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Neuroprotection for Age-Related Macular Degeneration. OPHTHALMOLOGY SCIENCE 2022; 2:100192. [PMID: 36570623 PMCID: PMC9767822 DOI: 10.1016/j.xops.2022.100192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of blindness worldwide. Early to intermediate AMD is characterized by the accumulation of lipid- and protein-rich drusen. Late stages of the disease are characterized by the development of choroidal neovascularization, termed "exudative" or "neovascular AMD," or retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cell and photoreceptor death, termed "geographic atrophy" (GA) in advanced nonexudative AMD. Although we have effective treatments for exudative AMD in the form of anti-VEGF agents, they have no role for patients with GA. Neuroprotection strategies have emerged as a possible way to slow photoreceptor degeneration and vision loss in patients with GA. These approaches include reduction of oxidative stress, modulation of the visual cycle, reduction of toxic molecules, inhibition of pathologic protein activity, prevention of cellular apoptosis or programmed necrosis (necroptosis), inhibition of inflammation, direct activation of neurotrophic factors, delivery of umbilical tissue-derived cells, and RPE replacement. Despite active investigation in this area and significant promise based on preclinical studies, many clinical studies have not yielded successful results. We discuss selected past and current neuroprotection trials for AMD, highlight the lessons learned from these past studies, and discuss our perspective regarding remaining questions that must be answered before neuroprotection can be successfully applied in the field of AMD research.
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Key Words
- AD, Alzheimer disease
- ALA, alpha lipoic acid
- AMD, age-related macular degeneration
- AREDS, Age-Related Eye Disease Study
- AREDS2, Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2
- Age-related macular degeneration
- CFH, complement factor H
- CNTF, ciliary neurotrophic factor
- GA, geographic atrophy
- HTRA1, high-temperature requirement A1
- IOP, intraocular pressure
- Neuroprotection
- RBP, retinol-binding protein
- RGC, retinal ganglion cell
- RIPK3, receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 3
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- RPE, retinal pigment epithelium
- Retinal degeneration
- VA, visual acuity
- iPSC, induced pluripotent stem cell
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Mounirou BAM, Adam ND, Yakoura AKH, Aminou MSM, Liu YT, Tan LY. Diabetic Retinopathy: An Overview of Treatments. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2022; 26:111-118. [PMID: 35873941 PMCID: PMC9302419 DOI: 10.4103/ijem.ijem_480_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR), substantially impacts the quality of life of diabetic patients, it remains, in developed countries, the leading cause of vision loss in working-age adults (20-65 years). Currently, about 90 million diabetics suffer from DR. DR is a silent complication that in its early stages is asymptomatic. However, over time, chronic hyperglycemia can lead to sensitive retinal damage, leading to fluid accumulation and retinal haemorrhage (HM), resulting in cloudy or blurred vision. It can, therefore, lead to severe visual impairment or even blindness if left untreated. It can be classified into nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). NPDR is featured with intraretinal microvasculature changes and can be further divided into mild, moderate, and severe stages that may associate with diabetic macular oedema (DME). PDR involves the formation and growth of new blood vessels (retinal neovascularisation) under low oxygen conditions. Early identification and treatment are key priorities for reducing the morbidity of diabetic eye disease. In the early stages of DR, a tight control of glycemia, blood pressure, plasma lipids, and regular monitoring can help prevent its progression to more advanced stages. In advanced stages, the main treatments of DR include intraocular injections of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) antibodies, laser treatments, and vitrectomy. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the published literature pertaining to the latest progress in the treatment of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bassirou A. M. Mounirou
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, China
| | - Nouhou D. Adam
- Department of Ophthalmology, Lamorde National Hospital, Niamey, Niger
| | | | - Mahamane S. M. Aminou
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, General Reference Hospital of Niamey, Niger
| | - Yu T. Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Lamorde National Hospital, Niamey, Niger
| | - Li Y. Tan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, China
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Schneider N, Sundaresan Y, Gopalakrishnan P, Beryozkin A, Hanany M, Levanon EY, Banin E, Ben-Aroya S, Sharon D. Inherited retinal diseases: Linking genes, disease-causing variants, and relevant therapeutic modalities. Prog Retin Eye Res 2021; 89:101029. [PMID: 34839010 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2021.101029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Inherited retinal diseases (IRDs) are a clinically complex and heterogenous group of visual impairment phenotypes caused by pathogenic variants in at least 277 nuclear and mitochondrial genes, affecting different retinal regions, and depleting the vision of affected individuals. Genes that cause IRDs when mutated are unique by possessing differing genotype-phenotype correlations, varying inheritance patterns, hypomorphic alleles, and modifier genes thus complicating genetic interpretation. Next-generation sequencing has greatly advanced the identification of novel IRD-related genes and pathogenic variants in the last decade. For this review, we performed an in-depth literature search which allowed for compilation of the Global Retinal Inherited Disease (GRID) dataset containing 4,798 discrete variants and 17,299 alleles published in 31 papers, showing a wide range of frequencies and complexities among the 194 genes reported in GRID, with 65% of pathogenic variants being unique to a single individual. A better understanding of IRD-related gene distribution, gene complexity, and variant types allow for improved genetic testing and therapies. Current genetic therapeutic methods are also quite diverse and rely on variant identification, and range from whole gene replacement to single nucleotide editing at the DNA or RNA levels. IRDs and their suitable therapies thus require a range of effective disease modelling in human cells, granting insight into disease mechanisms and testing of possible treatments. This review summarizes genetic and therapeutic modalities of IRDs, provides new analyses of IRD-related genes (GRID and complexity scores), and provides information to match genetic-based therapies such as gene-specific and variant-specific therapies to the appropriate individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Schneider
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Yogapriya Sundaresan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Prakadeeswari Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Avigail Beryozkin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Mor Hanany
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Erez Y Levanon
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Eyal Banin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Shay Ben-Aroya
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Dror Sharon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91120, Israel.
