1
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Rajnicek AM, Casañ-Pastor N. Wireless control of nerve growth using bipolar electrodes: a new paradigm in electrostimulation. Biomater Sci 2024; 12:2180-2202. [PMID: 38358306 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm01946b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Electrical activity underpins all life, but is most familiar in the nervous system, where long range electrical signalling is essential for function. When this is lost (e.g., traumatic injury) or it becomes inefficient (e.g., demyelination), the use of external fields can compensate for at least some functional deficits. However, its potential to also promote biological repair at the cell level is underplayed despite abundant in vitro evidence for control of neuron growth. This perspective article considers specifically the emerging possibility of achieving cell growth through the interaction of external electric fields using conducting materials as unwired bipolar electrodes, and without intending stimulation of neuron electrical activity to be the primary consequence. The use of a wireless method to create electrical interactions represents a paradigm shift and may allow new applications in vivo where physical wiring is not possible. Within that scheme of thought an evaluation of specific materials and their dynamic responses as bipolar unwired electrodes is summarized and correlated with changes in dynamic nerve growth during stimulation, suggesting possible future schemes to achieve neural growth using bipolar unwired electrodes with specific characteristics. This strategy emphasizes how nerve growth can be encouraged at injury sites wirelessly to induce repair, as opposed to implanting devices that may substitute the neural signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann M Rajnicek
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, Scotland, United KIngdom
| | - Nieves Casañ-Pastor
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, CSIC, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
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2
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Huang Y, Wang EB, Li P, Cao JW, Lyu GH. pH sensor based on tilted fiber Bragg grating surface plasmon resonance with a polyaniline reaction deposition film layer. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:10887-10898. [PMID: 38570951 DOI: 10.1364/oe.515318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
In this paper, we propose a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) fiber-optic pH sensor combined with a tilted fiber Bragg grating (TFBG) by continuously coating gold and polyaniline (PANI) onto the surface of a TFBG. The micron-scale thickness polyaniline film provides the sensor with good sensitivity, and it achieves accurate measurement of pH values ranging from 2 to 12 by utilizing the pH-responsive mechanism of PANI and the surface plasmon resonance characteristics. Experimental results show that within the 2-12 pH range, the sensitivity of the TFBG surface plasmon resonance pH sensor based on PANI coating is 0.50335 nm/pH, and results demonstrate, a linear correlation coefficient between wavelength and pH value reaching 0.96614. This indicates significant potential for future engineering applications in real-world pH measurement using this sensor.
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3
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Adam-Cervera I, Huerta-Recasens J, Gómez CM, Culebras M, Muñoz-Espí R. Nanoencapsulation of Organic Phase Change Materials in Poly(3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene) for Energy Storage and Conversion. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 16:100. [PMID: 38201765 PMCID: PMC10780879 DOI: 10.3390/polym16010100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This work focuses on the encapsulation of two organic phase change materials (PCMs), hexadecane and octadecane, through the formation of nanocapsules of the conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) obtained by oxidative polymerization in miniemulsion. The energy storage capacity of nanoparticles is studied by preparing polymer films on supporting substrates. The results indicate that the prepared systems can store and later release thermal energy in the form of latent heat efficiently, which is of vital importance to increase the efficiency of future thermoelectric devices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mario Culebras
- Institute of Materials Science (ICMUV), University of Valencia, Catedràtic José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain; (I.A.-C.); (J.H.-R.); (C.M.G.)
| | - Rafael Muñoz-Espí
- Institute of Materials Science (ICMUV), University of Valencia, Catedràtic José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain; (I.A.-C.); (J.H.-R.); (C.M.G.)
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4
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Dalkiranis GG, Bocchi JH, Oliveira ON, Faria G. Geometry Optimization for Miniaturized Thermoelectric Generators. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:9364-9370. [PMID: 36936337 PMCID: PMC10018521 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Thermoelectric materials capable of converting heat into electrical energy are used in sustainable electric generators, whose efficiency has been normally increased with incorporation of new materials with high figure of merit (ZT) values. Because the performance of these thermoelectric generators (TEGs) also depends on device geometry, in this study we employ the finite element method to determine optimized geometries for highly efficient miniaturized TEGs. We investigated devices with similar fill factors but with different thermoelectric leg geometries (filled and hollow). Our results show that devices with legs of hollow geometry are more efficient than those with filled geometry for the same length and cross-sectional area of thermoelectric legs. This behavior was observed for thermoelectric leg lengths smaller than 0.1 mm, where the leg shape causes a significant difference in temperature distribution along the device. It was found that for reaching highly efficient miniaturized TEGs, one has to consider the leg geometry in addition to the thermal conductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo G. Dalkiranis
- São
Carlos Institute of Physics, University
of São Paulo, P.O. Box 369, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
- Catalan
Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), Edifici ICN2, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - João H.
