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John A, Rajan MS, Thomas J. Synthesis of graphitic carbon nitride modified kaolin-carboxyl graphene for the degradation of pharmaceutical waste under sunlight. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:1442-1455. [PMID: 38040888 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31258-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Graphitic carbon nitride modified with kaolin-carboxyl graphene (g-C3N4/KG) was successfully synthesized using urea as the precursor and was applied for the photocatalytic degradation of pharmaceutical compound, "cefepime." Structural and optical characteristics of g-C3N4/KG were analyzed using various characterization techniques such as FT-IR, XRD, TEM, SEM, EDX, TG, BET, DRS, and PL. The PL studies confirmed that g-C3N4/KG catalyst exhibits strong charge separation and electron flow, and enhanced visible light absorption capacity was revealed by DRS studies. Studies on the active radical species demonstrate that superoxide and hydroxy radicals play a major role in the photocatalytic degradation of cefepime and dye pollutants. g-C3N4/KG showed the complete removal MB and 85% of degradation of cefepime under solar light irradiation time of 75 min and 135 min, respectively. Additionally, possible mechanism for the breakdown of the antibiotic cefepime was presented, along with identification of the intermediates produced during the degradation process. The study demonstrates that this novel photocatalyst could be utilized to remove dyes as well as medical wastes from water under solar light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anju John
- Research Department of Chemistry, Kuriakose Elias College, Mannanam, Kottayam, Kerala, 686561, India
| | - Mekha Susan Rajan
- Research Department of Chemistry, Kuriakose Elias College, Mannanam, Kottayam, Kerala, 686561, India
| | - Jesty Thomas
- Research Department of Chemistry, Kuriakose Elias College, Mannanam, Kottayam, Kerala, 686561, India.
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Yi S, Li Y, Sun Z, Li S, Gao L. Z-Scheme ZnV 2O 4/g-C 3N 4 Heterojunction Catalyst Produced by the One-Pot Method for the Degradation of Tetracycline under Visible Light. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c03604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Yi
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, 79 Yingze Street, Wanbailin District, Taiyuan030024, China
| | - Yuzhen Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, 79 Yingze Street, Wanbailin District, Taiyuan030024, China
| | - Zhaoxin Sun
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, 79 Yingze Street, Wanbailin District, Taiyuan030024, China
| | - Shuo Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, 79 Yingze Street, Wanbailin District, Taiyuan030024, China
| | - Lizhen Gao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, 79 Yingze Street, Wanbailin District, Taiyuan030024, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA6009, Australia
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Houska J. Maximum Achievable N Content in Atom-by-Atom Growth of Amorphous Si-B-C-N Materials. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:5744. [PMID: 34640138 PMCID: PMC8510390 DOI: 10.3390/ma14195744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Amorphous Si-B-C-N alloys can combine exceptional oxidation resistance up to 1500 °C with high-temperature stability of superior functional properties. Because some of these characteristics require as high N content as possible, the maximum achievable N content in amorphous Si-B-C-N is examined by combining extensive ab initio molecular dynamics simulations with experimental data. The N content is limited by the formation of unbonded N2 molecules, which depends on the composition (most intensive in C rich materials, medium in B rich materials, least intensive in Si-rich materials) and on the density (increasing N2 formation with decreasing packing factor when the latter is below 0.28, at a higher slope of this increase at lower B content). The maximum content of N bonded in amorphous Si-B-C-N networks of lowest-energy densities is in the range from 34% to 57% (materials which can be grown without unbonded N2) or at most from 42% to 57% (at a cost of affecting materials characteristics by unbonded N2). The results are important for understanding the experimentally reported nitrogen contents, design of stable amorphous nitrides with optimized properties and pathways for their preparation, and identification of what is or is not possible to achieve in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Houska
- Department of Physics and NTIS-European Centre of Excellence, University of West Bohemia, Univerzitni 8, 30614 Plzen, Czech Republic
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Li C, Zhu N, Yang S, He X, Zheng S, Sun Z, Dionysiou DD. A review of clay based photocatalysts: Role of phyllosilicate mineral in interfacial assembly, microstructure control and performance regulation. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 273:129723. [PMID: 33524745 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decades, inspired by the outstanding properties of clay minerals such as abundance, low-cost, environmental benignity, high stability, and regularly arranged silica-alumina framework, researchers put much efforts on the interface assembly and surface modification of natural minerals with bare photocatalysts, i.e. TiO2, g-C3N4, ZnO, MoS2, etc. The clay-based hybrid photocatalysts have resulted in a rich database for their tailor-designed microstructures, characterizations, and environmental-related applications. Therefore, in this study, we took a brief introduction of three representative minerals, i.e. kaolinite, montmorillonite and rectorite, and discussed their basic merits in photocatalysis applications. After that, we summarized the recent advances in construction of stable visible-light driven photocatalysts based on these minerals. The structure-activity relationships between the properties of clay types, pore structure, distribution/dispersion and light absorption, carrier separation efficiency as well as redox performance were illustrated in detail. Such representative information would provide theoretical basis and scientific support for the application of clay based photocatalysts. Finally, we pointed out the major challenges and future directions at the end of this review. Undoubtedly, control and preparation of novel photocatalysts based on clays will continue to witness many breakthroughs in the arena of solar-driven technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunquan Li
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Ningyuan Zhu
- Zigui Ecological Station for Three Gorges Dam Project, State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 71 East Beijing Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Shanshan Yang
- School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, PR China
| | - Xuwen He
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Shuilin Zheng
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Zhiming Sun
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, PR China.