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Alfonsetti M, Castelli V, d’Angelo M, Benedetti E, Allegretti M, Barboni B, Cimini A. Looking for In Vitro Models for Retinal Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10334. [PMID: 34638674 PMCID: PMC8508697 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Retina is a layered structure of the eye, composed of different cellular components working together to produce a complex visual output. Because of its important role in visual function, retinal pathologies commonly represent the main causes of visual injury and blindness in the industrialized world. It is important to develop in vitro models of retinal diseases to use them in first screenings before translating in in vivo experiments and clinics. For this reason, it is important to develop bidimensional (2D) models that are more suitable for drug screening and toxicological studies and tridimensional (3D) models, which can replicate physiological conditions, for investigating pathological mechanisms leading to visual loss. This review provides an overview of the most common retinal diseases, relating to in vivo models, with a specific focus on alternative 2D and 3D in vitro models that can replicate the different cellular and matrix components of retinal layers, as well as injury insults that induce retinal disease and loss of the visual function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Alfonsetti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (M.A.); (V.C.); (M.d.); (E.B.)
| | - Vanessa Castelli
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (M.A.); (V.C.); (M.d.); (E.B.)
| | - Michele d’Angelo
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (M.A.); (V.C.); (M.d.); (E.B.)
| | - Elisabetta Benedetti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (M.A.); (V.C.); (M.d.); (E.B.)
| | | | - Barbara Barboni
- Faculty of Biosciences and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Annamaria Cimini
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (M.A.); (V.C.); (M.d.); (E.B.)
- Department of Biology, Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
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Genome Editing of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Using CRISPR/Cas9 Ribonucleoprotein Complexes to Model Genetic Ocular Diseases. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2021; 2549:321-334. [PMID: 34128206 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2021_409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Genome editing with the use of CRISPR/Cas9 ribonucleoprotein complexes of induced pluripotent stem cells can be used to model many diseases. The combination of stem cells and gene editing technologies is a valuable tool to study ocular disorders, as many have been identified to be caused by specific genetic mutations. This protocol provides experimentally derived guidelines for genome editing of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) using CRISPR/Cas9 ribonucleoprotein complexes to generate iPSCs harboring single nucleotide variants from ocular disorders. Edited iPSC can be further differentiated into retinal cells in order to study disease mechanisms as well as screen potential therapies.
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Mamaeva D, Jazouli Z, DiFrancesco ML, Erkilic N, Dubois G, Hilaire C, Meunier I, Boukhaddaoui H, Kalatzis V. Novel roles for voltage-gated T-type Ca 2+ and ClC-2 channels in phagocytosis and angiogenic factor balance identified in human iPSC-derived RPE. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21406. [PMID: 33724552 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002754r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Human-induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a powerful tool for pathophysiological studies and preclinical therapeutic screening, as well as a source for clinical cell transplantation. Thus, it must be validated for maturity and functionality to ensure correct data readouts and clinical safety. Previous studies have validated hiPSC-derived RPE as morphologically characteristic of the tissue in the human eye. However, information concerning the expression and functionality of ion channels is still limited. We screened hiPSC-derived RPE for the polarized expression of a panel of L-type (CaV 1.1, CaV 1.3) and T-type (CaV 3.1, CaV 3.3) Ca2+ channels, K+ channels (Maxi-K, Kir4.1, Kir7.1), and the Cl- channel ClC-2 known to be expressed in native RPE. We also tested the roles of these channels in key RPE functions using specific inhibitors. In addition to confirming the native expression profiles and function of certain channels, such as L-type Ca2+ channels, we show for the first time that T-type Ca2+ channels play a role in both phagocytosis and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion. Moreover, we demonstrate that Maxi-K and Kir7.1 channels are involved in the polarized secretion of VEGF and pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF). Furthermore, we show a novel localization for ClC-2 channel on the apical side of hiPSC-derived RPE, with an overexpression at the level of fluid-filled domes, and demonstrate that it plays an important role in phagocytosis, as well as VEGF and PEDF secretion. Taken together, hiPSC-derived RPE is a powerful model for advancing fundamental knowledge of RPE functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Mamaeva
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, Inserm, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - Zhour Jazouli
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, Inserm, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - Mattia L DiFrancesco
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, Inserm, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - Nejla Erkilic
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, Inserm, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France.,National Reference Centre for Inherited Sensory Diseases, Montpellier University, CHU, Montpellier, France
