1
|
Shah H, Schlüter S, Amin MU, Abu Dayyih A, Engelhardt KH, Pinnapireddy SR, Preis E, Bakowsky U. In Vitro Photoselective Gene Transfection of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells with Hypericin Lipopolyplexes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:43416-43429. [PMID: 39121233 PMCID: PMC11345729 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c10438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/11/2024]
Abstract
The lipopolyplex, a multicomponent nonviral gene carrier, generally demonstrates superior colloidal stability, reduced cytotoxicity, and high transfection efficiency. In this study, a new concept, photochemical reaction-induced transfection, using photosensitizer (PS)-loaded lipopolyplexes was applied, which led to enhanced transfection and cytotoxic effects by photoexcitation of the photosensitizer. Hypericin, a hydrophobic photosensitizer, was encapsulated in the lipid bilayer of liposomes. The preformed nanosized hypericin liposomes enclosed the linear polyethylenimine (lPEI)/pDNA polyplexes, resulting in the formation of hypericin lipopolyplexes (Hy-LPP). The diameters of Hy-LPP containing 50 nM hypericin and 0.25 μg of pDNA were 185.6 ± 7.74 nm and 230.2 ± 4.60 nm, respectively, measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Gel electrophoresis confirmed the encapsulation of hypericin and pDNA in lipopolyplexes. Furthermore, in vitro irradiation of intracellular Hy-LPP at radiant exposures of 200, 600, and 1000 mJ/cm2 was evaluated. It demonstrated 60- to 75-fold higher in vitro luciferase expression than that in nonirradiated cells. The lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay supported that reduced transfection was a consequence of photocytotoxicity. The developed photosensitizer-loaded lipopolyplexes improved the transfection efficiency of an exogenous gene or induced photocytotoxicity; however, the frontier lies in the applied photochemical dose. The light-triggered photoexcitation of intracellular hypericin resulted in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to photoselective transfection in HepG2 cells. It was concluded that the two codelivered therapeutics resulted in enhanced transfection and a photodynamic effect by tuning the applied photochemical dose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alice Abu Dayyih
- Department of Pharmaceutics
and Biopharmaceutics, University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Konrad H. Engelhardt
- Department of Pharmaceutics
and Biopharmaceutics, University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Eduard Preis
- Department of Pharmaceutics
and Biopharmaceutics, University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Udo Bakowsky
- Department of Pharmaceutics
and Biopharmaceutics, University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhuo Y, Zeng H, Su C, Lv Q, Cheng T, Lei L. Tailoring biomaterials for vaccine delivery. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:480. [PMID: 39135073 PMCID: PMC11321069 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02758-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Biomaterials are substances that can be injected, implanted, or applied to the surface of tissues in biomedical applications and have the ability to interact with biological systems to initiate therapeutic responses. Biomaterial-based vaccine delivery systems possess robust packaging capabilities, enabling sustained and localized drug release at the target site. Throughout the vaccine delivery process, they can contribute to protecting, stabilizing, and guiding the immunogen while also serving as adjuvants to enhance vaccine efficacy. In this article, we provide a comprehensive review of the contributions of biomaterials to the advancement of vaccine development. We begin by categorizing biomaterial types and properties, detailing their reprocessing strategies, and exploring several common delivery systems, such as polymeric nanoparticles, lipid nanoparticles, hydrogels, and microneedles. Additionally, we investigated how the physicochemical properties and delivery routes of biomaterials influence immune responses. Notably, we delve into the design considerations of biomaterials as vaccine adjuvants, showcasing their application in vaccine development for cancer, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, influenza, corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19), tuberculosis, malaria, and hepatitis B. Throughout this review, we highlight successful instances where biomaterials have enhanced vaccine efficacy and discuss the limitations and future directions of biomaterials in vaccine delivery and immunotherapy. This review aims to offer researchers a comprehensive understanding of the application of biomaterials in vaccine development and stimulate further progress in related fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Zhuo
- College of Intelligent Agriculture, Yulin Normal University, Yulin, 537000, China
| | - Huanxuan Zeng
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325200, China
| | - Chunyu Su
- College of Intelligent Agriculture, Yulin Normal University, Yulin, 537000, China
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Organs and Computational Medicine in Zhejiang Province, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, 310015, China
| | - Qizhuang Lv
- College of Intelligent Agriculture, Yulin Normal University, Yulin, 537000, China.
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources Chemistry and Biotechnology, Yulin, 537000, China.
| | - Tianyin Cheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
| | - Lanjie Lei
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Organs and Computational Medicine in Zhejiang Province, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, 310015, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rigault D, Nizard P, Daniel J, Blanćhard-Desce M, Deprez E, Tauc P, Dhimane H, Dalko PI. Triphenylamine Sensitized 8-Dimethylaminoquinoline: An Efficient Two-Photon Caging Group for Intracellular Delivery. Chemistry 2024:e202401289. [PMID: 38959014 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Triphenylamine-sensitized 8-dimethylaminoquinoline (TAQ) probes showed fair two-photon absorption and fragmentation cross sections in releasing kainate and GABA ligands. The water-soluble PEG and TEG-analogs allowed cell internalization and efficient light-gated liberation of the rhodamine reporter under UV and two-photon (NIR) irradiation conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Rigault
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, Université Paris Cité, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, 75270, Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Philippe Nizard
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, Université Paris Cité, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, 75270, Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Jonathan Daniel
- Institut des Sciences Moleéculaires, Universite de Bordeaux, Bâtiment A12 351 Cours de la Libération, 33405, TALENCE cedex, France
| | - Mireille Blanćhard-Desce
- Institut des Sciences Moleéculaires, Universite de Bordeaux, Bâtiment A12 351 Cours de la Libération, 33405, TALENCE cedex, France
| | - Eric Deprez
- LBPA, ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91190, France
| | - Patrick Tauc
- LBPA, ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91190, France
| | - Hamid Dhimane
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, Université Paris Cité, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, 75270, Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Peter I Dalko
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, Université Paris Cité, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, 75270, Paris cedex 05, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Desai N, Rana D, Salave S, Benival D, Khunt D, Prajapati BG. Achieving Endo/Lysosomal Escape Using Smart Nanosystems for Efficient Cellular Delivery. Molecules 2024; 29:3131. [PMID: 38999083 PMCID: PMC11243486 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29133131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The delivery of therapeutic agents faces significant hurdles posed by the endo-lysosomal pathway, a bottleneck that hampers clinical effectiveness. This comprehensive review addresses the urgent need to enhance cellular delivery mechanisms to overcome these obstacles. It focuses on the potential of smart nanomaterials, delving into their unique characteristics and mechanisms in detail. Special attention is given to their ability to strategically evade endosomal entrapment, thereby enhancing therapeutic efficacy. The manuscript thoroughly examines assays crucial for understanding endosomal escape and cellular uptake dynamics. By analyzing various assessment methods, we offer nuanced insights into these investigative approaches' multifaceted aspects. We meticulously analyze the use of smart nanocarriers, exploring diverse mechanisms such as pore formation, proton sponge effects, membrane destabilization, photochemical disruption, and the strategic use of endosomal escape agents. Each mechanism's effectiveness and potential application in mitigating endosomal entrapment are scrutinized. This paper provides a critical overview of the current landscape, emphasizing the need for advanced delivery systems to navigate the complexities of cellular uptake. Importantly, it underscores the transformative role of smart nanomaterials in revolutionizing cellular delivery strategies, leading to a paradigm shift towards improved therapeutic outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nimeet Desai
- Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi 502285, Telangana, India;
| | - Dhwani Rana
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad 382355, Gujarat, India; (D.R.); (S.S.); (D.B.)
| | - Sagar Salave
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad 382355, Gujarat, India; (D.R.); (S.S.); (D.B.)
| | - Derajram Benival
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad 382355, Gujarat, India; (D.R.); (S.S.); (D.B.)
| | - Dignesh Khunt
- School of Pharmacy, Gujarat Technological University, Gandhinagar 382027, Gujarat, India
| | - Bhupendra G. Prajapati
- Shree S. K. Patel College of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ganpat University, Kherva 384012, Gujarat, India
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cao LM, Yu YF, Li ZZ, Zhong NN, Wang GR, Xiao Y, Liu B, Wu QJ, Feng C, Bu LL. Adjuvants for cancer mRNA vaccines in the era of nanotechnology: strategies, applications, and future directions. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:308. [PMID: 38825711 PMCID: PMC11145938 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02590-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Research into mRNA vaccines is advancing rapidly, with proven efficacy against coronavirus disease 2019 and promising therapeutic potential against a variety of solid tumors. Adjuvants, critical components of mRNA vaccines, significantly enhance vaccine effectiveness and are integral to numerous mRNA vaccine formulations. However, the development and selection of adjuvant platforms are still in their nascent stages, and the mechanisms of many adjuvants remain poorly understood. Additionally, the immunostimulatory capabilities of certain novel drug delivery systems (DDS) challenge the traditional definition of adjuvants, suggesting that a revision of this concept is necessary. This review offers a comprehensive exploration of the mechanisms and applications of adjuvants and self-adjuvant DDS. It thoroughly addresses existing issues mentioned above and details three main challenges of immune-related adverse event, unclear mechanisms, and unsatisfactory outcomes in old age group in the design and practical application of cancer mRNA vaccine adjuvants. Ultimately, this review proposes three optimization strategies which consists of exploring the mechanisms of adjuvant, optimizing DDS, and improving route of administration to improve effectiveness and application of adjuvants and self-adjuvant DDS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei-Ming Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Yi-Fu Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Zi-Zhan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Nian-Nian Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Guang-Rui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Yao Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Bing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial - Head Neck Oncology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Qiu-Ji Wu
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behavior, Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| | - Chun Feng
- Department of Gynecology, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Tongii Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Lin-Lin Bu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China.
