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Vlasovets V, Vlasenko T, Kovalyshyn S, Shchur T, Bilovod O, Shulga L, Łapka M, Koszel M, Parafiniuk S, Rydzak L. Improving the Performance Properties of Eutectoid Steel Products by a Complex Effect. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:8552. [PMID: 36500048 PMCID: PMC9738050 DOI: 10.3390/ma15238552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This study focuses on the assessment of possible hypereutectoid steel carbide mesh crushing. It is used for tools production, including forming rolls of various diameters, with modification and cyclic heat treatment methods. For steel containing 1.79-1.83% C, we studied the effect of 0.35-1.15% Si on the possible crushing of the cementite mesh within crystallization by introducing modifiers Ti, V, N, as well as simultaneously modifying V with N and Ti with N. The obtained castings of Ø200 mm, 400 mm high were cut into discs, from which we made samples for tests on wear, determining mechanical properties, thermal resistance, and susceptibility to brittle fracture. The assessment was performed in the as-cast and after double and triple normalizing and annealing with drawback. With additional fans blowing, we changed the cooling rate from 25 °C/h to 100-150 °C/h. We performed the microstructure analyses using traditional metallographic, micro-X-ray spectral analyses, and also used the segmentation process based on 2D image markers. It was found that the as-cast modifying additives infusion is insufficient for carbide mesh crushing. It can be made by multi-stage normalizing with accelerated cool-down for products up to 600 mm in diameter to cycle temperatures above the steel transfer from a plastic to elastic state (above 450 °C).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaliy Vlasovets
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Lviv National Environmental University, V. Valyki Street 1, 80381 Dubliany, Ukraine
| | - Tatiana Vlasenko
- Department of Management, Business and Administration, State Biotechnology University, Alchevsky St. 44, 61002 Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Stepan Kovalyshyn
- Department of Cars and Tractors, Lviv National Environmental University, V. Valyki Street 1, 80381 Dubliany, Ukraine
| | - Taras Shchur
- Department of Cars and Tractors, Lviv National Environmental University, V. Valyki Street 1, 80381 Dubliany, Ukraine
| | - Oleksandra Bilovod
- Department of Industry Engineering, Poltava State Agrarian University, St. Skovoroda 1/3, 36003 Poltava, Ukraine
| | - Lyudmila Shulga
- Department of Industry Engineering, Poltava State Agrarian University, St. Skovoroda 1/3, 36003 Poltava, Ukraine
| | - Mariusz Łapka
- Faculty of Production and Power Engineering, University of Agriculture in Krakow, 30-149 Krakow, Poland
| | - Milan Koszel
- Department of Machinery Exploitation and Management of Production Processes, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Głęboka 28, 20-612 Lublin, Poland
| | - Stanisław Parafiniuk
- Department of Machinery Exploitation and Management of Production Processes, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Głęboka 28, 20-612 Lublin, Poland
| | - Leszek Rydzak
- Department of Biological Bases of Food and Feed Technologies, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Głęboka 28, 20-612 Lublin, Poland
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Hyperspectral Image Classification Based on Spectral Multiscale Convolutional Neural Network. REMOTE SENSING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/rs14081951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have been widely used for hyperspectral image classification, which show good performance. Compared with using sufficient training samples for classification, the classification accuracy of hyperspectral images is easily affected by a small number of samples. Moreover, although CNNs can effectively classify hyperspectral images, due to the rich spatial and spectral information of hyperspectral images, the efficiency of feature extraction still needs to be further improved. In order to solve these problems, a spatial–spectral attention fusion network using four branch multiscale block (FBMB) to extract spectral features and 3D-Softpool to extract spatial features is proposed. The network consists of three main parts. These three parts are connected in turn to fully extract the features of hyperspectral images. In the first part, four different branches are used to fully extract spectral features. The convolution kernel size of each branch is different. Spectral attention block is adopted behind each branch. In the second part, the spectral features are reused through dense connection blocks, and then the spectral attention module is utilized to refine the extracted spectral features. In the third part, it mainly extracts spatial features. The DenseNet module and spatial attention block jointly extract spatial features. The spatial features are fused with the previously extracted spectral features. Experiments are carried out on four commonly used hyperspectral data sets. The experimental results show that the proposed method has better classification performance than some existing classification methods when using a small number of training samples.
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