| | - Gregor Dubois
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, Inserm, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - Cecile Hilaire
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, Inserm, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - Isabelle Meunier
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, Inserm, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France.,National Reference Centre for Inherited Sensory Diseases, Montpellier University, CHU, Montpellier, France
| | - Hassan Boukhaddaoui
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, Inserm, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - Vasiliki Kalatzis
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, Inserm, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
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7
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Wang ST, Chen LL, Zhang P, Wang XB, Sun Y, Ma LX, Liu Q, Zhou GM. Transplantation of Retinal Progenitor Cells from Optic Cup-Like Structures Differentiated from Human Embryonic Stem Cells In Vitro and In Vivo Generation of Retinal Ganglion-Like Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2020; 28:258-267. [PMID: 30526386 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2018.0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have the potential to differentiate along the retinal lineage. We have efficiently differentiated human pluripotent stem cells into optic cup-like structures by using a novel retinal differentiation medium (RDM). The purpose of this study was to determine whether the retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) derived from hESCs can integrate into the host retina and differentiate into retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in vivo. In this study, hESCs (H9-GFP) were induced to differentiate into optic cup-like structures by using our novel differentiation system. The RPCs extracted from the optic cup-like structures were transplanted into the vitreous cavity of N-methyl-d-aspartic acid-treated mice. Sham-treated eyes received the same amount of RDM. The host retinas were analyzed by triple immunofluorescence on the fourth and fifth weeks after transplantation. The optic cup-like structures were efficiently differentiated from hESCs by using our novel differentiation system in vitro for 6-8 weeks. The RPCs extracted from the optic cup-like structures migrated and integrated into the ganglion cell layer (GCL) of the host retina. Furthermore, the remaining transplanted cells were spread over the GCL and had a complementary distribution with host residual RGCs in the GCL of the mouse retina. Surprisingly, some of the transplanted cells expressed the RGC-specific marker Brn3a. These findings demonstrated that the RPCs derived from hESCs could integrate into the host GCL and differentiate into retinal ganglion-like cells in vivo, suggesting that RPCs can be used as an ideal source in supplying countless RGC and embryonic stem cell-based replacement therapies may be a promising treatment to restore vision in patients with degenerative retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Tao Wang
- 1 Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,2 Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Li Chen
- 3 Department of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- 2 Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Bing Wang
- 2 Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Sun
- 2 Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Xiang Ma
- 2 Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiong Liu
- 2 Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Min Zhou
- 2 Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Gong J, Cai H, Noggle S, Paull D, Rizzolo LJ, Del Priore LV, Fields MA. Stem cell-derived retinal pigment epithelium from patients with age-related macular degeneration exhibit reduced metabolism and matrix interactions. Stem Cells Transl Med 2019; 9:364-376. [PMID: 31840941 PMCID: PMC7031648 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.19-0321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Modeling age‐related macular degeneration (AMD) is challenging, because it is a multifactorial disease. To focus on interactions between the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and Bruch's membrane, we generated RPE from AMD patients and used an altered extracellular matrix (ECM) that models aged Bruch's membrane. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) were generated from fibroblasts isolated from AMD patients or age‐matched (normal) controls. RPE derived from iPSCs were analyzed by morphology, marker expression, transepithelial electrical resistance (TER), and phagocytosis of rod photoreceptor outer segments. Cell attachment and viability was tested on nitrite‐modified ECM, a typical modification of aged Bruch's membrane. DNA microarrays with hierarchical clustering and analysis of mitochondrial function were used to elucidate possible mechanisms for the observed phenotypes. Differentiated RPE displayed cell‐specific morphology and markers. The TER and phagocytic capacity were similar among iPSC‐derived RPE cultures. However, distinct clusters were found for the transcriptomes of AMD and control iPSC‐derived RPE. AMD‐derived iPSC‐RPE downregulated genes responsible for metabolic‐related pathways and cell attachment. AMD‐derived iPSC‐RPE exhibited reduced mitochondrial respiration and ability to attach and survive on nitrite‐modified ECM. Cells that did attach induced the expression of complement genes. Despite reprogramming, iPSC derived from AMD patients yielded RPE with a transcriptome that is distinct from that of age‐matched controls. When challenged with an AMD‐like modification of Bruch's membrane, AMD‐derived iPSC‐RPE activated the complement immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Gong
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Hui Cai