C. Bocchi
- São
Carlos Institute of Physics, University
of São Paulo, P.O. Box 369, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Osvaldo N. Oliveira
- São
Carlos Institute of Physics, University
of São Paulo, P.O. Box 369, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Gregório
C. Faria
- São
Carlos Institute of Physics, University
of São Paulo, P.O. Box 369, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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5
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Manzano CV, Caballero-Calero O, Serrano A, Resende PM, Martín-González M. The Thermoelectric Properties of Spongy PEDOT Films and 3D-Nanonetworks by Electropolymerization. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:4430. [PMID: 36558282 PMCID: PMC9781381 DOI: 10.3390/nano12244430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Recently, polymers have been attracted great attention because of their thermoelectric materials' excellent mechanical properties, specifically their cost-effectiveness and scalability at the industrial level. In this study, the electropolymerization conditions (applied potential and deposition time) of PEDOT films were investigated to improve their thermoelectric properties. The morphology and Raman spectroscopy of the PEDOT films were analyzed according to their applied potential and deposition time. The best thermoelectric properties were found in films grown at 1.3 V for 10 min, with an electrical conductivity of 158 ± 8 S/cm, a Seebeck coefficient of 33 ± 1 µV/K, and a power factor of 17 ± 2 µW/K·m2. This power factor value is three times higher than the value reported in the literature for electropolymerized PEDOT films in acetonitrile using lithium perchlorate as a counter-ion. The thermal conductivity was found to be (1.3 ± 0.3) × 10-1 W/m·K. The highest figure of merit obtained at room temperature was (3.9 ± 1.0) × 10-2 using lithium perchlorate as a counter-ion. In addition, three-dimensional (3D) PEDOT nanonetworks were electropolymerized inside 3D anodic aluminum oxide (3D AAO), obtaining lower values in their thermoelectric properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina V. Manzano
- Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM, CSIC (CEI UAM+CSIC), Isaac Newton 8, E-28760 Tres Cantos, Spain
| | - Olga Caballero-Calero
- Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM, CSIC (CEI UAM+CSIC), Isaac Newton 8, E-28760 Tres Cantos, Spain
| | - Aída Serrano
- Departamento de Electrocerámica, Instituto de Cerámica y Vidrio, CSIC, Kelsen 5, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro M. Resende
- Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM, CSIC (CEI UAM+CSIC), Isaac Newton 8, E-28760 Tres Cantos, Spain
| | - Marisol Martín-González
- Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM, CSIC (CEI UAM+CSIC), Isaac Newton 8, E-28760 Tres Cantos, Spain
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6
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Sreevidya U, Shalini V, Kavirajan S, Maiyelvaganan K, Prakash M, Kamala Bharathi K, Senthil Kumar E, Archana J, Harish S, Navaneethan M. Investigation of non-covalent interactions in Polypyrrole/Polyaniline/Carbon black ternary complex for enhanced thermoelectric properties via interfacial carrier scattering and π-π stacking. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 630:46-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.09.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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7
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Lau MT, Li Z, Sun Z, Wong WY. Synthesis, characterization and thermoelectric properties of new non-conjugated nitroxide radical-containing metallopolymers. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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8
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He Y, Zhang Q, Cheng H, Liu Y, Shu Y, Geng Y, Zheng Y, Qin B, Zhou Y, Chen S, Li J, Li M, Odunmbaku GO, Li C, Shumilova T, Ouyang J, Sun K. Role of Ions in Hydrogels with an Ionic Seebeck Coefficient of 52.9 mV K -1. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:4621-4627. [PMID: 35587455 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c00845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ionic thermoelectric (i-TE) material with mobile ions as charge carriers has the potential to generate large thermal voltages at low operating temperatures. This study highlights the role of ions in i-TE hydrogels employing a poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) polymer matrix and a number of ion providers, e.g., KOH, KNO3, KCl, KBr, NaI, KI, and CsI. The relationship between the intrinsic physical parameters of the ion and the thermoelectric performance is established, indicating the ability to influence the hydrogen bond by the ion is a crucial factor. Among these i-TE hydrogels, the PVA/CsI hydrogel exhibits the largest ionic Seebeck coefficient, reaching 52.9 mV K-1, which is the largest of all i-TE materials reported to date. In addition, our work demonstrates the influence of ions on polymer configuration and provides an avenue for ion selection in the Soret effect in ionic thermoelectrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjie He
- MOE Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, CQU-NUS Renewable Energy Materials & Devices Joint Laboratory, School of Energy & Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, CQU-NUS Renewable Energy Materials & Devices Joint Laboratory, School of Energy & Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Hanlin Cheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117574