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial - Head Neck Oncology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yaya-Candela AP, Ravagnani FG, Dietrich N, Sousa R, Baptista MS. Specific photodamage on HT-29 cancer cells leads to endolysosomal failure and autophagy blockage by cathepsin depletion. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2024; 255:112919. [PMID: 38677261 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2024.112919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Endolysosomes perform a wide range of cellular functions, including nutrient sensing, macromolecule digestion and recycling, as well as plasma membrane repair. Because of their high activity in cancerous cells, endolysosomes are attractive targets for the development of novel cancer treatments. Light-activated compounds termed photosensitizers (PS) can catalyze the oxidation of specific biomolecules and intracellular organelles. To selectively damage endosomes and lysosomes, HT-29 colorectal cancer cells were incubated with nanomolar concentrations of meso-tetraphenylporphine disulfonate (TPPS2a), an amphiphilic PS taken up via endocytosis and activated by green light (522 nm, 2.1 J.cm-1). Several cellular responses were characterized by a combination of immunofluorescence and immunoblotting assays. We showed that TPPS2a photosensitization blocked autophagic flux without extensive endolysosomal membrane rupture. Nevertheless, there was a severe functional failure of endolysosomes due to a decrease in CTSD (cathepsin D, 55%) and CTSB (cathepsin B, 52%) maturation. PSAP (prosaposin) processing (into saposins) was also considerably impaired, a fact that could be detrimental to glycosphingolipid homeostasis. Therefore, photosensitization of HT-29 cells previously incubated with a low concentration of TPPS2a promotes endolysosomal dysfunction, an effect that can be used to improve cancer therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Natasha Dietrich
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Sousa
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Spadin FS, Gergely LP, Kämpfer T, Frenz M, Vermathen M. Fluorescence lifetime imaging and phasor analysis of intracellular porphyrinic photosensitizers applied with different polymeric formulations. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2024; 254:112904. [PMID: 38579534 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2024.112904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
The fluorescence lifetime of a porphyrinic photosensitizer (PS) is an important parameter to assess the aggregation state of the PS even in complex biological environments. Aggregation-induced quenching of the PS can significantly reduce the yield of singlet oxygen generation and thus its efficiency as a medical drug in photodynamic therapy (PDT) of diseased tissues. Hydrophobicity and the tendency to form aggregates pose challenges on the development of efficient PSs and often require carrier systems. A systematic study was performed to probe the impact of PS structure and encapsulation into polymeric carriers on the fluorescence lifetime in solution and in the intracellular environment. Five different porphyrinic PSs including chlorin e6 (Ce6) derivatives and tetrakis(m-hydroxyphenyl)-porphyrin and -chlorin were studied in free form and combined with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) or micelles composed of triblock-copolymers or Cremophor. Following incubation of HeLa cells with these systems, fluorescence lifetime imaging combined with phasor analysis and image segmentation was applied to study the lifetime distribution in the intracellular surrounding. The data suggest that for free PSs, the structure-dependent cell uptake pathways determine their state and emission lifetimes. PS localization in the plasma membrane yielded mostly monomers with long fluorescence lifetimes whereas the endocytic pathway with subsequent lysosomal deposition adds a short-lived component for hydrophilic anionic PSs. Prolonged incubation times led to increasing contributions from short-lived components that derive from aggregates mainly localized in the cytoplasm. Encapsulation of PSs into polymeric carriers led to monomerization and mostly fluorescence emission decays with long fluorescence lifetimes in solution. However, the efficiency depended on the binding strength that was most pronounced for PVP. In the cellular environment, PVP was able to maintain monomeric long-lived species over prolonged incubation times. This was most pronounced for Ce6 derivatives with a logP value around 4.5. Micellar encapsulation led to faster release of the PSs resulting in multiple components with long and short fluorescence lifetimes. The hydrophilic hardly aggregating PS exhibited a mostly stable invariant lifetime distribution over time with both carriers. The presented data are expected to contribute to optimized PDT treatment protocols and improved PS-carrier design for preventing intracellular fluorescence quenching. In conclusion, amphiphilic and concurrent hydrophobic PSs with high membrane affinity as well as strong binding to the carrier have best prospects to maintain their photophysical properties in vivo and serve thus as efficient photodynamic diagnosis and PDT drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florentin S Spadin
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lea P Gergely
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Kämpfer
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martin Frenz
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Martina Vermathen
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Enzian P, Kleineberg N, Kirchert E, Schell C, Rahmanzadeh R. Light-Induced Liposomal Drug Delivery with an Amphiphilic Porphyrin and Its Chlorin and Bacteriochlorin Analogues. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:609-621. [PMID: 38189667 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
The development of targeted drug delivery mechanisms in the human body is a matter of growing interest in medical science. The selective release of therapeutic agents at a specific target site can increase the therapeutical efficiency and at the same time reduce the side effects. Light-sensitive liposomes can release a drug by an externally controlled light trigger. Liposomes containing photosensitizers that can be activated in the longer wavelength range (650-800 nm) are particularly intriguing for medical purposes. This is because light penetration into a tissue is more efficient within this wavelength range, increasing their potential applications. For this study, liposomes with an encapsulated amphiphilic photosensitizer, the porphyrin 5,10-DiOH (5,10-di(4-hydroxyphenyl)-15,20-diphenyl-21,23H-porphyrin), its chlorin (5,10-DiOH-chlorin) and its bacteriochlorin (5,10-DiOH-bacteriochlorin) were synthesized. The porphyrin 5,10-DiOH showed previously effective cargo release after liposomal encapsulation when irradiated at a wavelength of 420 nm. The new synthesized chlorin and bacteriochlorin photosensitizers show additional absorption bands in the longer wavelength range, which would enable excitation in deeper layers of tissue. Effective cargo release with chlorin at a longer wavelength of 650 nm and bacteriochlorin at 740 nm was possible. Irradiation of chlorin allowed more than 75% of the cargo to be released and more than 60% for bacteriochlorin. The new liposomes would enable selective drug release in deeper tissue layers and expand the range of possible applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Enzian
- Institute of Biomedical Optics, University of Lübeck, Peter-Monnik-Weg 4, Lübeck 23562, Germany
- Medical Laser Center Lübeck, Peter-Monnik-Weg 4, Lübeck 23562, Germany
| | - Nina Kleineberg
- Institute of Biomedical Optics, University of Lübeck, Peter-Monnik-Weg 4, Lübeck 23562, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Kirchert
- Por-Lab, Porphyrin-Laboratories GmbH, Blauenkrog 15, Scharbeutz 23684, Germany
| | - Christian Schell
- Por-Lab, Porphyrin-Laboratories GmbH, Blauenkrog 15, Scharbeutz 23684, Germany
| | - Ramtin Rahmanzadeh
- Institute of Biomedical Optics, University of Lübeck, Peter-Monnik-Weg 4, Lübeck 23562, Germany
- Medical Laser Center Lübeck, Peter-Monnik-Weg 4, Lübeck 23562, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Longva AS, Berg K, Weyergang A. Light-enhanced VEGF 121/rGel induce immunogenic cell death and increase the antitumor activity of αCTLA4 treatment. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1278000. [PMID: 38173721 PMCID: PMC10762878 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1278000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) represent a revolution in cancer therapy and are currently implemented as standard therapy within several cancer indications. Nevertheless, the treatment is only effective in a subset of patients, and immune-related adverse effects complicate the improved survival. Adjuvant treatments that can improve the efficacy of ICIs are highly warranted, not only to increase the response rate, but also to reduce the therapeutic ICI dosage. Several treatment modalities have been suggested as ICI adjuvants including vascular targeted treatments and photodynamic therapy (PDT). Photochemical internalization (PCI) is a drug delivery system, based on PDT. PCI is long known to generate an immune response in murine models and was recently shown to enhance the cellular immune response of a vaccine in a clinical study. In the present work we evaluated PCI in combination with the vascular targeting toxin VEGF121/rGel with respect to induction of immune-mediated cell death as well as in vitro ICI enhancement. Methods DAMP signaling post VEGF121/rGel-PCI was assessed in CT26 and MC38 murine colon cancer cell lines. Hypericin-PDT, previously indicated as an highly efficient DAMP inducer (but difficult to utilize clinically), was used as a control. ATP release was detected by a bioluminescent kit while HMGB1 and HSP90 relocalization and secretion was detected by fluorescence microscopy and western blotting. VEGF121/rGel-PCI was further investigated as an αCTLA enhancer in CT26 and MC38 tumors by measurement of tumor growth delay. CD8+ Dependent efficacy was evaluated in vivo using a CD8+ antibody. Results VEGF121/rGel-PCI was shown to induce increased DAMP signaling as compared to PDT and VEGF121/rGel alone and the magnitude was found similar to that induced by Hypericin-PDT. Furthermore, a significant CD8+ dependent enhanced αCTLA-4 treatment effect was observed when VEGF121/rGel-PCI was used as an adjuvant in both tumor models. Conclusions VEGF121/rGel-PCI describes a novel concept for ICI enhancement which induces a rapid CD8+ dependent tumor eradication in both CT26 and MC38 tumors. The concept is based on the combination of intracellular ROS generation and vascular targeting using a plant derived toxin and will be developed towards clinical utilization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anette Weyergang
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Jerjes W. Photodynamic therapy to photochemical internalization: a clinician's insight into evolving cancer therapies. Lasers Med Sci 2023; 38:202. [PMID: 37668742 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-023-03873-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Waseem Jerjes
- Research and Development Unit, Hammersmith and Fulham Primary Care Network, London, UK.
- Imperial College Medical School, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhao T, Cai Y, Jiang Y, He X, Wei Y, Yu Y, Tian X. Vaccine adjuvants: mechanisms and platforms. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:283. [PMID: 37468460 PMCID: PMC10356842 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01557-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 93.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Adjuvants are indispensable components of vaccines. Despite being widely used in vaccines, their action mechanisms are not yet clear. With a greater understanding of the mechanisms by which the innate immune response controls the antigen-specific response, the adjuvants' action mechanisms are beginning to be elucidated. Adjuvants can be categorized as immunostimulants and delivery systems. Immunostimulants are danger signal molecules that lead to the maturation and activation of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) by targeting Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and other pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to promote the production of antigen signals and co-stimulatory signals, which in turn enhance the adaptive immune responses. On the other hand, delivery systems are carrier materials that facilitate antigen presentation by prolonging the bioavailability of the loaded antigens, as well as targeting antigens to lymph nodes or APCs. The adjuvants' action mechanisms are systematically summarized at the beginning of this review. This is followed by an introduction of the mechanisms, properties, and progress of classical vaccine adjuvants. Furthermore, since some of the adjuvants under investigation exhibit greater immune activation potency than classical adjuvants, which could compensate for the deficiencies of classical adjuvants, a summary of the adjuvant platforms under investigation is subsequently presented. Notably, we highlight the different action mechanisms and immunological properties of these adjuvant platforms, which will provide a wide range of options for the rational design of different vaccines. On this basis, this review points out the development prospects of vaccine adjuvants and the problems that should be paid attention to in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tingmei Zhao
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yulong Cai
- Division of Biliary Tract Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yujie Jiang
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuemei He
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuquan Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifan Yu
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Radiology and Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaohe Tian
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Radiology and Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Omar H, Jakimoska S, Guillot J, Alsharaeh E, Charnay C, Cunin F, Bessière A, Durand JO, Raehm L, Lichon L, Onofre M, Gary-Bobo M. Dendritic Mesoporous Organosilica Nanoparticles with Photosensitizers for Cell Imaging, siRNA Delivery and Protein Loading. Molecules 2023; 28:5335. [PMID: 37513209 PMCID: PMC10385246 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic mesoporous organosilica nanoparticles (DMON) are a new class of biodegradable nanoparticles suitable for biomolecule delivery. We studied the photochemical internalization (PCI) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) of DMON to investigate new ways for DMON to escape from the endosomes-lysosomes and deliver biomolecules into the cytoplasm of cells. We added photosensitizers in the framework of DMON and found that DMON were loaded with siRNA or FVIII factor protein. We made four formulations with four different photosensitizers. The photosensitizers allowed us to perform imaging of DMON in cancer cells, but the presence of the tetrasulfide bond in the framework of DMON quenched the formation of singlet oxygen. Fortunately, one formulation allowed us to efficiently deliver proapoptotic siRNA in MCF-7 cancer cells leading to 31% of cancer cell death, without irradiation. As for FVIII protein, it was loaded in two formulations with drug-loading capacities (DLC) up to 25%. In conclusion, DMON are versatile nanoparticles capable of loading siRNA and delivering it into cancer cells, and also loading FVIII protein with good DLC. Due to the presence of tetrasulfide, it was not possible to perform PDT or PCI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haneen Omar
- Chemistry Department, Collage of Science, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sara Jakimoska
- IBMM, University Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34193 Montpellier, France
- ICGM, University Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34193 Montpellier, France
| | - Julia Guillot
- IBMM, University Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34193 Montpellier, France
- ICGM, University Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34193 Montpellier, France
| | - Edreese Alsharaeh
- Chemistry Department, Collage of Science, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
