retinoid signaling: therapeutic opportunities in organ fibrosis and repair. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 205:107415. [PMID: 31629008 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.107415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The vitamin A metabolite, retinoic acid, is an important signaling molecule during embryonic development serving critical roles in morphogenesis, organ patterning and skeletal and neural development. Retinoic acid is also important in postnatal life in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis, while retinoid-based therapies have long been used in the treatment of a variety of cancers and skin disorders. As the number of people living with chronic disorders continues to increase, there is great interest in extending the use of retinoid therapies in promoting the maintenance and repair of adult tissues. However, there are still many conflicting results as we struggle to understand the role of retinoic acid in the multitude of processes that contribute to tissue injury and repair. This review will assess our current knowledge of the role retinoic acid signaling in the development of fibroblasts, and their transformation to myofibroblasts, and of the potential use of retinoid therapies in the treatment of organ fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suya Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jianshi Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Maureen A Kane
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
| | - Alexander R Moise
- Medical Sciences Division, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada; Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Biology and Biomolecular Sciences Program, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, P3E 2C6, Canada.
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20
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Poelmann RE, Gittenberger-de Groot AC. Development and evolution of the metazoan heart. Dev Dyn 2019; 248:634-656. [PMID: 31063648 PMCID: PMC6767493 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of the evolution and development of the heart in metazoans are highlighted, starting with the evolutionary origin of the contractile cell, supposedly the precursor of cardiomyocytes. The last eukaryotic common ancestor is likely a combination of several cellular organisms containing their specific metabolic pathways and genetic signaling networks. During evolution, these tool kits diversified. Shared parts of these conserved tool kits act in the development and functioning of pumping hearts and open or closed circulations in such diverse species as arthropods, mollusks, and chordates. The genetic tool kits became more complex by gene duplications, addition of epigenetic modifications, influence of environmental factors, incorporation of viral genomes, cardiac changes necessitated by air‐breathing, and many others. We evaluate mechanisms involved in mollusks in the formation of three separate hearts and in arthropods in the formation of a tubular heart. A tubular heart is also present in embryonic stages of chordates, providing the septated four‐chambered heart, in birds and mammals passing through stages with first and second heart fields. The four‐chambered heart permits the formation of high‐pressure systemic and low‐pressure pulmonary circulation in birds and mammals, allowing for high metabolic rates and maintenance of body temperature. Crocodiles also have a (nearly) separated circulation, but their resting temperature conforms with the environment. We argue that endothermic ancestors lost the capacity to elevate their body temperature during evolution, resulting in ectothermic modern crocodilians. Finally, a clinically relevant paragraph reviews the occurrence of congenital cardiac malformations in humans as derailments of signaling pathways during embryonic development. The cardiac regulatory toolkit contains many factors including epigenetic, genetic, viral, hemodynamic, and environmental factors, but also transcriptional activators, repressors, duplicated genes, redundancies and dose‐dependancies. Numerous toolkits regulate mechanisms including cell‐cell interactions, EMT, mitosis patterns, cell migration and differentiation and left/right sidedness involved in the development of endocardial cushions, looping, septum complexes, pharyngeal arch arteries, chamber and valve formation and conduction system. Evolutionary development of the yolk sac circulation likely preceded the advent of endothermy in amniotes. Parallel evolutionary traits regulate the development of contractile pumps in various taxa often in conjunction with the gut, lungs and excretory organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Poelmann
- Institute of Biology, Department of Animal Sciences and Health, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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21
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Anderson RH, Tretter JT, Spicer DE, Mori S. The Fate of the Outflow Tract Septal Complex in Relation to the Classification of Ventricular Septal Defects. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2019; 6:jcdd6010009. [PMID: 30795606 PMCID: PMC6463070 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd6010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
It is now established that the entity often described as an “aortopulmonary septal complex” is better considered as an “outflow tract septal complex”. This change is crucial for appropriate understanding of not only malformations of the outflow tract, but also ventricular septal defects. Thus, the embryonic outflow tract, as it develops, is separated into its two components by fusion of a protrusion from the dorsal wall of the aortic sac with the distal end of the outflow cushions. The key point with regard to morphogenesis is that, with ongoing development, these structures lose their septal integrity, although they can still be identified as septal structures when the ventricular septum itself is deficient. In the normal postnatal heart, however, the aortic and pulmonary components have their own walls throughout the length of the outflow tracts. All of this is of clinical significance, since some current concepts of categorisation of the ventricular septal defects are based on the existence in the normal heart of a “conal septum”, along with a “septum of the atrioventricular canal”. In this review, we show how analysis of postnatal hearts reveals the definitive ventricular septum to possess only muscular and fibrous components in the absence of either discrete outflow or inlet components. We also show that this information regarding development, in turn, is of major significance in determining whether categorisation of ventricular septal defects is best approached, in the first instance, on the basis of the borders of the defects or the fashion in which they open to the right ventricle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Anderson
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK.
| | - Justin T Tretter
- Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
| | - Diane E Spicer
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | - Shumpei Mori
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan.
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