| | - Yang Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, CQU-NUS Renewable Energy Materials & Devices Joint Laboratory, School of Energy & Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Yue Shu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, CQU-NUS Renewable Energy Materials & Devices Joint Laboratory, School of Energy & Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Yang Geng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, CQU-NUS Renewable Energy Materials & Devices Joint Laboratory, School of Energy & Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Yujie Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment & System Security and New Technology, School of Energy & Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Bo Qin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Yongli Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, CQU-NUS Renewable Energy Materials & Devices Joint Laboratory, School of Energy & Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Shanshan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment & System Security and New Technology, School of Energy & Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Jing Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, CQU-NUS Renewable Energy Materials & Devices Joint Laboratory, School of Energy & Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Meng Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, CQU-NUS Renewable Energy Materials & Devices Joint Laboratory, School of Energy & Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - George Omololu Odunmbaku
- MOE Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, CQU-NUS Renewable Energy Materials & Devices Joint Laboratory, School of Energy & Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Chen Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, CQU-NUS Renewable Energy Materials & Devices Joint Laboratory, School of Energy & Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Tatyana Shumilova
- Institute of Geology, FRC Komi Science Center, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 167982 Syktyvkar, Russia
| | - Jianyong Ouyang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117574
| | - Kuan Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, CQU-NUS Renewable Energy Materials & Devices Joint Laboratory, School of Energy & Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
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9
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Abstract
Now in their 5th decade of research and development, conducting polymers represent an interesting class of materials to underpin new wearable or conformable electronic devices. Of particular interest over the years has been poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), commonly known as PEDOT, owing to its ease of fabrication and relative stability under typical ambient conditions. Understanding PEDOT from a variety of fundamental and applied perspectives is important for how it can be enhanced, modified, functionalised, and/or processed for use in commercial products. This feature article highlights the contribution of the research team at the University of South Australia led by Professor Evans, and their collaborators, putting their work into the broader context of conducting polymer research and application. This review focuses on the vapour synthesis of PEDOT doped with the tosylate anion, the benefits of controlling its morphology/structure during synthesis, and its application as an active material interacting with secondary anions in sensors, energy devices and drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew R Evans
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia, 5095, Australia.
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10
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Moon Y, Ha JW, Yoon M, Hwang DH, Lee J. Surface Polarization Doping in Diketopyrrolopyrrole-Based Conjugated Copolymers Using Cross-Linkable Terpolymer Dielectric Layers Containing Fluorinated Functional Units. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:54227-54236. [PMID: 34734703 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c15109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
It is essential to tune the electrical properties of inorganic semiconductors via a doping process in the fabrication of cutting-edge electronic devices; however, the doping in organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) is limited by the uncontrollable dopant diffusion and low doping efficiencies. This study proposes the use of a fluorinated functional group in a polymer dielectric layer as an effective p-type doping strategy for ambipolar diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP)-based donor-acceptor (D-A)-type semiconducting copolymer films used in OFETs, without generating structural perturbations. To experimentally verify the surface polarization doping effect of the fluorinated group, two terpolymers─poly(pentafluorostyrene-co-3-azidopropyl-methacrylate-co-propargyl-methacrylate) (5F-SAPMA), wherein fluorinated units are included, and poly(phenyl-methacrylate-co-3-azidopropyl-methacrylate-co-propargyl-methacrylate) (PhAPMA), without fluorinated units─are designed and synthesized for use in OFETs. The synthesized 5F-SAPMA and PhAPMA films were cross-linked through the click reaction between the alkyne and azide units in the terpolymers at 150 °C to provide chemical, thermal, and mechanical stabilities and solvent resistance. The electrical characterization of the OFETs with the newly synthesized terpolymer dielectrics reveals that the surface polarization induced by the fluorinated groups of the 5F-SAPMA dielectrics leads to the generation of additional hole charges and helps minimize the broadening of the extended tail states in the vicinity of the valence band (highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) level). This not only enables a transition from the ambipolar to p-type dominant characteristics but also helps increase the hole mobility from 0.023 to 0.305 cm2/(V·s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yina Moon
- Department of Graphic Arts Information Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Woon Ha
- Department of Chemistry, and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Minho Yoon