| | - Clarence Charnay
- ICGM, University Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34193 Montpellier, France
| | - Frédérique Cunin
- ICGM, University Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34193 Montpellier, France
| | - Aurélie Bessière
- ICGM, University Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34193 Montpellier, France
| | | | - Laurence Raehm
- ICGM, University Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34193 Montpellier, France
| | - Laure Lichon
- IBMM, University Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34193 Montpellier, France
| | - Mélanie Onofre
- IBMM, University Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34193 Montpellier, France
| | - Magali Gary-Bobo
- IBMM, University Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34193 Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Pospieszna J, Dams-Kozlowska H, Udomsak W, Murias M, Kucinska M. Unmasking the Deceptive Nature of Cancer Stem Cells: The Role of CD133 in Revealing Their Secrets. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10910. [PMID: 37446085 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains a leading cause of death globally, and its complexity poses a significant challenge to effective treatment. Cancer stem cells and their markers have become key players in tumor growth and progression. CD133, a marker in various cancer types, is an active research area as a potential therapeutic target. This article explores the role of CD133 in cancer treatment, beginning with an overview of cancer statistics and an explanation of cancer stem cells and their markers. The rise of CD133 is discussed, including its structure, functions, and occurrence in different cancer types. Furthermore, the article covers CD133 as a therapeutic target, focusing on gene therapy, immunotherapy, and approaches to affect CD133 expression. Nanoparticles such as gold nanoparticles and nanoliposomes are also discussed in the context of CD133-targeted therapy. In conclusion, CD133 is a promising therapeutic target for cancer treatment. As research in this area progresses, it is hoped that CD133-targeted therapies will offer new and effective treatment options for cancer patients in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Pospieszna
- Department of Toxicology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 30 Dojazd Street, 10 Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego Street, 60-631 Poznan, Poland
| | - Hanna Dams-Kozlowska
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 15 Garbary Street, 61-866 Poznan, Poland
- Department of Diagnostics and Cancer Immunology, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, 15 Garbary Street, 61-866 Poznan, Poland
| | - Wachirawit Udomsak
- Department of Toxicology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 30 Dojazd Street, 10 Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego Street, 60-631 Poznan, Poland
| | - Marek Murias
- Department of Toxicology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 30 Dojazd Street, 10 Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego Street, 60-631 Poznan, Poland
- Center for Advanced Technology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 10 Street, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Kucinska
- Department of Toxicology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 30 Dojazd Street, 10 Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego Street, 60-631 Poznan, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Songca SP. Combinations of Photodynamic Therapy with Other Minimally Invasive Therapeutic Technologies against Cancer and Microbial Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10875. [PMID: 37446050 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid rise in research and development following the discovery of photodynamic therapy to establish novel photosensitizers and overcome the limitations of the technology soon after its clinical translation has given rise to a few significant milestones. These include several novel generations of photosensitizers, the widening of the scope of applications, leveraging of the offerings of nanotechnology for greater efficacy, selectivity for the disease over host tissue and cells, the advent of combination therapies with other similarly minimally invasive therapeutic technologies, the use of stimulus-responsive delivery and disease targeting, and greater penetration depth of the activation energy. Brought together, all these milestones have contributed to the significant enhancement of what is still arguably a novel technology. Yet the major applications of photodynamic therapy still remain firmly located in neoplasms, from where most of the new innovations appear to launch to other areas, such as microbial, fungal, viral, acne, wet age-related macular degeneration, atherosclerosis, psoriasis, environmental sanitization, pest control, and dermatology. Three main value propositions of combinations of photodynamic therapy include the synergistic and additive enhancement of efficacy, the relatively low emergence of resistance and its rapid development as a targeted and high-precision therapy. Combinations with established methods such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy and demonstrated applications in mop-up surgery promise to enhance these top three clinical tools. From published in vitro and preclinical studies, clinical trials and applications, and postclinical case studies, seven combinations with photodynamic therapy have become prominent research interests because they are potentially easily applied, showing enhanced efficacy, and are rapidly translating to the clinic. These include combinations with chemotherapy, photothermal therapy, magnetic hyperthermia, cold plasma therapy, sonodynamic therapy, immunotherapy, and radiotherapy. Photochemical internalization is a critical mechanism for some combinations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandile Phinda Songca
- School of Chemistry and Physics, College of Agriculture Engineering and Science, Pietermaritzburg Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Avancini G, Menilli L, Visentin A, Milani C, Mastrotto F, Moret F. Mesenchymal Stem Cell Membrane-Coated TPCS 2a-Loaded Nanoparticles for Breast Cancer Photodynamic Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1654. [PMID: 37376102 PMCID: PMC10302938 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15061654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite substantial improvements in breast cancer (BC) treatment there is still an urgent need to find alternative treatment options to improve the outcomes for patients with advanced-stage disease. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is gaining a lot of attention as a BC therapeutic option because of its selectivity and low off-target effects. However, the hydrophobicity of photosensitizers (PSs) impairs their solubility and limits the circulation in the bloodstream, thus representing a major challenge. The use of polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) to encapsulate the PS may represent a valuable strategy to overcome these issues. Herein, we developed a novel biomimetic PDT nanoplatform (NPs) based on a polymeric core of poly(lactic-co-glycolic)acid (PLGA) loaded with the PS meso-tetraphenylchlorin disulfonate (TPCS2a). TPCS2a@NPs of 98.89 ± 18.56 nm with an encapsulation efficiency percentage (EE%) of 81.9 ± 7.92% were obtained and coated with mesenchymal stem cells-derived plasma membranes (mMSCs) (mMSC-TPCS2a@NPs, size of 139.31 ± 12.94 nm). The mMSC coating armed NPs with biomimetic features to impart long circulation times and tumor-homing capabilities. In vitro, biomimetic mMSC-TPCS2a@NPs showed a decrease in macrophage uptake of 54% to 70%, depending on the conditions applied, as compared to uncoated TPCS2a@NPs. Both NP formulations efficiently accumulated in MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 BC cells, while the uptake was significantly lower in normal breast epithelial MCF10A cells with respect to tumor cells. Moreover, encapsulation of TPCS2a in mMSC-TPCS2a@NPs effectively prevents its aggregation, ensuring efficient singlet oxygen (1O2) production after red light irradiation, which resulted in a considerable in vitro anticancer effect in both BC cell monolayers (IC50 < 0.15 µM) and three-dimensional spheroids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Greta Avancini
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy; (G.A.); (L.M.); (C.M.)
| | - Luca Menilli
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy; (G.A.); (L.M.); (C.M.)
| | - Adele Visentin
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy;
| | - Celeste Milani
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy; (G.A.); (L.M.); (C.M.)
| | - Francesca Mastrotto
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy;
| | - Francesca Moret
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy; (G.A.); (L.M.); (C.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Li H, Xu H, Wang G, Chen J, Ji D, Huang Y, Cui G, He H, Guo Z. Rational Design of Mesoporous Coordination Polymer Nanophotosensitizers for Photodynamic Tumor Ablation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:21746-21753. [PMID: 37126007 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c22095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Effective clinical practice of precise photodynamic therapy (PDT) is severely impeded by the inherent drawbacks and aggregation propensity of conventional photosensitizers. An all-in-one approach is highly desired to optimize structural features, photophysical properties, and pharmacokinetic behaviors of photosensitizers. Herein, we have fabricated mesoporous boron dipyrromethene-bridged coordination polymer nanophotosensitizers (BCP-NPs) for high-performance PDT via a unique solvent-assisted assembly strategy. Distinctive photophysical and structural characteristics of BCP-NPs confer enhanced photodynamic activities, together with high cellular uptake and ultrahigh stability. Moreover, BCP-NPs showed excellent tumor accumulation and prolonged tumor retention, achieving eradication of the triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) model under low-power-density LED irradiation. This work has provided a valuable paradigm for the construction of mesoporous photoactive nanomaterials for biophotonic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, and School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Han Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, and School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Guanglin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, and School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Junchang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, and School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Dandan Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, and School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yangyang Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Guoqing Cui
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Hui He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zhengqing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, and School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Li J, Wang S, Fontana F, Tapeinos C, Shahbazi MA, Han H, Santos HA. Nanoparticles-based phototherapy systems for cancer treatment: Current status and clinical potential. Bioact Mater 2023; 23:471-507. [PMID: 36514388 PMCID: PMC9727595 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Remarkable progress in phototherapy has been made in recent decades, due to its non-invasiveness and instant therapeutic efficacy. In addition, with the rapid development of nanoscience and nanotechnology, phototherapy systems based on nanoparticles or nanocomposites also evolved as an emerging hotspot in nanomedicine research, especially in cancer. In this review, first we briefly introduce the history of phototherapy, and the mechanisms of phototherapy in cancer treatment. Then, we summarize the representative development over the past three to five years in nanoparticle-based phototherapy and highlight the design of the innovative nanoparticles thereof. Finally, we discuss the feasibility and the potential of the nanoparticle-based phototherapy systems in clinical anticancer therapeutic applications, aiming to predict future research directions in this field. Our review is a tutorial work, aiming at providing useful insights to researchers in the field of nanotechnology, nanoscience and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiachen Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, W.J. Kolff Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Materials Science, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Ant. Deusinglaan 1, Groningen, 9713 AV, the Netherlands
- W.J. Kolff Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Materials Science, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Shiqi Wang
- Drug Research Program Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Flavia Fontana
- Drug Research Program Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Christos Tapeinos
- Drug Research Program Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, W.J. Kolff Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Materials Science, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Ant. Deusinglaan 1, Groningen, 9713 AV, the Netherlands
- W.J. Kolff Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Materials Science, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Huijie Han
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, W.J. Kolff Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Materials Science, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Ant. Deusinglaan 1, Groningen, 9713 AV, the Netherlands
- W.J. Kolff Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Materials Science, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Hélder A Santos
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, W.J. Kolff Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Materials Science, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Ant. Deusinglaan 1, Groningen, 9713 AV, the Netherlands
- W.J. Kolff Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Materials Science, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Drug Research Program Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Panagiotakis S, Mavroidi B, Athanasopoulos A, Gonçalves AR, Bugnicourt-Moreira L, Regagnon T, Boukos N, Charalambidis G, Coutsolelos AG, Grigalavicius M, Theodossiou TA, Berg K, Ladavière C, Pelecanou M, Yannakopoulou K. Small anticancer drug release by light: Photochemical internalization of porphyrin-β-cyclodextrin nanoparticles. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 306:120579. [PMID: 36746578 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.120579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Aiming to engineer simple, neutral, strongly amphiphilic photoactive nanoparticles (NPs) to specifically target cancer cell lysosomes for drug transport and light-controlled release, new conjugates of β-cyclodextrin with highly hydrophobic triphenylporphyrin bearing different alkyl chains, were synthesized. Although differently sized, all conjugates self-assemble into ~60 nm NPs in water and display similar photoactivity. The NPs target selectively the lysosomes of breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7 cells, embedding in vesicular membranes, as experiments with model liposomes indicate. Either empty or drug-loaded, the NPs lack dark toxicity for 48 h. They bind with differently structured anticancer drugs tamoxifen and gemcitabine as its N-adamantyl derivative. Red light irradiation of cells incubated with drug-loaded NPs results in major reduction of viability (>85 %) for 48 h displaying significant synergy of photo-chemotoxicity, as opposed to empty NPs, and to loaded non-irradiated NPs, in manifestation of photochemical internalization (PCI). Our approach expands the field of PCI into different small molecule chemotherapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stylianos Panagiotakis
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Aghia Paraskevi 15341, Attiki, Greece.
| | - Barbara Mavroidi
- Institute of Biosciences & Applications, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Aghia Paraskevi 15341, Attiki, Greece.
| | - Alexandros Athanasopoulos
- Institute of Biosciences & Applications, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Aghia Paraskevi 15341, Attiki, Greece.