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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- The New York Stem Cell Foundation (NYSCF) Research Institute, New York, New York
| | - Scott Noggle
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation (NYSCF) Research Institute, New York, New York
| | - Daniel Paull
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation (NYSCF) Research Institute, New York, New York
| | - Lawrence J Rizzolo
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Lucian V Del Priore
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Mark A Fields
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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Cai H, Gong J, Abriola L, Hoyer D, NYSCF Global Stem Cell Array Team, Noggle S, Paull D, Del Priore LV, Fields MA. High-throughput screening identifies compounds that protect RPE cells from physiological stressors present in AMD. Exp Eye Res 2019; 185:107641. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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10
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Liu S, Xie B, Song X, Zheng D, He L, Li G, Gao G, Peng F, Yu M, Ge J, Zhong X. Self-Formation of RPE Spheroids Facilitates Enrichment and Expansion of hiPSC-Derived RPE Generated on Retinal Organoid Induction Platform. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 59:5659-5669. [PMID: 30489625 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-23613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and neural retina could be generated concurrently through retinal organoid induction approaches using human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), providing valuable sources for cell therapy of retinal degenerations. This study aims to enrich and expand hiPSC-RPE acquired with this platform and explore characteristics of serially passaged RPE cells. Methods RPE has been differentiated from hiPSCs with a published retinal organoid induction method. After detachment of neural retina on the 4th week, the remaining mixture was scraped from the dish and subjected to suspension culture for the formation of RPE spheroids. RPE sheets were isolated and digested for expansion. The cellular, molecular, and functional features of expanded RPE cells were evaluated by different assays. Results Under suspension culture, hiPSC-RPE spheroids with pigmentation self-formed were readily enriched by removing the non-retinal tissues. RPE sheets were further dissected and purified from the spheroids. The individualized RPE cells could be passaged every week for at least 5 times in serum medium, yielding large numbers of cells with high quality in a short period. In addition, when switched to a serum-free medium, the passaged RPE cells could mature in cellular, molecular, and physiological levels, including repigmentation, markers expression, and phagocytosis. Conclusions We developed a simple and novel RPE spheroids formation approach to enrich and expand hiPSC-RPE cells generated along with retinal neurons on a universal retinal organoid induction platform. This achievement will reduce the cost and time in producing retinal cells for basic and translational researches, in particular for retinal cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengxu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Bingbing Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaojing Song
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Dandan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Liwen He
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Guilan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Guanjie Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Fuhua Peng
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Minzhong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Jian Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiufeng Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Utility of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Retinal Pigment Epithelium for an In Vitro Model of Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1186:33-53. [PMID: 31654385 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-28471-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The advent of stem cell technology, including the technology to induce pluripotency in somatic cells, and direct differentiation of stem cells into specific somatic cell types, has created an exciting new field of scientific research. Much of the work with pluripotent stem (PS) cells has been focused on the exploration and exploitation of their potential as cells/tissue replacement therapies for personalized medicine. However, PS and stem cell-derived somatic cells are also proving to be valuable tools to study disease pathology and tissue-specific responses to injury. High-throughput drug screening assays using tissue-specific injury models have the potential to identify specific and effective treatments that will promote wound healing. Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS-RPE) are well characterized cells that exhibit the phenotype and functions of in vivo RPE. In addition to their role as a source of cells to replace damaged or diseased RPE, iPS-RPE provide a robust platform for in vitro drug screening to identify novel therapeutics to promote healing and repair of ocular tissues after injury. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is an abnormal wound healing process that occurs after retinal tears or detachments. In this chapter, the role of iPS-RPE in the development of an in vitro model of PVR is described. Comprehensive analyses of the iPS-RPE response to injury suggests that these cells provide a physiologically relevant tool to investigate the cellular mechanisms of the three phases of PVR pathology: migration, proliferation, and contraction. This in vitro model will provide valuable information regarding cellular wound healing responses specific to RPE and enable the identification of effective therapeutics.
