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Pospiech B. Application of Polymer-Embedded Tetrabutylammonium Bromide (TBAB) Membranes for the Selective Extraction of Metal Ions from Aqueous Solutions. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:5721. [PMID: 37630011 PMCID: PMC10456656 DOI: 10.3390/ma16165721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
The selective extraction of metals from aqueous solutions is a very important stage in the hydrometallurgical processing of metallic waste. Leach solutions are usually a multicomponent mixture. The main impurity of aqueous solutions obtained after leaching using inorganic acids is iron. In this work, the membrane separation of iron(III) from nickel(II), cobalt(II), and lithium(I) was studied. The facilitated transport of metal ions using polymer inclusion membranes (PIMs) with tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB) as an ion carrier under various conditions was analyzed in detail. Several factors, such as the ion carrier concentration in the membrane as well as the effect of the inorganic acid concentration in the source/receiving phases on the kinetic parameters, were investigated. The results show that ionic liquid TBAB is a very selective ion carrier of Fe(III) towards Ni(II), Co(II), and Li(I).
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Pospiech
- Faculty of Production Engineering and Materials Technology, Czestochowa University of Technology, Armii Krajowej 19, 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland
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Macías M, Rodríguez de San Miguel E. On the Use of Polymer Inclusion Membranes for the Selective Separation of Pb(II), Cd(II), and Zn(II) from Seawater. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:membranes13050512. [PMID: 37233573 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13050512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and optimization of polymeric inclusion membranes (PIMs) for the transport of Cd(II) and Pb(II) and their separation from Zn(II) in aqueous saline media are presented. The effects of NaCl concentrations, pH, matrix nature, and metal ion concentrations in the feed phase are additionally analyzed. Experimental design strategies were used for the optimization of PIM composition and evaluating competitive transport. Synthetic seawater with 35% salinity, commercial seawater collected from the Gulf of California (Panakos®), and seawater collected from the beach of Tecolutla, Veracruz, Mexico, were employed. The results show an excellent separation behavior in a three-compartment setup using two different PIMs (Aliquat 336 and D2EHPA as carriers, respectively), with the feed phase placed in the central compartment and two different stripping phases placed on both sides: one solution with 0.1 mol/dm3 HCl + 0.1 mol/dm3 NaCl and the other with 0.1 mol/dm3 HNO3. The selective separation of Pb(II), Cd(II), and Zn(II) from seawater shows separation factors whose values depend on the composition of the seawater media (metal ion concentrations and matrix composition). The PIM system allows S(Cd) and S(Pb)~1000 and 10 < S(Zn) < 1000, depending on the nature of the sample. However, values as high as 10,000 were observed in some experiments, allowing an adequate separation of the metal ions. Analyses of the separation factors in the different compartments in terms of the pertraction mechanism of the metal ions, PIMs stabilities, and preconcentration characteristics of the system are performed as well. A satisfactory preconcentration of the metal ions was observed after each recycling cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Macías
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Rodríguez de San Miguel
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
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The Use of Polymer Membranes for the Recovery of Copper, Zinc and Nickel from Model Solutions and Jewellery Waste. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15051149. [PMID: 36904389 PMCID: PMC10007522 DOI: 10.3390/polym15051149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A polymeric inclusion membrane (PIM) consisting of matrix CTA (cellulose triacetate), ONPPE (o-nitrophenyl pentyl ether) and phosphonium salts (Cyphos 101, Cyphos 104) was used for separation of Cu(II), Zn(II) and Ni(II) ions. Optimum conditions for metal separation were determined, i.e., the optimal concentration of phosphonium salts in the membrane, as well as the optimal concentration of chloride ions in the feeding phase. On the basis of analytical determinations, the values of parameters characterizing transport were calculated. The tested membranes most effectively transported Cu(II) and Zn(II) ions. The highest recovery coefficients (RF) were found for PIMs with Cyphos IL 101. For Cu(II) and Zn(II), they are 92% and 51%, respectively. Ni(II) ions practically remain in the feed phase because they do not form anionic complexes with chloride ions. The obtained results suggest that there is a possibility of using these membranes for separation of Cu(II) over Zn(II) and Ni(II) from acidic chloride solutions. The PIM with Cyphos IL 101 can be used to recover copper and zinc from jewellery waste. The PIMs were characterized by AFM and SEM microscopy. The calculated values of the diffusion coefficient indicate that the boundary stage of the process is the diffusion of the complex salt of the metal ion with the carrier through the membrane.