| | - Antonio Ricardo Gonçalves
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Aghia Paraskevi 15341, Attiki, Greece.
| | - Loïc Bugnicourt-Moreira
- University of Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5223, IMP, UCBL, 15 bd André Latarjet, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Theo Regagnon
- University of Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5223, IMP, UCBL, 15 bd André Latarjet, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Nikos Boukos
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Aghia Paraskevi 15341, Attiki, Greece.
| | - George Charalambidis
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Voutes Campus, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
| | - Athanasios G Coutsolelos
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Voutes Campus, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
| | - Mantas Grigalavicius
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital - Radium Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Theodossis A Theodossiou
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital - Radium Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Kristian Berg
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital - Radium Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Catherine Ladavière
- University of Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5223, IMP, UCBL, 15 bd André Latarjet, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Maria Pelecanou
- Institute of Biosciences & Applications, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Aghia Paraskevi 15341, Attiki, Greece.
| | - Konstantina Yannakopoulou
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Aghia Paraskevi 15341, Attiki, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Mo Y, Cheng MHY, D'Elia A, Doran K, Ding L, Chen J, Cullis PR, Zheng G. Light-Activated siRNA Endosomal Release (LASER) by Porphyrin Lipid Nanoparticles. ACS NANO 2023; 17:4688-4703. [PMID: 36853331 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c10936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have achieved clinical success in delivering small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) for targeted gene therapy. However, endosomal escape of siRNA into the cytosol remains a fundamental challenge for LNPs. Herein, we report a strategy termed light-activated siRNA endosomal release (LASER) to address this challenge. We established a porphyrin-LNP by incorporating porphyrin-lipids into the clinically approved Onpattro formulation. The porphyrin-LNP maintained the physical properties of an LNP and generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) when irradiated with near-infrared (NIR) light. Using confocal microscopy, we revealed that porphyrin-lipids within the LNP translocate to endosomal membranes during endocytosis. The translocated porphyrin-lipids generated ROS under light irradiation and enabled LASER through endosomal membranes disruption as observed through GAL-9 recruitment and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). By establishing a quantitative confocal imaging method, we confirmed that porphyrin-LNPs can increase siRNA endosomal escape efficiency by up to 2-fold via LASER and further enhance luciferase target knockdown by 4-fold more in luciferase-transfected prostate cancer cells. Finally, we formulated porphyrin-LNPs encapsulated with gold nanoparticles (GNP) and visualized the LASER effect within prostate tumors via TEM, confirming the light-activated endosomal membrane disruption and subsequent GNP release into cytosols in vivo. Overall, porphyrin-LNPs and the LASER approach enhanced siRNA endosomal escape and significantly improved knockdown efficacy. We believe the versatility of this technology could be applied to various LNP-based RNA therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Mo
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Miffy H Y Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Andrew D'Elia
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Katie Doran
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Lili Ding
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Juan Chen
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Pieter R Cullis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Gang Zheng
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Barnett C, Joubert F, Iliopoulou A, Álvarez RS, Pasparakis G. Photochemical Internalization Using Natural Anticancer Drugs, Antimetabolites, and Nanoformulations: A Systematic Study against Breast and Pancreatic Cancer Cell Lines. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:1818-1841. [PMID: 36802639 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c01012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Photochemical internalization (PCI) is a novel, minimally invasive drug delivery technology that facilitates the delivery of therapeutic molecules into the cytosol of cells. In this work, PCI was utilized in an effort to enhance the therapeutic index of the existing anticancer drugs as well as novel nanοformulations against breast and pancreatic cancer cells. Frontline anticancer drugs were tested with bleomycin as a benchmark PCI control; namely, three vinca alkaloids (vincristine, vinorelbine, and vinblastine), two taxanes (docetaxel and paclitaxel), two antimetabolites (gemcitabine and capecitabine), a combination of taxanes with antimetabolites, and two nano-sized formulations (squalene- and polymer-bound gemcitabine derivatives) were tested in a 3D PCI in vitro model. Strikingly, we discovered that several drug molecules exhibited remarkably augmented therapeutic activity by several orders of magnitude compared to their respective controls (without PCI technology or directly compared with bleomycin controls). Nearly all drug molecules showed enhanced therapeutic efficiency, but more interestingly, we traced several drug molecules that showed multi-fold enhancement (ranging from 5000- up to 170,000-fold enhancement) in their IC70 indices. Interestingly, PCI delivery of the vinca alkaloids (especially PCI-vincristine), and some of the nanoformulations tested, was seen to perform impressively across all of the treatment outcomes of potency, efficacy, and synergy─as determined by means of a cell viability assay. The study constitutes a systematic guide for the development of future PCI-based therapeutic modalities for precision oncology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Barnett
- School of Pharmacy Brunswick Square, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, U.K
| | - Fanny Joubert
- School of Pharmacy Brunswick Square, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, U.K
| | - Alexandra Iliopoulou
- School of Pharmacy Brunswick Square, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, U.K
| | - Raúl Sánchez Álvarez
- School of Pharmacy Brunswick Square, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, U.K
| | - George Pasparakis
- School of Pharmacy Brunswick Square, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, U.K.,Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, Patras 26504, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ancheta LR, Shramm PA, Bouajram R, Higgins D, Lappi DA. Streptavidin-Saporin: Converting Biotinylated Materials into Targeted Toxins. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15030181. [PMID: 36977072 PMCID: PMC10059012 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15030181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptavidin-Saporin can be considered a type of ‘secondary’ targeted toxin. The scientific community has taken advantage of this conjugate in clever and fruitful ways using many kinds of biotinylated targeting agents to send saporin into a cell selected for elimination. Saporin is a ribosome-inactivating protein that causes inhibition of protein synthesis and cell death when delivered inside a cell. Streptavidin-Saporin, mixed with biotinylated molecules to cell surface markers, results in powerful conjugates that are used both in vitro and in vivo for behavior and disease research. Streptavidin-Saporin harnesses the ‘Molecular Surgery’ capability of saporin, creating a modular arsenal of targeted toxins used in applications ranging from the screening of potential therapeutics to behavioral studies and animal models. The reagent has become a well-published and validated resource in academia and industry. The ease of use and diverse functionality of Streptavidin-Saporin continues to have a significant impact on the life science industry.
Collapse
|
22
|
Mosaddad SA, Namanloo RA, Aghili SS, Maskani P, Alam M, Abbasi K, Nouri F, Tahmasebi E, Yazdanian M, Tebyaniyan H. Photodynamic therapy in oral cancer: a review of clinical studies. Med Oncol 2023; 40:91. [PMID: 36749489 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-023-01949-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A significant mortality rate is associated with oral cancer, particularly in cases of late-stage diagnosis. Since the last decades, oral cancer survival rates have only gradually improved despite advances in treatment. This poor success rate is mainly due to the development of secondary tumors, local recurrence, and regional failure. Invasive treatments frequently have a negative impact on the aesthetic and functional outcomes of survivors. Novel approaches are thus needed to manage this deadly disease in light of these statistics. In photodynamic therapy (PDT), a light-sensitive medication called a photosensitizer is given first, followed by exposure to light of the proper wavelength that matches the absorbance band of the photosensitizer. The tissue oxygen-induced cytotoxic free radicals kill tumor cells directly, harm the microvascular structure, and cause inflammatory reactions at the targeted sites. In the case of early lesions, PDT can be used as a stand-alone therapy, and in the case of advanced lesions, it can be used as adjuvant therapy. The current review article discussed the uses of PDT in oral cancer therapy based on recent advances in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Ali Mosaddad
- Student Research Committee, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Seyedeh Sara Aghili
- Student Research Committee, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Poorya Maskani
- Dental Research Center, Research Institute of Dental Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Alam
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kamyar Abbasi
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzad Nouri
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Elahe Tahmasebi
- Research Center for Prevention of Oral and Dental Diseases, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Yazdanian
- Research Center for Prevention of Oral and Dental Diseases, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hamid Tebyaniyan
- Department of Science and Research, Islimic Azade University, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Sonokawa T, Obi N, Usuda J, Sudo Y, Hamakubo T. Development of a new minimally invasive phototherapy for lung cancer using antibody-toxin conjugate. Thorac Cancer 2023; 14:645-653. [PMID: 36655546 PMCID: PMC9981311 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.14776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a cancer-targeted treatment that uses a photosensitizer (PS) and laser irradiation. The effectiveness of current PDT using red light for advanced cancers is limited, because red light can only reach depths within a few millimeters. To enhance the antitumor effect for lung cancers, we developed a new phototherapy, intelligent targeted antibody phototherapy (iTAP). This treatment uses a combination of immunotoxin and a PS, mono-L-aspartyl chlorin e6 (NPe6). METHODS We examined whether cetuximab encapsulated in endosomes was released into the cytosol by PS in PDT under light irradiation. A431 cells were treated with fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled cetuximab, NPe6, and light irradiation and were observed with fluorescence microscopy. We analyzed the cytotoxicity of saporin-conjugated cetuximab (IT-cetuximab) in A431, A549, and MCF7 cells and the antitumor effect in model A549-bearing mice in vivo using the iTAP method. RESULTS Fluorescent microscopy analysis showed that the photodynamic effect of NPe6 (20 μM) and light irradiation (37.6 J/cm2 ) caused the release of cetuximab from the endosome into the cytosol. In vitro analysis demonstrated that the iTAP method enhanced the cytotoxicity of IT-cetuximab by the photodynamic effect. In in vivo experiments, compared with IT-cetuximab alone or PDT alone, the iTAP method using a low dose of IT-cetuximab showed the greatest enhancement of the antitumor effect. CONCLUSIONS Our study is the first report of the iTAP method using NPe6 for lung cancer cells. The iTAP method may become a new, minimally invasive treatment superior to current PDT methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Sonokawa
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryNippon Medical SchoolTokyoJapan
| | - Naoko Obi
- Research & Development DivisionPhotoQ3 Inc.TokyoJapan
| | - Jitsuo Usuda
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryNippon Medical SchoolTokyoJapan
| | - Yukio Sudo
- Research & Development DivisionPhotoQ3 Inc.TokyoJapan
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Sun Y, Sha Y, Cui G, Meng F, Zhong Z. Lysosomal-mediated drug release and activation for cancer therapy and immunotherapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 192:114624. [PMID: 36435229 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The development of carrier systems that are able to transport and release therapeutics to target cells is an emergent strategy to treat cancer; however, they following endocytosis are usually trapped in the endo/lysosomal compartments. The efficacy of drug conjugates and nanotherapeutics relies critically on their intracellular drug release ability, for which advanced systems responding to the unique lysosomal environment such as acidic pH and abundant enzymes (e.g. cathepsin B, sulfatase and β-glucuronidase) or equipped with photochemical internalization property have been energetically pursued. In this review, we highlight the recent designs of smart systems that promote efficient lysosomal release and/or escape of anticancer agents including chemotherapeutics (e.g. doxorubicin, platinum, chloroquine and hydrochloroquine) and biotherapeutics (e.g. proteins, siRNA, miRNA, mRNA and pDNA) to cancer cells or immunotherapeutic agents (e.g. antigens, mRNA and immunoadjuvants) to antigen-presenting cells (APCs), thereby boosting cancer therapy and immunotherapy. Lysosomal-mediated drug release presents an appealing approach to develop innovative cancer therapeutics and immunotherapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yinping Sun
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Yongjie Sha
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Guanhong Cui
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Fenghua Meng
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China.
