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Accardo S, Schiavo S, Parrella L, Montereali MR, Lama G, Verdolotti L, Manzo S. Do new cement-based mortars pose a significant threat to the aquatic environment? CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 332:138818. [PMID: 37156284 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, the use of multi-functional mortars has increased significantly, with interesting applications in the sustainable construction. In the environment, the cement-based materials are subjected to leaching, so the assessment of potential adverse effects upon aquatic ecosystem is necessary. This study focuses on the evaluation of the ecotoxicological threat and of a new type of cement-based mortar (CPM-D) and its raw materials leachates. A screening risk assessment were performed by Hazard Quotient methods. The ecotoxicological effects were investigated by a test battery with bacteria, crustacean, and algae. Two different procedures, Toxicity test Battery Index (TBI) and Toxicity Classification System (TCS), to obtain a single value for toxicity rank were used. Raw materials showed the highest metal mobility and in particular, for Cu, Cd and V potential hazard was evidenced. Leachate toxicity assessment evidenced the highest effects linked to cement and glass while the mortar showed the lowest ecotoxicological risk. TBI procedure allows a finer classification of effect linked to materials with respect to TCS which is based on worst case approach. A safe by design approach taking into account the potential and the effective hazard of the raw materials and of their combinations could allow to achieve sustainable formulations for building materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Accardo
- ENEA CR PORTICI, P. le E. Fermi 1, 80055, Portici, NA, Italy; Department of Science and Technology, Parthenope University of Naples, Italy
| | - Simona Schiavo
- ENEA CR PORTICI, P. le E. Fermi 1, 80055, Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Luisa Parrella
- ENEA CR PORTICI, P. le E. Fermi 1, 80055, Portici, NA, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Lama
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB - CNR), P.le E. Fermi 1, Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Letizia Verdolotti
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB - CNR), P.le E. Fermi 1, Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Sonia Manzo
- ENEA CR PORTICI, P. le E. Fermi 1, 80055, Portici, NA, Italy.
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2
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Santos J, Cifrian E, Rodriguez-Romero A, Yoris-Nobile AI, Blanco-Fernandez E, Castro-Fresno D, Andres A. Assessment of the environmental acceptability of potential artificial reef materials using two ecotoxicity tests: Luminescent bacteria and sea urchin embryogenesis. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 310:136773. [PMID: 36220438 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ecotoxicological analysis of construction products is a relatively unexplored area at international level. Aquatic toxicity tests on construction products has been recommended recently for freshwater environment. However, the biological effects of alternative materials on marine ecosystem are still not considered. In this study, the main aim was to assess the environmental impact of alternative mortars proposed as artificial reefs (ARs) materials. The ARs specimens were developed by 3D printing, based on cement and geopolymer mortars using recycled sands of glass and seashells. For this purpose, a leaching test and two different toxicity bioassays, luminosity reduction of marine bacteria Vibrio fischeri (Microtox®) and the success of embryo-larval development of sea-urchin Paracentrotus lividus, were conducted. From the leaching results it should be noted that the mobility of all trace elements considered in both, raw materials and mortars, meet the inert landfill limits, except As, Mo, Se or Sb in the leachates geopolymer mortars. However, the results obtained from the both bioassays show low environmental acceptability for those mortars containing shell sand, probably due to the degradation of the organic matter adhered to the shells. On the other hand, cement mortars obtain better results than geopolymer mortars, regardless of the aggregate used, showing certain consistency with the leaching behaviour, since they present the lowest mobility of trace chemical elements. Therefore, the results supporting the environmental acceptability of its potential use as alternative materials in the production of ARs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Santos
- Department of Chemistry and Process & Resource Engineering, ETSIIT, University of Cantabria, Cantabria, 39005, Spain
| | - Eva Cifrian
- Department of Chemistry and Process & Resource Engineering, ETSIIT, University of Cantabria, Cantabria, 39005, Spain.