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Kaczorowska MA. The Use of Polymer Inclusion Membranes for the Removal of Metal Ions from Aqueous Solutions-The Latest Achievements and Potential Industrial Applications: A Review. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:1135. [PMID: 36422127 PMCID: PMC9695490 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12111135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The growing demand for environmentally friendly and economical methods of removing toxic metal ions from polluted waters and for the recovery of valuable noble metal ions from various types of waste, which are often treated as their secondary source, has resulted in increased interest in techniques based on the utilization of polymer inclusion membranes (PIMs). PIMs are characterized by many advantages (e.g., the possibility of simultaneous extraction and back extraction, excellent stability and high reusability), and can be adapted to the properties of the removed target analyte by appropriate selection of carriers, polymers and plasticizers used for their formulation. However, the selectivity and efficiency of the membrane process depends on many factors (e.g., membrane composition, nature of removed metal ions, composition of aqueous feed solution, etc.), and new membranes are systematically designed to improve these parameters. Numerous studies aimed at improving PIM technology may contribute to the wider use of these methods in the future on an industrial scale, e.g., in wastewater treatment. This review describes the latest achievements related to the removal of various metal ions by PIMs over the past 3 years, with particular emphasis on solutions with potential industrial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata A Kaczorowska
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, 3 Seminaryjna Street, 85326 Bydgoszcz, Poland
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Radzymińska-Lenarcik E, Kwiatkowska-Marks S, Kościuszko A. Transport of Heavy Metals Pb(II), Zn(II), and Cd(II) Ions across CTA Polymer Membranes Containing Alkyl-Triazole as Ions Carrier. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:1068. [PMID: 36363623 PMCID: PMC9697347 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12111068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The polymer membranes of cellulose triacetate -o-NPPE-1-alkyl-triazole (alkyl= hexyl, octyl, decyl) were characterized by non-contact atomic force microscopy (AFM). The influence of membrane morphology on transport process was discussed. 1-Alkyl-triazole derivatives are new cheap compounds that have the ability to bind metal ions in an acidic medium. These membranes were used for the investigation of the facilitated transport of Zn(II), Cd(II), and Pb(II) ions from an aqueous nitrate feed phase. The initial flux values of metal ions transport depend on the type of carrier used. The maximum value of the initial flux for Zn(II) ions was equal to 12.34 × 10-6 molm-2s-1 (for PIMs with 1-decyltriazole). In the case of Zn(II) and Cd(II) ions as the hydrophobicity of the carrier increases, the separation coefficients SZn(II)/Cd(II) slightly increase from 1.8 to 2.4, while for Zn(II) and Pb(II) ions separation coefficients SZn(II)/Pb(II) decrease. The highest recovery factors (RF) were found for Zn(II) ions (c.a. 90%). The RF values of Cd(II) ions increase from 58% to 67%. The highest RF value for Pb(II) is 30%. The rate-limiting step in the transport of Zn(II), Cd(II) and Pb(II) ions across PIMs with 1-alkyltriazole may be the diffusion coefficient of the carrier-cation complex. The AFM images show that the distribution of the carrier in the tested membranes is homogeneous over the entire surface. The roughness values determined for PIMs with alkyltriazole are slightly higher than the roughness of PIM with the commercial carrier, for example D2EHPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Radzymińska-Lenarcik
- Institute of Mathematics and Physics, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Al. Prof. S. Kaliskiego St. 7, PL-857-96 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Sylwia Kwiatkowska-Marks
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Seminaryjna St. 3, PL-853-26 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Artur Kościuszko
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Technology, Al. Prof. S. Kaliskiego 7, PL-857-96 Bydgoszcz, Poland
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Radzyminska-Lenarcik E, Maslowska K, Urbaniak W. Removal of Copper (II), Zinc (II), Cobalt (II), and Nickel (II) Ions by PIMs Doped 2-Alkylimidazoles. MEMBRANES 2021; 12:16. [PMID: 35054539 PMCID: PMC8779304 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Polymer inclusion membranes (PIMs) are an attractive approach to the separation of metals from an aqueous solution. This study is concerned with the use of 2-alkylimidazoles (alkyl = methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl) as ion carriers in PIMs. It investigates the separation of copper (II), zinc (II), cobalt (II), and nickel (II) from aqueous solutions with the use of polymer inclusion membranes. PIMs are formed by casting a solution containing a carrier (extractant), a plasticizer (o-NPPE), and a base polymer such as cellulose triacetate (CTA) to form a thin, flexible, and stable film. The topics discussed include transport parameters, such as the type of carrier, initial fluxes, separation coefficients of copper in relation to other metals, as well as transport recovery of metal ions. The membrane was characterized using AFM and SEM to obtain information on its composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elzbieta Radzyminska-Lenarcik
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Bygdoszcz University of Science and Technology, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Kamila Maslowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-712 Poznan, Poland; (K.M.); (W.U.)
| | - Wlodzimierz Urbaniak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-712 Poznan, Poland; (K.M.); (W.U.)