| | - Zhiyuan Zhong
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Madsen SJ, Devarajan AG, Chandekar A, Nguyen L, Hirschberg H. Fibrin glue as a local drug and photosensitizer delivery system for photochemical internalization: Potential for bypassing the blood-brain barrier. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2022; 41:103206. [PMID: 36414151 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.103206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemotherapy has had disappointing results in the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). This is in part due to limited systemic drug penetration through the blood-brain barrier. This limitation can be overcome by implantation of drug-loaded hydrogels, such as fibrin glue (FG), directly into the tumor resection cavity. Photochemical internalization (PCI) has been shown to enhance the efficacy of a large number of chemotherapeutic agents, including bleomycin (BLM). This study examined the ability of loaded FG to release BLM and photosensitizer to enable PCI-induced growth inhibition of glioma spheroids in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS FG layers, loaded with drug and photosensitizer, were formed in wells of a 24-well plate. Supernatants covering the FG layers were harvested after 48 h. F98 glioma spheroids were co-incubated with harvested supernatants for 24 h, followed by light exposure. Spheroid growth was monitored for an additional 14 days. RESULTS 100% of the drug bleomycin and 90% of the photosensitizer (AlPcS2a) was released from the FG over a 48 h interval. Spheroid growth was significantly inhibited or completely suppressed by PCI of released drug and photosensitizer in many of the concentration combinations tested. PCI-induced growth inhibition increased with increasing light levels. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate that both drug and photosensitizer were loaded into and released in a non-degraded form for an extended time period. The growth inhibition caused by FG-released BLM was significantly enhanced by FG-released AlPcS2a-mediated PCI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steen J Madsen
- Dept. of Health Physics and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Nevada, 4505 South Maryland Pkwy, Box 453037, Las Vegas, NV 89154, United States of America.
| | - Ananya Ganga Devarajan
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617 United States of America
| | - Akhil Chandekar
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617 United States of America
| | - Lina Nguyen
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617 United States of America
| | - Henry Hirschberg
- Dept. of Health Physics and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Nevada, 4505 South Maryland Pkwy, Box 453037, Las Vegas, NV 89154, United States of America; Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617 United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Saad MA, Hasan T. Spotlight on Photoactivatable Liposomes beyond Drug Delivery: An Enabler of Multitargeting of Molecular Pathways. Bioconjug Chem 2022; 33:2041-2064. [PMID: 36197738 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.2c00376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The potential of photoactivating certain molecules, photosensitizers (PS), resulting in photochemical processes, has long been realized in the form of photodynamic therapy (PDT) for the management of several cancerous and noncancerous pathologies. With an improved understanding of the photoactivation process and its broader implications, efforts are being made to exploit the various facets of photoactivation, PDT, and the associated phenomenon of photodynamic priming in enhancing treatment outcomes, specifically in cancer therapeutics. The parallel emergence of nanomedicine, specifically liposome-based nanoformulations, and the convergence of the two fields of liposome-based drug delivery and PDT have led to the development of unique hybrid systems, which combine the exciting features of liposomes with adequate complementation through the photoactivation process. While initially liposomes carrying photosensitizers (PSs) were developed for enhancing the pharmacokinetics and the general applicability of PSs, more recently, PS-loaded liposomes, apart from their utility in PDT, have found several applications including enhanced targeting of drugs, coloading multiple therapeutic agents to enhance synergistic effects, imaging, priming, triggering drug release, and facilitating the escape of therapeutic agents from the endolysosomal complex. This review discusses the design strategies, potential, and unique attributes of these hybrid systems, with not only photoactivation as an attribute but also the ability to encapsulate multiple agents for imaging, biomodulation, priming, and therapy referred to as photoactivatable multiagent/inhibitor liposomes (PMILS) and their targeted versions─targeted PMILS (TPMILS). While liposomes have formed their own niche in nanotechnology and nanomedicine with several clinically approved formulations, we try to highlight how using PS-loaded liposomes could address some of the limitations and concerns usually associated with liposomes to overcome them and enhance their preclinical and clinical utility in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Saad
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Tayyaba Hasan
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States.,Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Dual-Functionalized Nanoliposomes Achieve a Synergistic Chemo-Phototherapeutic Effect. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232112817. [PMID: 36361615 PMCID: PMC9653560 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232112817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The enhancement of photodynamic therapy (PDT) effectiveness by combining it with other treatment modalities and improved drug delivery has become an interesting field in cancer research. We have prepared and characterized nanoliposomes containing the chemotherapeutic drug irinotecan (CPT11lip), the photodynamic agent protoporphyrin IX (PpIXlip), or their combination (CPT11-PpIXlip). The effects of individual and bimodal (chemo-phototherapeutic) treatments on HeLa cells have been studied by a combination of biological and photophysical studies. Bimodal treatments show synergistic cytotoxic effects on HeLa cells at relatively low doses of PpIX/PDT and CPT11. Mechanistic cell inactivation studies revealed mitotic catastrophe, apoptosis, and senescence contributions. The enhanced anticancer activity is due to a sustained generation of reactive oxygen species, which increases the number of double-strand DNA breaks. Bimodal chemo-phototherapeutic liposomes may have a very promising future in oncological therapy, potentially allowing a reduction in the CPT11 concentration required to achieve a therapeutic effect and overcoming resistance to individual cancer treatments.
Collapse
|
28
|
'Lights, squaraines, action!' - the role of squaraine dyes in photodynamic therapy. Future Med Chem 2022; 14:1375-1402. [PMID: 36069190 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2022-0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since they were first synthesized in 1965 by Treibs and Jacob, squaraine dyes have revolutionized the polymethine dyes' 'universe' and their potential applications due to their indisputable physical, chemical and biological properties. After 30 years and up to the present, various research teams have dedicated themselves to studying the squaraines' photodynamic therapy application using in vitro and in vivo models. The various structural modifications made to these compounds, as well as the influence they have shown to have in their phototherapeutic activity, are the main focus of the present review. Finally, the most evident limitations of this class of dyes, as well as future perspectives in the sense of hypothetically successfully overcoming them, are suggested by the authors.
Collapse
|
29
|
Imanparast A, Attaran N, Eshghi H, Sazgarnia A. Surface modification of gold nanoparticles with 6-mercapto-1-hexanol to facilitate dual conjugation of protoporphyrin IX and folic acid for improving the targeted photochemical internalization. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2022; 25:970-979. [PMID: 36159333 PMCID: PMC9464342 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2022.63622.14033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Objective(s): Photochemical internalization (PCI) is an important type of photodynamic therapy for delivering macromolecules into the cytosol by the endocytosis process. In this study, 6-mercapto-1-hexanol (MH) was used to functionalize the gold nanostructure as a primer for surface modification to improve conjugation of multi-agents such as protoporphyrin IX (Pp-IX) and folic acid with gold nanoparticles (PpIX/FA-MH-AuNP) to facilitate the photochemical internalization. Materials and Methods: After surface modification of AuNPs with MH, PpIX and FA are bonded to the surface of the MH-AuNPs through the coupling reaction to produce the desired conjugated AuNPs. In the next step, the synthesized nanostructures were characterized by different methods. Finally, after selecting specific concentrations, light treatments were applied and cell survival was measured based on MTT analysis. Also, in order to better study the morphology of the cells, they were stained by the Giemsa method. The SPSS 16 software was used for data analysis Results: By surface modification of the nanostructure with MH and then conjugation of FA to it, the incubation time of the drug in PpIX/FA-MH-AuNP was reduced from 3 hr to 30 min. Also, at each light dose, cell death in the presence of PpIX/FA-MH-AuNP was significantly reduced compared with unconjugated conditions (P<0.001). Under these conditions, the ED50 for PpIX and PpIX-MH-AuNP and PpIX/FA-MH-AuNP at a concentration of 2.5 μg/ml is 8.9, 9.1, and 6.17 min, respectively. Conclusion: The results show that the PCI of PpIX/FA-MH-AuNP increases the selective phototoxicity efficiency on cancer cells compared with the conventional process of photodynamic therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Armin Imanparast
- Medical Physics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Neda Attaran
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Applied Biophotonics Research Center, Tehran Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Eshghi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ameneh Sazgarnia
- Medical Physics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Zhang M, Shao W, Yang T, Liu H, Guo S, Zhao D, Weng Y, Liang X, Huang Y. Conscription of Immune Cells by Light-Activatable Silencing NK-Derived Exosome (LASNEO) for Synergetic Tumor Eradication. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2201135. [PMID: 35665496 PMCID: PMC9353410 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202201135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes derived from natural killer (NK) cells (NEO) constitute promising antineoplastic nano-biologics because of their versatile functions in immune regulation. However, a significant augment of their immunomodulatory capability is an essential need to achieve clinically meaningful treatment outcomes. Light-activatable silencing NK-derived exosomes (LASNEO) are orchestrated by engineering the NEO with hydrophilic small interfering RNA (siRNA) and hydrophobic photosensitizer Ce6. Profiling of genes involved in apoptosis pathway with Western blot and RNA-seq in cells receiving NEO treatment reveals that NEO elicits effective NK cell-like cytotoxicity toward tumor cells. Meanwhile, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation upon laser irradiation not only triggers substantial photodynamic therapy effect but also boosts M1 tumor-associated macrophages polarization and DC maturation in the tumor microenvironment (TME). In addition, ROS also accelerates the cellular entry and endosomal escape of siRNA in TME. Finally, siRNAs targeting PLK1 or PD-L1 induce robust gene silencing in cancer cells, and downregulation of PD-L1 restores the immunological surveillance of T cells in TME. Therefore, the proposed LASNEO exhibit excellent antitumor effects by conscripting multiple types of immune cells. Considering that its manufacture is quite simple and controllable, LASNEO show compelling potential for clinical translational application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Zhang
- School of Life ScienceAdvanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary ScienceSchool of Medical Technology (Institute of Engineering Medicine)Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and BiotherapyKey Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics EngineeringBeijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing100081China
| | - Wanxuan Shao
- School of Life ScienceAdvanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary ScienceSchool of Medical Technology (Institute of Engineering Medicine)Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and BiotherapyKey Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics EngineeringBeijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing100081China
| | - Tongren Yang
- School of Life ScienceAdvanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary ScienceSchool of Medical Technology (Institute of Engineering Medicine)Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and BiotherapyKey Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics EngineeringBeijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing100081China
| | - Houli Liu
- School of Life ScienceAdvanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary ScienceSchool of Medical Technology (Institute of Engineering Medicine)Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and BiotherapyKey Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics EngineeringBeijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing100081China
| | - Shuai Guo
- School of Life ScienceAdvanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary ScienceSchool of Medical Technology (Institute of Engineering Medicine)Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and BiotherapyKey Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics EngineeringBeijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing100081China
| | - Deyao Zhao
- Department of Radiation Oncologythe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityErqiZhengzhou450000China
| | - Yuhua Weng
- School of Life ScienceAdvanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary ScienceSchool of Medical Technology (Institute of Engineering Medicine)Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and BiotherapyKey Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics EngineeringBeijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing100081China
| | - Xing‐Jie Liang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Center for Excellence in NanoscienceCAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and NanosafetyNational Center for Nanoscience and TechnologyBeijing100190China
| | - Yuanyu Huang
- School of Life ScienceAdvanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary ScienceSchool of Medical Technology (Institute of Engineering Medicine)Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and BiotherapyKey Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics EngineeringBeijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing100081China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Butt AM, Abdullah N, Rani NNIM, Ahmad N, Amin MCIM. Endosomal Escape of Bioactives Deployed via Nanocarriers: Insights Into the Design of Polymeric Micelles. Pharm Res 2022; 39:1047-1064. [PMID: 35619043 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03296-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic delivery of bioactives requires the use of strategies such as active transport, electroporation, or the use of nanocarriers such as polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, micelles, and dendrimers. It is essential to deliver bioactive molecules in the cytoplasm to achieve targeted effects by enabling organelle targeting. One of the biggest bottlenecks in the successful cytoplasmic delivery of bioactives through nanocarriers is their sequestration in the endosomes that leads to the degradation of drugs by progressing to lysosomes. In this review, we discussed mechanisms by which nanocarriers are endocytosed, the mechanisms of endosomal escape, and more importantly, the strategies that can be and have been employed for their escape from the endosomes are summarized. Like other nanocarriers, polymeric micelles can be designed for endosomal escape, however, a careful control is needed in their design to balance between the possible toxicity and endosomal escape efficiency. Keeping this in view, polyion complex micelles, and polymers that have the ability to escape the endosome, are fully discussed. Finally, we provided some perspectives for designing the polymeric micelles for efficient cytoplasmic delivery of bioactive agents through endosomal escape.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adeel Masood Butt
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Nabiha Abdullah
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320, Islamabad, Pakistan.,Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Nur Najihah Izzati Mat Rani
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Royal College of Medicine Perak, 30450, Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia.,Centre for Drug Delivery Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Naveed Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, 72388, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Cairul Iqbal Mohd Amin
- Centre for Drug Delivery Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Nguyen L, Christie C, Madsen SJ, Peng Q, Berg K, Hirschberg H. Inhibition of glioma development by doxorubicin-photochemical internalization generated macrophage vaccine: a survival study in rats. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2022; 38:102879. [PMID: 35489691 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.102879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The process known as immunogenic cell death (ICD) is characterized by dead and dying cancer cells exposing and releasing so-called damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). ICD has been shown to enhance the efficacy of antigen presenting cell (APC) immunotherapy. Both anthracycline drugs such as doxorubicin (DOX), and photodynamic therapy (PDT) have been shown to be inducers of ICD. It was therefore hypothesized that combined PDT and DOX i.e. photochemical internalization of DOX (DOX-PCI) would increase ICD compared to DOX acting as a single agent. MATERIALS AND METHODS F98 glioma cells were treated with DOX-PCI in vitro and the ICD markers HMGB1, HSP70, and HSP90 were determined by ELISA assay. Peritoneal macrophages (Ma), obtained from Fisher rats acting as APCs, were co-incubated with dead F98 glioma cells killed via DOX or DOX-PCI treatment ex vivo. The pulsed Ma (Ma DOX or Ma DOX-PCI) were used to inoculate the animals either before (preventive) or after (curative) intra-cranially implantation of the glioma cells. RESULTS F98 cells, treated with DOX-PCI in vitro, induced a significantly higher level of HGMB1, HSP70, and HSP90 than DOX acting alone. Ma DOX-PCI inoculated animals, in both preventive and curative protocols, had a pronounced survival benefit compared to either the non-treatment or MaDOX control groups. In the curative protocol, a second booster inoculation significantly improved survival, with 60% of the animals alive at day 60. CONCLUSION Macrophages primed with DOX-PCI treated glioma cells appeared to be highly effective as APCs and, when injected into host animals, could delay and, in some cases, prevent tumor development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lina Nguyen
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine CA, 92612, USA.