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12
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Dalvi S, Galloway CA, Singh R. Pluripotent Stem Cells to Model Degenerative Retinal Diseases: The RPE Perspective. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1186:1-31. [PMID: 31654384 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-28471-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cell technology, including human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) and human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), has provided a suitable platform to investigate molecular and pathological alterations in an individual cell type using patient's own cells. Importantly, hiPSCs/hESCs are amenable to genome editing providing unique access to isogenic controls. Specifically, the ability to introduce disease-causing mutations in control (unaffected) and conversely correct disease-causing mutations in patient-derived hiPSCs has provided a powerful approach to clearly link the disease phenotype with a specific gene mutation. In fact, utilizing hiPSC/hESC and CRISPR technology has provided significant insight into the pathomechanism of several diseases. With regard to the eye, the use of hiPSCs/hESCs to study human retinal diseases is especially relevant to retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)-based disorders. This is because several studies have now consistently shown that hiPSC-RPE in culture displays key physical, gene expression and functional attributes of human RPE in vivo. In this book chapter, we will discuss the current utility, limitations, and plausible future approaches of pluripotent stem cell technology for the study of retinal degenerative diseases. Of note, although we will broadly summarize the significant advances made in modeling and studying several retinal diseases utilizing hiPSCs/hESCs, our specific focus will be on the utility of patient-derived hiPSCs for (1) establishment of human cell models and (2) molecular and pharmacological studies on patient-derived cell models of retinal degenerative diseases where RPE cellular defects play a major pathogenic role in disease development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonal Dalvi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.,Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Chad A Galloway
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.,Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Ruchira Singh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA. .,UR Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Rochester, NY, USA. .,Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
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Cho IH, Park SJ, Lee SH, Nah SK, Park HY, Yang JY, Madrakhimov SB, Lyu J, Park TK. The role of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in the restoration of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived retinal pigment epithelium after laser photocoagulation. Lasers Med Sci 2018; 34:571-581. [PMID: 30244402 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-018-2631-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the role of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in the restoration of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived retinal pigment epithelium (hiPSC-RPE) after laser photocoagulation. After differentiation of RPE cells from hiPSCs, laser photocoagulation was performed. Activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling at days 1 and 5 after laser photocoagulation was evaluated by expression of β-catenin. Cell proliferation and alteration in cell-to-cell contact at day 5 after laser photocoagulation with or without Dickkopf-1 (Dkk-1) treatment were studied using ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) assay and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) expression analysis, respectively. The mRNA levels of Wnt genes at day 5 after laser photocoagulation were evaluated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling at days 1 and 5 after laser photocoagulation was confirmed by β-catenin accumulation in the cytoplasm and nucleus of hiPSC-RPE. Many EdU-positive cells also expressed β-catenin, and the number of EdU-positive cells was decreased at day 5 after laser photocoagulation after Dkk-1 treatment, indicating that Wnt/β-catenin signaling mediated hiPSC-RPE proliferation. ZO-1 expression was not decreased with Dkk-1 treatment at day 5 after laser photocoagulation, indicating that Wnt/β-catenin signaling mediated hiPSC-RPE restoration. At day 5, after laser photocoagulation, mRNA levels of Wnt2b, Wnt3, Wnt5a, Wnt7a, and Wnt10b were increased. Wnt/β-catenin signaling has a crucial role in restoration of hiPSC-RPE proliferation after laser photocoagulation. Manipulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling while elucidating the underlying mechanisms of RPE restoration might have a therapeutic potential in retinal degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Hwan Cho
- Department of Ophthalmology, Soonchunhyang University Hospital Cheonan, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Jun Park