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Zante G, Boltoeva M, Masmoudi A, Barillon R, Trébouet D. Supported ionic liquid and polymer inclusion membranes for metal separation. SEPARATION & PURIFICATION REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/15422119.2020.1846564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Zante
- CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, Université De Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- ADEME, 20 Avenue du Grésillé, Angers Cédex 01, 49004, France
| | - Maria Boltoeva
- CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, Université De Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Rémi Barillon
- CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, Université De Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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Witt K, Urbaniak W, Kaczorowska MA, Bożejewicz D. Simultaneous Recovery of Precious and Heavy Metal Ions from Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Using Polymer Films Containing Cyphos IL 101. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1454. [PMID: 33946200 PMCID: PMC8124808 DOI: 10.3390/polym13091454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article, the application of a polymer film containing the ionic liquid Cyphos IL 101 for the simultaneous recovery of precious and heavy metal ions ((Ni(II), Zn(II), Co(II), Cu(II), Sn(II), Pb(II), Ag(I), Pd(II), and Au(III)) from waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) is described. The experiments were performed for solutions containing metal ions released from computer e-waste due to leaching carried out with concentrated nitric(V) acid and aqua regia. It was found that the applied polymer film allows for the efficient recovery of precious metals (98.9% of gold, 79.3% of silver, and 63.6% of palladium). The recovery of non-ferrous metals (Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Sn, and Pb) was less efficient (25-40%). Moreover, the results of the performed sorption/desorption processes show that the polymer film with Cyphos IL 101 can be successfully used after regeneration to recover metals ions several times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Witt
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, UTP University of Science and Technology, 3 Seminaryjna Street, 85326 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Włodzimierz Urbaniak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, 8 Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego Street, 61712 Poznan, Poland
| | - Małgorzata A Kaczorowska
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, UTP University of Science and Technology, 3 Seminaryjna Street, 85326 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Daria Bożejewicz
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, UTP University of Science and Technology, 3 Seminaryjna Street, 85326 Bydgoszcz, Poland
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Radzyminska-Lenarcik E, Pyszka I, Urbaniak W. New Polymer Inclusion Membranes in the Separation of Palladium, Zinc and Nickel Ions from Aqueous Solutions. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1424. [PMID: 33925085 PMCID: PMC8125017 DOI: 10.3390/polym13091424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The new polymer inclusion membrane (PIM) with a 1-alkyltriazole matrix was used to separate palladium(II) ions from aqueous chloride solutions containing a mixture of Zn-Pd-Ni ions. The effective conditions for transport studies by PIMs were determined based on solvent extraction (SX) studies. Furthermore, the values of the stability constants and partition coefficients of M(II)-alkyltriazole complexes were determined. The values of both constants increase with the growing hydrophobicity of the 1-alkyltriazole molecule and have the highest values for the Pd(II) complexes. The initial fluxes, selectivity coefficients, and recovery factors values of for Pd, Zn and Ni were determined on the basis of membrane transport studies. The transport selectivity of PIMs were: Pd(II) > Zn(II) > Ni(II). The initial metal ion fluxes for all the cations increased with the elongation of the alkyl chain in the 1-alkyltriazole, but the selectivity coefficients decreased. The highest values of the initial fluxes at pH = 4.0 were found for Pd(II) ions. The best selectivity coefficients Pd(II)/Zn(II) and Pd(II)/Ni(II) equal to 4.0 and 13.4, respectively, were found for 1-pentyl-triazole. It was shown that the microstructure of the polymer membrane surface influences the kinetics of metal ion transport. Based on the conducted research, it was shown that the new PIMs with 1-alkyltriazole can be successfully used in an acidic medium to separate a mixture containing Pd(II), Zn(II) and Ni(II) ions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ilona Pyszka
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, UTP University of Science and Technology, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
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Szczepański P. Some Critical Remarks about Mathematical Model Used for the Description of Transport Kinetics in Polymer Inclusion Membrane Systems. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:E411. [PMID: 33322006 PMCID: PMC7763215 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10120411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Two kinetic models which are applied for the description of metal ion transport in polymer inclusion membrane (PIM) systems are presented and compared. The models were fitted to the real experimental data of Zn(II), Cd(II), Cu(II), and Pb(II) simultaneous transport through PIM with di-(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) as a carrier, o-nitrophenyl octyl ether (NPOE) as a plasticizer, and cellulose triacetate (CTA) as a polymer matrix. The selected membrane was composed of 43 wt. % D2EHPA, 19 wt. % NPOE, and 38 wt. % CTA. The results indicated that the calculated initial fluxes (from 2 × 10-11 up to 9 × 10-10 mol/cm2s) are similar to the values observed by other authors in systems operating under similar conditions. It was found that one of the most frequently applied models based on an equation similar to the first-order chemical reaction equation leads to abnormal distribution of residuals. It was also found that application of this model causes some problems with curve fitting and leads to the underestimation of permeability coefficients and initial maximum fluxes. Therefore, a new model has been proposed to describe the transport kinetics in PIM systems. This new model, based on an equation similar to the first-order chemical reaction equation with equilibrium, was successfully applied. The fit of this model to the experimental data is much better and makes it possible to determine more precisely the initial maximum flux as the parameter describing the transport efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Szczepański
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 7 Gagarina Street, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
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