| | - Catherine Christie
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine CA, 92612, USA
| | - Steen J Madsen
- Department of Health Physics and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA1
| | | | - Kristian Berg
- Dept. of Radiation Biology, Rikshospitalet-Radiumhospitalet HF Medical Center, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Henry Hirschberg
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine CA, 92612, USA; Department of Health Physics and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA1
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Alipanah H, Yarian F, Rasti F, Safari M, Hatami S, Osanloo M. Cytotoxic effects of chitosan nanoparticles containing Zataria multiflora essential oil against human breast and melanoma cells. BENI-SUEF UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s43088-022-00241-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women, and melanoma incidence increases worldwide. The emergence of drug resistance and side effects of chemotherapy drugs has led to a great deal of attention being paid to the development of natural medicines, especially using essential oil. The preparation of essential oil-based nanoformulation has thus recently received more attention.
Results
In this study, chitosan nanoparticles (ChiNPs) containing Zataria multiflora essential oil with a particle size of 177 ± 10 nm, a narrow particle size distribution (SPAN 0.96), and a cubic-like shape were first prepared. IC50 values of the prepared nanoformulation against human melanoma (A-375) and breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-468) were obtained as 32 (12–84), 46 (32–67), and 105 (85–131) µg/mL. Besides, an electrospun polycaprolactone–polyethylene oxide scaffold was prepared as a dressing after treatment with the nanoformulation. Fourier transform infrared analysis confirmed the scaffold's preparation as well as successful loading of the essential oil in chitosan nanoparticles. Furthermore, the scaffold did not show a cytotoxic effect on A-375, MCF-7, and MDA-MB-468, and its surface was hydrophobic as the water contact angle with the surface was 136.5°.
Conclusions
The prepared prototype with natural ingredients and high efficacy could be considered for further consideration in vivo study or complementary medicine.
Graphical abstract
Collapse
|
34
|
Hashemkhani M, Loizidou M, MacRobert AJ, Yagci Acar H. One-Step Aqueous Synthesis of Anionic and Cationic AgInS 2 Quantum Dots and Their Utility in Improving the Efficacy of ALA-Based Photodynamic Therapy. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:2846-2863. [PMID: 35104130 PMCID: PMC8895404 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Silver-indium-sulfide quantum dots (AIS QDs) have potential applications in many areas, including biomedicine. Their lack of regulated heavy metals, unlike many commercialized QDs, stands out as an advantage, but the necessity for alloyed or core-shell structures and related costly and sophisticated processes for the production of stable and high quantum yield aqueous AIS QDs are the current challenges. The present study demonstrates the one-step aqueous synthesis of simple AgInS2 QD compositions utilizing for the first time either a polyethyleneimine/2-mercaptopropionic acid (AIS-PEI/2MPA) mixture or only 2-mercaptopropionic acid (AIS-2MPA) as the stabilizing molecules, providing a AgInS2 portfolio consisting of cationic and anionic AIS QDs, respectively, and tuneable emission. Small AIS QDs with long-term stability and high quantum yields (19-23%) were achieved at a molar ratio of Ag/In/S 1/10/10 in water without any dopant or a semiconductor shell. The theranostic potential of these cationic and anionic AIS QDs was also evaluated in vitro. Non-toxic doses were determined, and fluorescence imaging potential was demonstrated. More importantly, these QDs were electrostatically loaded with zwitterionic 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) as a prodrug to enhance the tumor availability of ALA and to improve ALA-induced porphyrin photodynamic therapy (PDT). This is the first study investigating the influence of nanoparticle charge on ALA binding, release, and therapeutic efficacy. Surface charge was found to be more critical in cellular internalization and dark toxicity rather than drug loading and release. Both QDs provided enhanced ALA release at acidic pH but protected the prodrug at physiological pH, which is critical for tumor delivery of ALA, which suffers from low bioavailability. The PDT efficacy of the ALA-loaded AIS QDs was tested in 2D monolayers and 3D constructs of HT29 and SW480 human colon adenocarcinoma cancer cell lines. The incorporation of ALA delivery by the AIS QDs, which on their own do not cause phototoxicity, elicited significant cell death due to enhanced light-induced ROS generation and apoptotic/necrotic cell death, reducing the IC50 for ALA dramatically to about 0.1 and 0.01 mM in anionic and cationic AIS QDs, respectively. Combined with simple synthetic methods, the strong intracellular photoluminescence of AIS QDs, good biocompatibility of especially the anionic AIS QDs, and the ability to act as drug carriers for effective PDT signify that the AIS QDs, in particular AIS-2MPA, are highly promising theranostic QDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahshid Hashemkhani
- Graduate
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Marilena Loizidou
- Division
of Surgery and Interventional Science, Centre for Nanomedicine and
Surgical Theranostics, University College
London, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PE, U.K.
| | - Alexander J. MacRobert
- Division
of Surgery and Interventional Science, Centre for Nanomedicine and
Surgical Theranostics, University College
London, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PE, U.K.
| | - Havva Yagci Acar
- Graduate
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
- Department
of Chemistry, Koç University, KUYTAM, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Sayed N, Allawadhi P, Khurana A, Singh V, Navik U, Pasumarthi SK, Khurana I, Banothu AK, Weiskirchen R, Bharani KK. Gene therapy: Comprehensive overview and therapeutic applications. Life Sci 2022; 294:120375. [PMID: 35123997 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gene therapy is the product of man's quest to eliminate diseases. Gene therapy has three facets namely, gene silencing using siRNA, shRNA and miRNA, gene replacement where the desired gene in the form of plasmids and viral vectors, are directly administered and finally gene editing based therapy where mutations are modified using specific nucleases such as zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) and clustered regulatory interspaced short tandem repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein (Cas)-associated nucleases. Transfer of gene is either through transformation where under specific conditions the gene is directly taken up by the bacterial cells, transduction where a bacteriophage is used to transfer the genetic material and lastly transfection that involves forceful delivery of gene using either viral or non-viral vectors. The non-viral transfection methods are subdivided into physical, chemical and biological. The physical methods include electroporation, biolistic, microinjection, laser, elevated temperature, ultrasound and hydrodynamic gene transfer. The chemical methods utilize calcium- phosphate, DAE-dextran, liposomes and nanoparticles for transfection. The biological methods are increasingly using viruses for gene transfer, these viruses could either integrate within the genome of the host cell conferring a stable gene expression, whereas few other non-integrating viruses are episomal and their expression is diluted proportional to the cell division. So far, gene therapy has been wielded in a plethora of diseases. However, coherent and innocuous delivery of genes is among the major hurdles in the use of this promising therapy. Hence this review aims to highlight the current options available for gene transfer along with the advantages and limitations of every method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nilofer Sayed
- Department of Pharmacy, Pravara Rural Education Society's (P.R.E.S.'s) College of Pharmacy, Shreemati Nathibai Damodar Thackersey (SNDT) Women's University, Nashik 400020, Maharashtra, India
| | - Prince Allawadhi
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Amit Khurana
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering (CBME), Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India; Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science (CVSc), PVNRTVU, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500030, Telangana, India; Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science (CVSc), PVNRTVU, Mamnoor, Warangal 506166, Telangana, India; Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstr. 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Vishakha Singh
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Umashanker Navik
- Department of Pharmacology, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda 151401, Punjab, India
| | | | - Isha Khurana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Anil Kumar Banothu
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science (CVSc), PVNRTVU, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500030, Telangana, India
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstr. 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Kala Kumar Bharani
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science (CVSc), PVNRTVU, Mamnoor, Warangal 506166, Telangana, India.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Aerssens D, Cadoni E, Tack L, Madder A. A Photosensitized Singlet Oxygen ( 1O 2) Toolbox for Bio-Organic Applications: Tailoring 1O 2 Generation for DNA and Protein Labelling, Targeting and Biosensing. Molecules 2022; 27:778. [PMID: 35164045 PMCID: PMC8838016 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Singlet oxygen (1O2) is the excited state of ground, triplet state, molecular oxygen (O2). Photosensitized 1O2 has been extensively studied as one of the reactive oxygen species (ROS), responsible for damage of cellular components (protein, DNA, lipids). On the other hand, its generation has been exploited in organic synthesis, as well as in photodynamic therapy for the treatment of various forms of cancer. The aim of this review is to highlight the versatility of 1O2, discussing the main bioorganic applications reported over the past decades, which rely on its production. After a brief introduction on the photosensitized production of 1O2, we will describe the main aspects involving the biologically relevant damage that can accompany an uncontrolled, aspecific generation of this ROS. We then discuss in more detail a series of biological applications featuring 1O2 generation, including protein and DNA labelling, cross-linking and biosensing. Finally, we will highlight the methodologies available to tailor 1O2 generation, in order to accomplish the proposed bioorganic transformations while avoiding, at the same time, collateral damage related to an untamed production of this reactive species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Annemieke Madder
- Organic and Biomimetic Chemistry Research Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, 9000 Gent, Belgium; (D.A.); (E.C.); (L.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Youf R, Müller M, Balasini A, Thétiot F, Müller M, Hascoët A, Jonas U, Schönherr H, Lemercier G, Montier T, Le Gall T. Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy: Latest Developments with a Focus on Combinatory Strategies. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1995. [PMID: 34959277 PMCID: PMC8705969 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13121995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has become a fundamental tool in modern therapeutics, notably due to the expanding versatility of photosensitizers (PSs) and the numerous possibilities to combine aPDT with other antimicrobial treatments to combat localized infections. After revisiting the basic principles of aPDT, this review first highlights the current state of the art of curative or preventive aPDT applications with relevant clinical trials. In addition, the most recent developments in photochemistry and photophysics as well as advanced carrier systems in the context of aPDT are provided, with a focus on the latest generations of efficient and versatile PSs and the progress towards hybrid-multicomponent systems. In particular, deeper insight into combinatory aPDT approaches is afforded, involving non-radiative or other light-based modalities. Selected aPDT perspectives are outlined, pointing out new strategies to target and treat microorganisms. Finally, the review works out the evolution of the conceptually simple PDT methodology towards a much more sophisticated, integrated, and innovative technology as an important element of potent antimicrobial strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raphaëlle Youf
- Univ Brest, INSERM, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB-GTCA, F-29200 Brest, France; (R.Y.); (A.H.); (T.M.)