- College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Si Hyung Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Soonchunhyang University Hospital Bucheon, 170 Jomaru-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon, 14584, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Kwan Nah
- Department of Ophthalmology, Soonchunhyang University Hospital Bucheon, 170 Jomaru-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon, 14584, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Yan Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, Soonchunhyang University Hospital Bucheon, 170 Jomaru-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon, 14584, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Young Yang
- Department of Biomedical science, Graduate School, Soonchunhyang University, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Jungmook Lyu
- Department of Medical Science, Konyang University, 685 Gasoowon-dong, Seo-gu, Daejeon, 302-718, Republic of Korea.
| | - Tae Kwann Park
- College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Ophthalmology, Soonchunhyang University Hospital Bucheon, 170 Jomaru-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon, 14584, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Biomedical science, Graduate School, Soonchunhyang University, Bucheon, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Cai H, Gong J, Del Priore LV, Tezel TH, Fields MA. Culturing of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells on an Ex Vivo Model of Aged Human Bruch's Membrane. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 29708536 PMCID: PMC5933494 DOI: 10.3791/57084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Aside from vitamins and antioxidants recommended by the Age-Related Eye Disease Study, there is no effective therapy for "dry," or atrophic age-related macular degeneration (AMD) which represents 90% of the cases. Therapies are needed to slow or retard the development of geographic atrophy (GA), and understanding Bruch's membrane pathology is part of this process. Alterations in human Bruch's membrane precede the progression of AMD by contributing to the damage of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. Given the lack of sufficient animal models to study AMD, ex vivo models of aged human Bruch's membrane serve as a useful tool to study the behavior of RPE cells from immortalized and primary cell lines as well as RPE lines derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Here, we present a detailed method that allows one to determine the effects of RPE cell behavior seeded on harvested human Bruch's membrane explants from human donors, including attachment, apoptosis and proliferation, ability to phagocytize photoreceptor outer segments, establishment of polarity, and gene expression. This assay provides an ex vivo model of aged Bruch's membrane to assess the functional characteristics of RPE cells when seeded on aged/compromised extracellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Cai
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale School of Medicine
| | - Jie Gong
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale School of Medicine
| | | | - Tongalp H Tezel
- Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University School of Medicine
| | - Mark A Fields
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale School of Medicine;
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Current Advances in Pharmacotherapy and Technology for Diabetic Retinopathy: A Systematic Review. J Ophthalmol 2018; 2018:1694187. [PMID: 29576875 PMCID: PMC5822768 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1694187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is classically defined by its vascular lesions and damage in the neurons of the retina. The cellular and clinical elements of DR have many features of chronic inflammation. Understanding the individual cell-specific inflammatory changes in the retina may lead to novel therapeutic approaches to prevent vision loss. The systematic use of available pharmacotherapy has been reported as a useful adjunct tool to laser photocoagulation, a gold standard therapy for DR. Direct injections or intravitreal anti-inflammatory and antiangiogenesis agents are widely used pharmacotherapy to effectively treat DR and diabetic macular edema (DME). However, their effectiveness is short term, and the delivery system is often associated with adverse effects, such as cataract and increased intraocular pressure. Further, systemic agents (particularly hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, and antihypertensive agents) and plants-based drugs have also provided promising treatment in the progression of DR. Recently, advancements in pluripotent stem cells technology enable restoration of retinal functionalities after transplantation of these cells into animals with retinal degeneration. This review paper summarizes the developments in the current and potential pharmacotherapy and therapeutic technology of DR. Literature search was done on online databases, PubMed, Google Scholar, clinitrials.gov, and browsing through individual ophthalmology journals and leading pharmaceutical company websites.