| | - Araceli Rodriguez-Romero
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cadiz, Puerto Real, Cádiz, 11510, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Ana Andres
- Department of Chemistry and Process & Resource Engineering, ETSIIT, University of Cantabria, Cantabria, 39005, Spain
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Mariaková D, Mocová KA, Fořtová K, Pavlů T, Hájek P. Alkali-silica Reaction Elimination Potential of High-Performance Concrete Containing Glass Powder. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:6574. [PMID: 36233915 PMCID: PMC9571633 DOI: 10.3390/ma15196574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This study is mainly concerned with the assumption that glass powder can eliminate the potential alkali-silica reaction in high performance concrete. Glass is often land filled, produced as a secondary raw material or as a by-product of production. Chemical analyses were carried out, and the ecotoxicity of the material was investigated, serving as a basis for testing a potential alkali-silica reaction. High performance concrete (HPC) containing different types of waste powder (secondary raw material from production (SGP), jewelry production (SGJ), container waste glass (CWG), and glass from used photovoltaic panels (GPP)) are tested according to the international standard ASTM C1260 and the Czech technical condition TP 137. Newly designed mixtures are innocuous from the ASR point of view in the most cases, except SGP HPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Mariaková
- University Centre for Energy Efficient Building, Czech Technical University in Prague, 273 43 Bustehrad, Czech Republic
| | - Klára Anna Mocová
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Environmental Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kristina Fořtová
- University Centre for Energy Efficient Building, Czech Technical University in Prague, 273 43 Bustehrad, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Pavlů
- University Centre for Energy Efficient Building, Czech Technical University in Prague, 273 43 Bustehrad, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Hájek
- University Centre for Energy Efficient Building, Czech Technical University in Prague, 273 43 Bustehrad, Czech Republic
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Maia MB, de Brito J, Martins IM, Silvestre JD. Ecotoxicity of Recycled Aggregates: Application of a Prediction Methodology. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15103510. [PMID: 35629536 PMCID: PMC9145564 DOI: 10.3390/ma15103510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Due to environmental concerns, the search for sustainable construction solutions has been increasing over the years. This global concern is creating a trend in the use of recycled aggregates resulting from construction and demolition wastes from different sources. In addition to their physical and mechanical properties, it is important to analyse their ecotoxicological risk to determine whether their leachates might be an issue. To assess ecotoxicity, biological tests should be performed for different trophic levels. This type of test is expensive and needs a high level of expertise, which leads to a lack of studies on recycled aggregates including ecotoxicity analysis. This paper presents a set of predictive ecotoxicity results based on the published studies on recycled aggregates. These results are the outcome of applying an innovative methodology previously developed and validated by the authors aiming to foresee the ecotoxicological fate of building materials’ constituents and products. The application of this methodology enables the classification of a recycled aggregate product as safe or unsafe in terms of ecotoxicity risk, while keeping biological testing to a minimum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida B. Maia
- Civil Engineering Research and Innovation for Sustainability (CERIS), Department of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Georresources, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal; (M.B.M.); (J.D.S.)
| | - Jorge de Brito
- Civil Engineering Research and Innovation for Sustainability (CERIS), Department of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Georresources, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal; (M.B.M.); (J.D.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Isabel M. Martins
- Department of Materials, Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil (LNEC), Av. do Brasil 101, 1700-066 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - José D. Silvestre
- Civil Engineering Research and Innovation for Sustainability (CERIS), Department of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Georresources, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal; (M.B.M.); (J.D.S.)
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Ecotoxicity of Concrete Containing Fine-Recycled Aggregate: Effect on Photosynthetic Pigments, Soil Enzymatic Activity and Carbonation Process. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14031732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recycling of materials such as masonry or concrete is one of the suitable ways to reduce amount of disposed construction and demolition waste (CDW). However, the environmental safety of products containing recycled materials must be guaranteed. To verify overall environmental benefits of recycled concrete, this work considers ecotoxicity of recycled concrete, as well as potential environmental impacts of their life cycle. Moreover, impacts related with carbonation of concrete is considered in terms of durability and influence of potential CO2 uptake. Concrete containing fine recycled aggregate from two different sources (masonry and concrete) were examined experimentally at the biochemical level and compared with reference samples. Leaching experiments are performed in order to assess physicochemical properties and aquatic ecotoxicity using water flea, freshwater algae and duckweed. The consequences, such as effects of material on soil enzymatic activity (dehydrogenase activity), photosynthetic pigments (chlorophylls and carotenoids), and the carbonation process, are verified in the laboratory and included in the comparison with the theoretical life cycle assessment. As a conclusion, environmental safety of recycled concrete was verified, and its overall potential environmental impact was lower in comparison with reference concrete.