| | - Max Müller
- Physical Chemistry I & Research Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and (Bio)Technology of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering (Cμ), Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Straße 2, 57076 Siegen, Germany; (M.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Ali Balasini
- Macromolecular Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Straße 2, 57076 Siegen, Germany; (A.B.); (U.J.)
| | - Franck Thétiot
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) 6521, Université de Brest (UBO), CS 93837, 29238 Brest, France
| | - Mareike Müller
- Physical Chemistry I & Research Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and (Bio)Technology of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering (Cμ), Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Straße 2, 57076 Siegen, Germany; (M.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Alizé Hascoët
- Univ Brest, INSERM, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB-GTCA, F-29200 Brest, France; (R.Y.); (A.H.); (T.M.)
| | - Ulrich Jonas
- Macromolecular Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Straße 2, 57076 Siegen, Germany; (A.B.); (U.J.)
| | - Holger Schönherr
- Physical Chemistry I & Research Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and (Bio)Technology of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering (Cμ), Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Straße 2, 57076 Siegen, Germany; (M.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Gilles Lemercier
- Coordination Chemistry Team, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) 7312, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims (ICMR), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, BP 1039, CEDEX 2, 51687 Reims, France
| | - Tristan Montier
- Univ Brest, INSERM, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB-GTCA, F-29200 Brest, France; (R.Y.); (A.H.); (T.M.)
- CHRU de Brest, Service de Génétique Médicale et de Biologie de la Reproduction, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares Maladies Neuromusculaires, 29200 Brest, France
| | - Tony Le Gall
- Univ Brest, INSERM, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB-GTCA, F-29200 Brest, France; (R.Y.); (A.H.); (T.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Lin MHC, Chang LC, Chung CY, Huang WC, Lee MH, Chen KT, Lai PS, Yang JT. Photochemical Internalization of Etoposide Using Dendrimer Nanospheres Loaded with Etoposide and Protoporphyrin IX on a Glioblastoma Cell Line. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13111877. [PMID: 34834292 PMCID: PMC8621426 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common malignant primary neoplasm of the adult central nervous system originating from glial cells. The prognosis of those affected by GBM has remained poor despite advances in surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. Photochemical internalization (PCI) is a release mechanism of endocytosed therapeutics into the cytoplasm, which relies on the membrane disruptive effect of light-activated photosensitizers. In this study, phototherapy by PCI was performed on a human GBM cell-line using the topoisomerase II inhibitor etoposide (Etop) and the photosensitizer protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) loaded in nanospheres (Ns) made from generation-5 polyamidoamine dendrimers (PAMAM(G5)). The resultant formulation, Etop/PpIX-PAMAM(G5) Ns, measured 217.4 ± 2.9 nm in diameter and 40.5 ± 1.3 mV in charge. Confocal microscopy demonstrated PpIX fluorescence within the endo-lysosomal compartment, and an almost twofold increase in cellular uptake compared to free PpIX by flow cytometry. Phototherapy with 3 min and 5 min light illumination resulted in a greater extent of synergism than with co-administered Etop and PpIX; notably, antagonism was observed without light illumination. Mechanistically, significant increases in oxidative stress and apoptosis were observed with Etop/PpIX-PAMAM(G5) Ns upon 5 min of light illumination in comparison to treatment with either of the agents alone. In conclusion, simultaneous delivery and endo-lysosomal co-localization of Etop and PpIX by PAMAM(G5) Ns leads to a synergistic effect by phototherapy; in addition, the finding of antagonism without light illumination can be advantageous in lowering the dark toxicity and improving photo-selectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Hsiu-Chu Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chia-Yi Branch, Chia-Yi 61363, Taiwan; (M.H.-C.L.); (C.-Y.C.); (W.-C.H.); (M.-H.L.); (K.-T.C.)
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan;
- Ph.D. Program in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ching Chang
- Department of Dentistry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chia-Yi Branch, Chia-Yi 61363, Taiwan;
- Department of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Chia-Yi 61363, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Yen Chung
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chia-Yi Branch, Chia-Yi 61363, Taiwan; (M.H.-C.L.); (C.-Y.C.); (W.-C.H.); (M.-H.L.); (K.-T.C.)
| | - Wei-Chao Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chia-Yi Branch, Chia-Yi 61363, Taiwan; (M.H.-C.L.); (C.-Y.C.); (W.-C.H.); (M.-H.L.); (K.-T.C.)
| | - Ming-Hsueh Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chia-Yi Branch, Chia-Yi 61363, Taiwan; (M.H.-C.L.); (C.-Y.C.); (W.-C.H.); (M.-H.L.); (K.-T.C.)
| | - Kuo-Tai Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chia-Yi Branch, Chia-Yi 61363, Taiwan; (M.H.-C.L.); (C.-Y.C.); (W.-C.H.); (M.-H.L.); (K.-T.C.)
| | - Ping-Shan Lai
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan;
| | - Jen-Tsung Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chia-Yi Branch, Chia-Yi 61363, Taiwan; (M.H.-C.L.); (C.-Y.C.); (W.-C.H.); (M.-H.L.); (K.-T.C.)
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan 33302, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-5-3621000 (ext. 3412); Fax: +886-5-3621000 (ext. 3002)
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Marschall ALJ. Targeting the Inside of Cells with Biologicals: Chemicals as a Delivery Strategy. BioDrugs 2021; 35:643-671. [PMID: 34705260 PMCID: PMC8548996 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-021-00500-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Delivering macromolecules into the cytosol or nucleus is possible in vitro for DNA, RNA and proteins, but translation for clinical use has been limited. Therapeutic delivery of macromolecules into cells requires overcoming substantially higher barriers compared to the use of small molecule drugs or proteins in the extracellular space. Breakthroughs like DNA delivery for approved gene therapies and RNA delivery for silencing of genes (patisiran, ONPATTRO®, Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA, USA) or for vaccination such as the RNA-based coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines demonstrated the feasibility of using macromolecules inside cells for therapy. Chemical carriers are part of the reason why these novel RNA-based therapeutics possess sufficient efficacy for their clinical application. A clear advantage of synthetic chemicals as carriers for macromolecule delivery is their favourable properties with respect to production and storage compared to more bioinspired vehicles like viral vectors or more complex drugs like cellular therapies. If biologicals can be applied to intracellular targets, the druggable space is substantially broadened by circumventing the limited utility of small molecules for blocking protein–protein interactions and the limitation of protein-based drugs to the extracellular space. An in depth understanding of the macromolecular cargo types, carrier types and the cell biology of delivery is crucial for optimal application and further development of biologicals inside cells. Basic mechanistic principles of the molecular and cell biological aspects of cytosolic/nuclear delivery of macromolecules, with particular consideration of protein delivery, are reviewed here. The efficiency of macromolecule delivery and applications in research and therapy are highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L J Marschall
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Brunswick, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Jerjes W, Hamdoon Z, Berg K, Høgset A, Hopper C. Squamous cell carcinoma of the ear treated by photochemical internalization. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2021; 36:102528. [PMID: 34509683 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A 77-year-old Caucasian male was diagnosed with squamous cell cancer of the right ear. The patient elected to take part in the first-in-man phase I TPCS2a based bleomycin photochemical internalization (PCI). On Day 0, The patient received the photosensitiser [Amphinex (TPCS2a)], by slow intravenous injection. Four days later, surface illumination based (PCI) was implemented 3 h after the slow infusion of Bleomycin. Four weeks following the infusion of the photosensitiser, the cancerous area turned into black rigid mass with clear demarcation from the macroscopically normal skin. The size of the treated area has been substantially reduced. Histopathologic assessment of the excised necrotic mass revealed no viable tumour and the excised margins (PCI-treated margins) were tumour-free. This case was a clear indication that PCI is a clinically relevant technique that has potential in the treatment of such cancers to avoid radical intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Waseem Jerjes
- North End Medical Centre, London, UK; UCL Medical School, London, UK.