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Forsythe E, Kenny J, Bacchelli C, Beales PL. Managing Bardet-Biedl Syndrome-Now and in the Future. Front Pediatr 2018; 6:23. [PMID: 29487844 PMCID: PMC5816783 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2018.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bardet-Biedl syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive multisystem disorder caused by defects in genes encoding for proteins that localize to the primary cilium/basal body complex. Twenty-one disease-causing genes have been identified to date. It is one of the most well-studied conditions in the family of diseases caused by defective cilia collectively known as ciliopathies. In this review, we provide an update on diagnostic developments, clinical features, and progress in the management of Bardet-Biedl syndrome. Advances in diagnostic technologies including exome and whole genome sequencing are expanding the spectrum of patients who are diagnosed with Bardet-Biedl syndrome and increasing the number of cases with diagnostic uncertainty. As a result of the diagnostic developments, a small number of patients with only one or two clinical features of Bardet-Biedl syndrome are being diagnosed. Our understanding of the syndrome-associated renal disease has evolved and is reviewed here. Novel interventions are developing at a rapid pace and are explored in this review including genetic therapeutics such as gene therapy, exon skipping therapy, nonsense suppression therapy, and gene editing. Other non-genetic therapies such as gene repurposing, targeted therapies, and non-pharmacological interventions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Forsythe
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna Kenny
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chiara Bacchelli
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Philip L Beales
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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17
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Au ED, Fernandez-Godino R, Kaczynksi TJ, Sousa ME, Farkas MH. Characterization of lincRNA expression in the human retinal pigment epithelium and differentiated induced pluripotent stem cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183939. [PMID: 28837677 PMCID: PMC5570510 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Long intervening non-coding RNAs (lincRNAs) are increasingly being implicated as important factors in many aspects of cellular development, function, and disease, but remain poorly understood. In this study, we examine the human retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) lincRNA transcriptome using RNA-Seq data generated from human fetal RPE (fRPE), RPE derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS-RPE), and undifferentiated iPS (iPS). In addition, we determine the suitability of iPS-RPE, from a transcriptome standpoint, as a model for use in future studies of lincRNA structure and function. A comparison of gene and isoform expression across the whole transcriptome shows only minimal differences between all sample types, though fRPE and iPS-RPE show higher concordance than either shows with iPS. Notably, RPE signature genes show the highest degree of fRPE to iPS-RPE concordance, indicating that iPS-RPE cells provide a suitable model for use in future studies. An analysis of lincRNAs demonstrates high concordance between fRPE and iPS-RPE, but low concordance between either RPE and iPS. While most lincRNAs are expressed at low levels (RPKM < 10), there is a high degree of concordance among replicates within each sample type, suggesting the expression is consistent, even at levels subject to high variability. Finally, we identified and annotated 180 putative novel genes in the fRPE samples, a majority of which are also expressed in the iPS-RPE. Overall, this study represents the first characterization of lincRNA expression in the human RPE, and provides a model for studying the role lincRNAs play in RPE development, function, and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth D. Au
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Science, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States of America
| | - Rosario Fernandez-Godino
- Ocular Genomics Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Tadeusz J. Kaczynksi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Science, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States of America
- Research Service, Veterans Administration Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY, United States of America
| | - Maria E. Sousa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Science, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States of America
- Research Service, Veterans Administration Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY, United States of America
| | - Michael H. Farkas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Science, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States of America
- Research Service, Veterans Administration Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Science, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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18
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Sun S, Li Z, Glencer P, Cai B, Zhang X, Yang J, Li X. Bringing the age-related macular degeneration high-risk allele age-related maculopathy susceptibility 2 into focus with stem cell technology. Stem Cell Res Ther 2017; 8:135. [PMID: 28583181 PMCID: PMC5460466 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-017-0584-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a major cause of blindness in older adults in developed countries. It is a multifactorial disease triggered by both environmental and genetic factors. High-temperature requirement A serine peptidase 1 (HTRA1) and age-related maculopathy susceptibility 2 (ARMS2) are two genes that are strongly associated with AMD. Because ARMS2 is an evolutionarily recent primate-specific gene and because the ARMS2/HTRA1 genes are positioned at a locus on chromosome 10q26 in a region with strong linkage disequilibrium, it is difficult to distinguish the functions of the individual genes. Therefore, it is necessary to bring these genes into focus. Patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) provides direct access to a patient's genetics and allows for the possibility of identifying the initiating events of RPE-associated degenerative diseases. In this paper, a review of recent epidemiological studies of AMD is offered. An argument for a definite correlation between the ARMS2 gene and AMD is presented. A summary of the use of ARMS2 genotyping for medical treatment is provided. Several ARMS2-related genetic models based on such stem cells as iPSCs are introduced. The possibility of applying gene-editing techniques and stem-cell techniques to better explore the mechanisms of the ARMS2 high-risk allele, which will lead to important guidance for treatment, is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Sun
- Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, 300384 China
| | - ZhiQing Li
- Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, 300384 China
| | - Patrick Glencer
- Nova Southeastern College of Optometry, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314 USA
| | - BinCui Cai
- Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, 300384 China
| | - XiaoMin Zhang
- Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, 300384 China
| | - Jin Yang
- Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, 300384 China
| | - XiaoRong Li
- Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, 300384 China
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19
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Extracellular matrix nitration alters growth factor release and activates bioactive complement in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177763. [PMID: 28505174 PMCID: PMC5432172 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose We have shown previously that non-enzymatic nitration (NEN) of the extracellular matrix (ECM), which serves as a model of Bruch’s membrane (BM) aging, has a profound effect on the behavior of the overlying retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells, including altered phagocytic ability, reduced cell adhesion, and inhibition of proliferation. We know that transplanted RPE monolayers will encounter a hostile sub-RPE environment, including age-related alterations in BM that may compromise cell function and survival. Here we use our previous NEN model of BM aging to determine the effects of NEN of the ECM on growth factor release and complement activation in RPE cells. Methods Human induced-pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) were differentiated into RPE cells, and confirmed by immunohistochemistry, confocal microscopy, and polymerase chain reaction. IPSC-derived RPE cells were plated onto RPE-derived ECM under untreated or nitrite-modified conditions. Cells were cultured for 7 days and barrier function measured by transepithelial resistance (TER). Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), and complement component C3a were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results On average nitrite-modified ECM increased VEGF release both apically and basally by 0.15 ± 0.014 ng/mL (p <0.0001) and 0.21 ± 0.022 ng/mL (p <0.0001), respectively, in iPSC-derived RPE cells. Nitrite-modified ECM increased PEDF release in iPSC-derived RPE cells apically by 0.16 ± 0.031 ng/mL (p <0.0001), but not basally (0.27 ± 0.015 vs. 0.32 ± 0.029 ng/mL, (p >0.05)). Nitrite-modified ECM increased production of C3a in iPSC-derived RPE cells by 0.52 ± 0.123 ng/mL (p <0.05). Conclusion Nitrite-modified ECM increased VEGF, PEDF release, and C3a production in human iPSC-derived RPE cells. This model demonstrates changes seen in the basement membrane can lead to alterations in the cell biology of the RPE cells that may be related to the development of age-related macular degeneration.