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Bu C, Liu L, Lu X, Zhu D, Sun Y, Yu L, OuYang Y, Cao X, Wei Q. The Durability of Recycled Fine Aggregate Concrete: A Review. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15031110. [PMID: 35161055 PMCID: PMC8839340 DOI: 10.3390/ma15031110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid development of urbanization, many new buildings are erected, and old ones are demolished and/or recycled. Thus, the reuse of building materials and improvements in reuse efficiency have become hot research topics. In recent years, scholars around the world have worked on improving recycle aggregates in concrete and broadening the scope of applications of recycled concrete. This paper reviews the findings of research on the effects of recycled fine aggregates (RFAs) on the permeability, drying shrinkage, carbonation, chloride ion penetration, acid resistance, and freeze–thaw resistance of concrete. The results show that the content of old mortar and the quality of recycled concrete are closely related to the durability of prepared RFA concrete. For example, the drying shrinkage value with a 100% RFA replacement rate is twice that of normal concrete, and the depth of carbonation increases by approximately 110%. Moreover, the durability of RFA concrete decreases as the RFA replacement rate and the water–cement ratio improve. Fortunately, the use of zeolite materials such as fly ash, silica fume, and meta kaolin as surface coatings for RFAs or as external admixtures for RFA concrete had a positive effect on durability. Furthermore, the proper mixing methods and/or recycled aggregates with optimized moisture content can further improve the durability of RFA concrete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changming Bu
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Chongqing University of Science & Technology, Chongqing 401331, China; (C.B.); (L.L.); (X.L.); (D.Z.); (Y.O.); (X.C.)
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Energy Engineering Mechanics & Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Lei Liu
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Chongqing University of Science & Technology, Chongqing 401331, China; (C.B.); (L.L.); (X.L.); (D.Z.); (Y.O.); (X.C.)
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Energy Engineering Mechanics & Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Xinyu Lu
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Chongqing University of Science & Technology, Chongqing 401331, China; (C.B.); (L.L.); (X.L.); (D.Z.); (Y.O.); (X.C.)
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Energy Engineering Mechanics & Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Dongxu Zhu
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Chongqing University of Science & Technology, Chongqing 401331, China; (C.B.); (L.L.); (X.L.); (D.Z.); (Y.O.); (X.C.)
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Energy Engineering Mechanics & Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Yi Sun
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Chongqing University of Science & Technology, Chongqing 401331, China; (C.B.); (L.L.); (X.L.); (D.Z.); (Y.O.); (X.C.)
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Energy Engineering Mechanics & Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, Chongqing 401331, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-35-9416-9610
| | - Linwen Yu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China;
| | - Yuhui OuYang
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Chongqing University of Science & Technology, Chongqing 401331, China; (C.B.); (L.L.); (X.L.); (D.Z.); (Y.O.); (X.C.)
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Energy Engineering Mechanics & Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Xuemei Cao
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Chongqing University of Science & Technology, Chongqing 401331, China; (C.B.); (L.L.); (X.L.); (D.Z.); (Y.O.); (X.C.)
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Energy Engineering Mechanics & Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Qike Wei
- China Metallurgical Construction Engineering Group Construction Ltd., Chongqing 400084, China;
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Mariaková D, Mocová KA, Fořtová K, Pavlů T, Hájek P. Waste Glass Powder Reusability in High-Performance Concrete: Leaching Behavior and Ecotoxicity. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14164476. [PMID: 34443001 PMCID: PMC8401728 DOI: 10.3390/ma14164476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This paper deals with the possibility of using different types of waste glass powder in high-performance concrete (HPC) mixtures as a fine fraction replacement. Subsequently, both fractions are used in this research in concrete as a substitute for fine sand and silica flour. To use waste glass in a basic building material such as concrete, it is necessary to verify the basic chemical properties of the selected waste materials. Apart from the basic chemical properties, its environmental impact also appears to be an essential property of waste materials in general. Therefore, the research is mainly focused on the leaching and ecotoxicity experiments on high-performance concrete. HPC mixtures are designed based on the results of the analyzed chemical properties and previous research performed by our research team. Ecotoxicity of these concretes is then verified using Czech standards to evaluate. The results showed a positive impact on the ecotoxic properties of waste glass when used in concrete. A new ecotoxicity classification of waste materials and concrete mixes containing waste materials is proposed as a result of this research and summarized in the conclusion of this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Mariaková
- Research Team Architecture and the Environment, University Centre for Energy Efficient Buildings of Czech Technical University in Prague, Trinecka 1024, 273 43 Bustehrad, Czech Republic; (K.F.); (T.P.); (P.H.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Klára Anna Mocová
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Environmental Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Kristina Fořtová
- Research Team Architecture and the Environment, University Centre for Energy Efficient Buildings of Czech Technical University in Prague, Trinecka 1024, 273 43 Bustehrad, Czech Republic; (K.F.); (T.P.); (P.H.)
| | - Tereza Pavlů
- Research Team Architecture and the Environment, University Centre for Energy Efficient Buildings of Czech Technical University in Prague, Trinecka 1024, 273 43 Bustehrad, Czech Republic; (K.F.); (T.P.); (P.H.)
| | - Petr Hájek
- Research Team Architecture and the Environment, University Centre for Energy Efficient Buildings of Czech Technical University in Prague, Trinecka 1024, 273 43 Bustehrad, Czech Republic; (K.F.); (T.P.); (P.H.)
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