| | - Zaid Hamdoon
- College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Unit of OMFS, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, London, UK
| | - Kristian Berg
- Oslo University Hospital, Institute of Cancer Research, Dept. of Radiation Biology, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Colin Hopper
- North End Medical Centre, London, UK; College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Wolf P. Targeted Toxins for the Treatment of Prostate Cancer. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9080986. [PMID: 34440190 PMCID: PMC8391386 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9080986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer and the fifth leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Despite improvements in diagnosis and treatment, new treatment options are urgently needed for advanced stages of the disease. Targeted toxins are chemical conjugates or fully recombinant proteins consisting of a binding domain directed against a target antigen on the surface of cancer cells and a toxin domain, which is transported into the cell for the induction of apoptosis. In the last decades, targeted toxins against prostate cancer have been developed. Several challenges, however, became apparent that prevented their direct clinical use. They comprise immunogenicity, low target antigen binding, endosomal entrapment, and lysosomal/proteasomal degradation of the targeted toxins. Moreover, their efficacy is impaired by prostate tumors, which are marked by a dense microenvironment, low target antigen expression, and apoptosis resistance. In this review, current findings in the development of targeted toxins against prostate cancer in view of effective targeting, reduction of immunogenicity, improvement of intracellular trafficking, and overcoming apoptosis resistance are discussed. There are promising approaches that should lead to the clinical use of targeted toxins as therapeutic alternatives for advanced prostate cancer in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Wolf
- Department of Urology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; ; Tel.: +49-761-270-28921
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Yu C, Li L, Hu P, Yang Y, Wei W, Deng X, Wang L, Tay FR, Ma J. Recent Advances in Stimulus-Responsive Nanocarriers for Gene Therapy. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2100540. [PMID: 34306980 PMCID: PMC8292848 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202100540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Gene therapy provides a promising strategy for curing monogenetic disorders and complex diseases. However, there are challenges associated with the use of viral delivery vectors. The advent of nanomedicine represents a quantum leap in the application of gene therapy. Recent advances in stimulus-responsive nonviral nanocarriers indicate that they are efficient delivery systems for loading and unloading of therapeutic nucleic acids. Some nanocarriers are responsive to cues derived from the internal environment, such as changes in pH, redox potential, enzyme activity, reactive oxygen species, adenosine triphosphate, and hypoxia. Others are responsive to external stimulations, including temperature gradients, light irradiation, ultrasonic energy, and magnetic field. Multiple stimuli-responsive strategies have also been investigated recently for experimental gene therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Yu
- Department of StomatologyTongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei Province430030China
| | - Long Li
- Department of OncologyTongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei Province430030China
| | - Pei Hu
- Department of StomatologyTongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei Province430030China
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of StomatologyTongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei Province430030China
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of StomatologyTongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei Province430030China
| | - Xin Deng
- Department of StomatologyTongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei Province430030China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of OncologyTongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei Province430030China
| | | | - Jingzhi Ma
- Department of StomatologyTongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei Province430030China
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
An improved in vitro photochemical internalization protocol for 3D spheroid cultures. Lasers Med Sci 2021; 36:1567-1571. [PMID: 34185168 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-021-03332-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Photochemical internalization (PCI) is a modified form of photodynamic therapy (PDT) that enhances the efficacy of therapeutic agents in a site and temporal specific manner in both in vitro and in vivo publications. The purpose of the study reported here was to evaluate the benefits of a modified PCI protocol in a 3D rat glioma spheroid model. In the modified protocol, F98 glioma cells were incubated with photosensitizer (AlPcS2a) prior to spheroid generation, as opposed to post-spheroid formation photosensitizer exposure commonly used in conventional protocols. The efficacy of both bleomycin and doxorubicin PCI was evaluated using either the conventional or modified protocols. The formed spheroids were then exposed to light treatment from a diode laser, λ= 670 nm. Spheroid growth was monitored for a period of 14 days. The results of spheroid growth assays showed that there was no statistically significant difference in PCI efficacy between the conventional and modified protocols for both of the drugs tested. The direct PDT effect was significantly reduced using the modified protocol. Therefore, due to its several advantages, the modified protocol is recommended for evaluating the efficacy of PCI in tumor spheroid models.
Collapse
|
44
|
Hörner M, Jerez-Longres C, Hudek A, Hook S, Yousefi OS, Schamel WWA, Hörner C, Zurbriggen MD, Ye H, Wagner HJ, Weber W. Spatiotemporally confined red light-controlled gene delivery at single-cell resolution using adeno-associated viral vectors. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/25/eabf0797. [PMID: 34134986 PMCID: PMC8208708 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf0797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Methodologies for the controlled delivery of genetic information into target cells are of utmost importance for genetic engineering in both fundamental and applied research. However, available methods for efficient gene transfer into user-selected or even single cells suffer from low throughput, the need for complicated equipment, high invasiveness, or side effects by off-target viral uptake. Here, we engineer an adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector system that transfers genetic information into native target cells upon illumination with cell-compatible red light. This OptoAAV system allows adjustable and spatially resolved gene transfer down to single-cell resolution and is compatible with different cell lines and primary cells. Moreover, the sequential application of multiple OptoAAVs enables spatially resolved transduction with different transgenes. The approach presented is likely extendable to other classes of viral vectors and is expected to foster advances in basic and applied genetic research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Hörner
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Carolina Jerez-Longres
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anna Hudek
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Hook
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - O Sascha Yousefi
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency CCI, University Clinics and Medical Faculty, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang W A Schamel
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency CCI, University Clinics and Medical Faculty, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Cindy Hörner
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Matias D Zurbriggen
- Institute of Synthetic Biology and CEPLAS, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Haifeng Ye
- Synthetic Biology and Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Biomedical Synthetic Biology Research Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hanna J Wagner
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Wilfried Weber
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Yang D, Lei S, Pan K, Chen T, Lin J, Ni G, Liu J, Zeng X, Chen Q, Dan H. Application of photodynamic therapy in immune-related diseases. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2021; 34:102318. [PMID: 33940209 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a therapeutic modality that utilizes photodamage caused by photosensitizers and oxygen after exposure to a specific wavelength of light. Owing to its low toxicity, high selectivity, and minimally invasive properties, PDT has been widely applied to treat various malignant tumors, premalignant lesions, and infectious diseases. Moreover, there is growing evidence of its immunomodulatory effects and potential for the treatment of immune-related diseases. This review mainly focuses on the effect of PDT on immunity and its application in immune-related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Renminnan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Shangxue Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Renminnan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Keran Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Renminnan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Ting Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Renminnan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Jiao Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Renminnan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Guangcheng Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Renminnan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Jiaxin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Renminnan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Xin Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Renminnan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Qianming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Renminnan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Hongxia Dan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Renminnan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Cheruku RR, Tracy EC, Tabaczynski W, Missert JR, Baumann H, Pandey RK. Chiral Alkyl Groups at Position 3(1') of Pyropheophorbide-a Specify Uptake and Retention by Tumor Cells and Are Essential for Effective Photodynamic Therapy. J Med Chem 2021; 64:4787-4809. [PMID: 33822622 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c02090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the importance of the chirality and precise structure at position 3(1') of pyropheophorbide-a for tumor cell specificity and photodynamic therapy (PDT), a series of photosensitizers (PSs) was synthesized: (a) with and without chirality at position 3(1'), (b) alkyl ether chain with a variable number of chiral centers, (c) hexyl ether versus thioether side chain, and (d) methyl ester versus carboxylic acid group at position 172. The cellular uptake and specificity were defined in human lung and head/neck cancer cells. PSs without a chiral center and with an alkyl chain or thioether functionalities showed limited uptake and PDT efficacy. Replacing the methyl group at the chiral center with a propyl group or introducing an additional chiral center improved cellular retention and tumor cell specificity. Replacing the carboxylic acid with methyl ester at position 172 lowered cellular uptake and PDT efficacy. A direct correlation between the PS uptake in vitro and in vivo was identified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ravindra R Cheruku
- PDT Center and Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York 14263, United States
| | - Erin C Tracy
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York 14263, United States
| | - Walter Tabaczynski
- PDT Center and Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York 14263, United States
| | - Joseph R Missert
- PDT Center and Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York 14263, United States
| | - Heinz Baumann
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York 14263, United States
| | - Ravindra K Pandey
- PDT Center and Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York 14263, United States
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Raghav PK, Mann Z. Cancer stem cells targets and combined therapies to prevent cancer recurrence. Life Sci 2021; 277:119465. [PMID: 33831426 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) control the dynamics of tumorigenesis by self-renewal ability and differentiation potential. These properties contribute towards tumor malignancy, metastasis, cellular heterogeneity, and immune escape, which are regulated by multiple signaling pathways. The CSCs are chemoresistant and cause cancer recurrence, generally recognized as a small side-population that eventually leads to tumor relapse. Despite many treatment options available, none can be considered entirely efficient due to a lack of specificity and dose limitation. This review primarily highlights the processes involved in CSCs development and maintenance. Secondly, the current effective therapies based on stem cells, cell-free therapies that involve exosomes and miRNAs, and photodynamic therapy have been discussed. Also, the inhibitors that specifically target various signaling pathways, which can be used in combination to control CSCs kinetics have been highlighted. Conclusively, this comprehensive review is a detailed study of recently developed novel treatment strategies that will facilitate in coming up with better-targeted approaches against CSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Zoya Mann
- Independent Researcher, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Sánchez-Navarro M. Advances in peptide-mediated cytosolic delivery of proteins. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 171:187-198. [PMID: 33561452 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The number of protein-based drugs is exponentially increasing. However, development of protein therapeutics against intracellular targets is hampered by the lack of efficient cytosolic delivery strategies. In recent years, the use of cell-penetrating peptides has been proposed as a strategy to promote protein internalization. In this article, we provide the reader with a succinct update on the strategies exploited to enable peptide-mediated cytosolic delivery of proteins. First, we analyse the various methods available for delivery. We then describe the most popular and the in vitro assays designed to assess the intracellular distribution of protein cargo.
Collapse
|
49
|
Gjuroski I, Furrer J, Vermathen M. Probing the Interactions of Porphyrins with Macromolecules Using NMR Spectroscopy Techniques. Molecules 2021; 26:1942. [PMID: 33808335 PMCID: PMC8037866 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26071942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyrinic compounds are widespread in nature and play key roles in biological processes such as oxygen transport in blood, enzymatic redox reactions or photosynthesis. In addition, both naturally derived as well as synthetic porphyrinic compounds are extensively explored for biomedical and technical applications such as photodynamic therapy (PDT) or photovoltaic systems, respectively. Their unique electronic structures and photophysical properties make this class of compounds so interesting for the multiple functions encountered. It is therefore not surprising that optical methods are typically the prevalent analytical tool applied in characterization and processes involving porphyrinic compounds. However, a wealth of complementary information can be obtained from NMR spectroscopic techniques. Based on the advantage of providing structural and dynamic information with atomic resolution simultaneously, NMR spectroscopy is a powerful method for studying molecular interactions between porphyrinic compounds and macromolecules. Such interactions are of special interest in medical applications of porphyrinic photosensitizers that are mostly combined with macromolecular carrier systems. The macromolecular surrounding typically stabilizes the encapsulated drug and may also modify its physical properties. Moreover, the interaction with macromolecular physiological components needs to be explored to understand and control mechanisms of action and therapeutic efficacy. This review focuses on such non-covalent interactions of porphyrinic drugs with synthetic polymers as well as with biomolecules such as phospholipids or proteins. A brief introduction into various NMR spectroscopic techniques is given including chemical shift perturbation methods, NOE enhancement spectroscopy, relaxation time measurements and diffusion-ordered spectroscopy. How these NMR tools are used to address porphyrin-macromolecule interactions with respect to their function in biomedical applications is the central point of the current review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Martina Vermathen
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (I.G.); (J.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Lysosome-targeted photodynamic treatment induces primary keratinocyte differentiation. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2021; 218:112183. [PMID: 33831753 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2021.112183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy is an attractive technique for various skin tumors and non-cancerous skin lesions. However, while the aim of photodynamic therapy is to target and damage only the malignant cells, it unavoidably affects some of the healthy cells surrounding the tumor as well. However, data on the effects of PDT to normal cells are scarce, and the characterization of the pathways activated after the photodamage of normal cells may help to improve clinical photodynamic therapy. In our study, primary human epidermal keratinocytes were used to evaluate photodynamic treatment effects of photosensitizers with different subcellular localization. We compared the response of keratinocytes to lysosomal photodamage induced by phthalocyanines, aluminum phthalocyanine disulfonate (AlPcS2a) or aluminum phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate (AlPcS4), and cellular membrane photodamage by m-tetra(3-hydroxyphenyl)-chlorin (mTHPC). Our data showed that mTHPC-PDT promoted autophagic flux, whereas lysosomal photodamage induced by aluminum phthalocyanines evoked differentiation and apoptosis. Photodamage by AlPcS2a, which is targeted to lysosomal membranes, induced keratinocyte differentiation and apoptosis more efficiently than AlPcS4, which is targeted to lysosomal lumen. Computational analysis of the interplay between these molecular pathways revealed that keratin 10 is the coordinating molecular hub of primary keratinocyte differentiation, apoptosis and autophagy.
Collapse
|