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20
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Tian Y, Zonca MR, Imbrogno J, Unser AM, Sfakis L, Temple S, Belfort G, Xie Y. Polarized, Cobblestone, Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cell Maturation on a Synthetic PEG Matrix. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017; 3:890-902. [PMID: 33429561 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cell attachment is essential for the growth and polarization of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. Currently, surface coatings derived from biological proteins are used as the gold standard for cell culture. However, downstream processing and purification of these biological products can be cumbersome and expensive. In this study, we constructed a library of chemically modified nanofibers to mimic the Bruch's membrane of the retinal pigment epithelium. Using atmospheric-pressure plasma-induced graft polymerization with a high-throughput screening platform to modify the nanofibers, we identified three polyethylene glycol (PEG)-grafted nanofiber surfaces (PEG methyl ether methacrylate, n = 4, 8, and 45) from a library of 62 different surfaces as favorable for RPE cell attachment, proliferation, and maturation in vitro with cobblestone morphology. Compared with the biologically derived culture matrices such as vitronectin-based peptide Synthemax, our newly discovered synthetic PEG surfaces exhibit similar growth and polarization of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. However, they are chemically defined, are easy to synthesize on a large scale, are cost-effective, are stable with long-term storage capability, and provide a more physiologically accurate environment for RPE cell culture. To our knowledge, no one has reported that PEG derivatives directly support attachment and growth of RPE cells with cobblestone morphology. This study offers a unique PEG-modified 3D cell culture system that supports RPE proliferation, differentiation, and maturation with cobblestone morphology, providing a new avenue for RPE cell culture, disease modeling, and cell replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangzi Tian
- Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, 257 Fuller Road, Albany, New York 12203, United States
| | - Michael R Zonca
- Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, 257 Fuller Road, Albany, New York 12203, United States
| | - Joseph Imbrogno
- Howard P. Isermann Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI), Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Andrea M Unser
- Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, 257 Fuller Road, Albany, New York 12203, United States
| | - Lauren Sfakis
- Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, 257 Fuller Road, Albany, New York 12203, United States
| | - Sally Temple
- Neural Stem Cell Institute, One Discovery Drive, Rensselaer, New York 12144, United States
| | - Georges Belfort
- Howard P. Isermann Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI), Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Yubing Xie
- Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, 257 Fuller Road, Albany, New York 12203, United States
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21
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Potential of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) for Treating Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD). Cells 2016; 5:cells5040044. [PMID: 27941641 PMCID: PMC5187528 DOI: 10.3390/cells5040044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The field of stem cell biology has rapidly evolved in the last few decades. In the area of regenerative medicine, clinical applications using stem cells hold the potential to be a powerful tool in the treatment of a wide variety of diseases, in particular, disorders of the eye. Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are promising technologies that can potentially provide an unlimited source of cells for cell replacement therapy in the treatment of retinal degenerative disorders such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), Stargardt disease, and other disorders. ESCs and iPSCs have been used to generate retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells and their functional behavior has been tested in vitro and in vivo in animal models. Additionally, iPSC-derived RPE cells provide an autologous source of cells for therapeutic use, as well as allow for novel approaches in disease modeling and drug development platforms. Clinical trials are currently testing the safety and efficacy of these cells in patients with AMD. In this review, the current status of iPSC disease modeling of AMD is discussed, as well as the challenges and potential of this technology as a viable option for cell replacement therapy in retinal degeneration.
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22
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Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa is the most common form of hereditary retinal degeneration causing blindness. Great progress has been made in the identification of the causative genes. Gene diagnosis will soon become an affordable routine clinical test because of the wide application of next-generation sequencing. Gene-based therapy provides hope for curing the disease. Investigation into the molecular pathways from mutation to rod cell death may reveal targets for developing new treatment. Related progress with existing systematic review is briefly summarized so that readers may find the relevant references for in-depth reading. Future trends in the study of retinitis pigmentosa are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingjiong Zhang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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23
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Moshfegh Y, Velez G, Li Y, Bassuk AG, Mahajan VB, Tsang SH. BESTROPHIN1 mutations cause defective chloride conductance in patient stem cell-derived RPE. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:2672-2680. [PMID: 27193166 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bestrophin1 (BEST1) is expressed in human retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and mutations in the BEST1 gene commonly cause retinal dysfunction and macular degeneration. BEST1 is presumed to assemble into a calcium-activated chloride channel and be involved in chloride transport but there is no direct evidence in live human RPE cells to support this idea. To test whether BEST1 functions as a chloride channel in living tissue, BEST1-mutant RPE (R218H, L234P, A243T) were generated from patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells and compared with wild-type RPE in a retinal environment, using a biosensor that visualizes calcium-induced chloride ion flux in the cell. Calcium stimulation elicited chloride ion export in normal RPE but not in RPE derived from three patients with BEST1 mutations. These data, along with three-dimensional modeling, provide evidence that BEST1 assembles into a key calcium-sensing chloride channel in human RPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Moshfegh
- Barbara & Donald Jonas Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, and Bernard & Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Institute of Human Nutrition, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.,Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Gabriel Velez
- Omics Lab.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences.,Medical Scientist Training Program
| | - Yao Li
- Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | | | - Vinit B Mahajan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences.,Medical Scientist Training Program
| | - Stephen H Tsang
- Barbara & Donald Jonas Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, and Bernard & Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Institute of Human Nutrition, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA .,Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY 10032, USA
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24
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Smith JGW, Celiz AD, Patel AK, Short RD, Alexander MR, Denning C. Scaling human pluripotent stem cell expansion and differentiation: are cell factories becoming a reality? Regen Med 2015; 10:925-30. [PMID: 26542310 DOI: 10.2217/rme.15.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- James G W Smith
- Wolfson Centre for Stem Cells, Tissue Engineering & Modelling Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Adam D Celiz
- Laboratory of Biophysics & Surface Analysis, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Asha K Patel
- Wolfson Centre for Stem Cells, Tissue Engineering & Modelling Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.,David H Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Robert D Short
- Mawson Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Morgan R Alexander
- Laboratory of Biophysics & Surface Analysis, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Chris Denning
- Wolfson Centre for Stem Cells, Tissue Engineering & Modelling Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
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