| | - Dionysios D Dionysiou
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering (DCEE), University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221-0012, USA
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Chuaicham C, Pawar RR, Karthikeyan S, Ohtani B, Sasaki K. Fabrication and characterization of ternary sepiolite/g-C 3N 4/Pd composites for improvement of photocatalytic degradation of ciprofloxacin under visible light irradiation. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 577:397-405. [PMID: 32502666 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.05.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The development of high-quality photocatalytic materials for the degradation of organic pollutants under visible light irradiation is a vital field of research. In the present study, a composite of natural sepiolite clay and synthetic graphitic carbon nitride (CN) mixed with dispersed palladium nanoparticles was developed for the efficient photocatalytic degradation of ciprofloxacin (CIP) under visible light irradiation. The sepiolite, CN, and composite materials were characterized by several techniques. The sepiolite/CN composite (SC30%) displayed superior activity than pristine sepiolite and CN, resulted from the generation of new electron trap states in the interfacial contract between sepiolite and CN to suppress the charge recombination of CN. Furthermore, the well-dispersed of 1 wt% Pd-nanoparticles in the SC30% composite collectively enhanced CIP degradation by avoiding the recombination of photogenerated electrons and holes. Additionally, the electron trap states on the surface of all samples were studied using novel reversed double-beam photoacoustic spectroscopy to understand electron transfer in the composites related to the photocatalytic degradation mechanism of CIP. The developed sepiolite/CN/Pd(0) composite can act as a potential catalyst for the degradation of organic pollutants in wastewater under visible light irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chitiphon Chuaicham
- Department of Earth Resources Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishiku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Radheshyam Rama Pawar
- Department of Earth Resources Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishiku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Sekar Karthikeyan
- Department of Earth Resources Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishiku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Bunsho Ohtani
- Institute for Catalysis, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan.
| | - Keiko Sasaki
- Department of Earth Resources Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishiku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan; Institute for Catalysis, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan.
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Chen Z, Zhang S, Liu Y, Alharbi NS, Rabah SO, Wang S, Wang X. Synthesis and fabrication of g-C 3N 4-based materials and their application in elimination of pollutants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 731:139054. [PMID: 32413656 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
With the fast development of industrial and human activity, large amounts of persistent organic pollutants, heavy metal ions and radionuclides are released into the natural environment, which results in environmental pollution. The efficient elimination of the natural environment is crucial for the protection of environment to against the pollutants' toxicity to human beings and living organisms. Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) has drawn multidisciplinary attention especially in environmental pollutants' cleanup due to its special physicochemical properties. In this review, we summarized the recent works about the synthesis of g-C3N4, element-doping, structure modification of g-C3N4 and g-C3N4-based materials, and their application in the sorption, photocatalytic degradation and reduction-solidification of persistent organic pollutants and heavy metal ions. The interaction mechanisms were discussed from advanced spectroscopic analysis and computational approaches at molecular level. The challenges and future perspectives of g-C3N4-based materials' application in environmental pollution management are presented in the end. This review highlights the real applications of g-C3N4-based materials as adsorbents or photocatalysts in the adsorption-reduction-solidification of metal ions or photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants. The contents are helpful for the undergraduate students to understand the recent works in the elimination of organic/inorganic pollutants in their pollution management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongshan Chen
- Hebei Key Lab of Power Plant Flue Gas Multi-Pollutants Control, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, PR China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Sai Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Njud Saleh Alharbi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samar Omar Rabah
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Suhua Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, PR China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, 525000, PR China
| | - Xiangxue Wang
- Hebei Key Lab of Power Plant Flue Gas Multi-Pollutants Control, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, PR China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, PR China.
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The Influence of Light Irradiation on the Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Pollutants. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13112494. [PMID: 32486062 PMCID: PMC7321338 DOI: 10.3390/ma13112494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The design of a photocatalytic process must consider intrinsic and extrinsic parameters affecting its overall efficiency. This study aims to outline the importance of balancing several factors, such as radiation source, total irradiance, photon flux, catalyst substrate, and pollutant type in order to optimize the photocatalytic efficiency. Titanium oxide was deposed by the doctor blade technique on three substrates (microscopic glass (G), flour-doped tin oxide (FTO), and aluminum (Al)), and the photocatalytic properties of the samples were tested on two pollutants (tartrazine (Tr) and acetamiprid (Apd)). Seven irradiation scenarios were tested using different ratios of UV-A, UV-B + C, and Vis radiations. The results indicated that the presence of a conductive substrate and a suitable ratio of UV-A and Vis radiations could increase the photocatalytic efficiency of the samples. Higher efficiencies were obtained for the sample Ti_FTO (58.3% for Tr and 70.8% for Apd) and the sample Ti_Al (63.8% for Tr and 82.3% for Apd) using a mixture of three UV-A and one Vis sources (13.5 W/m2 and 41.85 μmol/(m2·s)). A kinetic evaluation revealed two different mechanisms of reaction: (a) a one-interval mechanism related to Apd removal by Ti_FTO, Ti_Al (scenarios 1, 4, 5, and 7), and Ti_G samples (scenario 7) and (b) a two-interval mechanism in all other cases.
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