- Department of Smart Green Technology Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Hoon Hwang
- Department of Chemistry, and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyoul Lee
- Department of Graphic Arts Information Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
- Department of Smart Green Technology Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
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11
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Oechsle AL, Heger JE, Li N, Yin S, Bernstorff S, Müller-Buschbaum P. Correlation of Thermoelectric Performance, Domain Morphology and Doping Level in PEDOT:PSS Thin Films Post-Treated with Ionic Liquids. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 42:e2100397. [PMID: 34491602 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Ionic liquid (IL) post-treatment of poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) thin films with ethyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide (EMIM DCA), allyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide (AMIM DCA), and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetracyanoborate (EMIM TCB) is compared. Doping level modifications of PEDOT are characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy and directly correlate with the observed Seebeck coefficient enhancement. With conductive atomic force microscopy (c-AFM) the authors investigate changes in the topographic-current features of the PEDOT:PSS thin film surface due to IL treatment. Grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) demonstrates the morphological rearrangement towards an optimized PEDOT domain distribution upon IL post-treatment, directly facilitating the interconductivity and causing an increased film conductivity. Based on these improvements in Seebeck coefficient and conductivity, the power factor is increased up to 236 µW m-1 K- 2 . Subsequently, a model is developed indicating that ILs, which contain small, sterically unhindered ions with a strong localized charge, appear beneficial to boost the thermoelectric performance of post-treated PEDOT:PSS films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lena Oechsle
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James Franck-Str. 1, Garching, 85748, Germany
| | - Julian E Heger
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James Franck-Str. 1, Garching, 85748, Germany
| | - Nian Li
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James Franck-Str. 1, Garching, 85748, Germany
| | - Shanshan Yin
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James Franck-Str. 1, Garching, 85748, Germany
| | - Sigrid Bernstorff
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14 km 163.5, AREA Science Park, Basovizza, 34149, Italy
| | - Peter Müller-Buschbaum
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James Franck-Str. 1, Garching, 85748, Germany.,Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 1, Garching, 85748, Germany
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12
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Ariba Bibi, Abdul Shakoor. Electrical, Structural, and Thermo-Electric Power Studies of Polypyrrole-MnO2 Composites. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES B 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1560090421050018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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13
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Díez-Pascual AM. Environmentally Friendly Synthesis of Poly(3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene): Poly(Styrene Sulfonate)/SnO 2 Nanocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2445. [PMID: 34372048 PMCID: PMC8348352 DOI: 10.3390/polym13152445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Conductive poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) is widely used for practical applications such as energy conversion and storage devices owing to its good flexibility, processability, high electrical conductivity, and superior optical transparency, among others. However, its hygroscopic character, short durability, and poor thermoelectric performance compared to inorganic counterparts has greatly limited its high-tech applications. In this work, PEDOT:PSS/SnO2 nanocomposites have been prepared via a simple, low cost, environmentally friendly method without the use of organic solvents or compatibilizing agents. Their morphology, thermal, thermoelectrical, optical, and mechanical properties have been characterized. Electron microscopy analysis revealed a uniform dispersion of the SnO2 nanoparticles, and the Raman spectra revealed the existence of very strong SnO2-PEDOT:PSS interactions. The stiffness and strength of the matrix gradually increased with increasing SnO2 content, up to 120% and 65%, respectively. Moreover, the nanocomposites showed superior thermal stability (as far as 70 °C), improved electrical conductivity (up to 140%), and higher Seebeck coefficient (about 80% increase) than neat PEDOT:PSS. On the other hand, hardly any change in optical transparency was observed. These sustainable nanocomposites show considerably improved performance compared to commercial PEDOT:PSS, and can be highly useful for applications in energy storage, flexible electronics, thermoelectric devices, and related fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Díez-Pascual
- Universidad de Alcalá, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona, Km. 33.6, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, España (Spain)
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14
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Chen C, Hu L. Nanoscale Ion Regulation in Wood-Based Structures and Their Device Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2002890. [PMID: 33108027 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202002890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Ion transport and regulation are fundamental processes for various devices and applications related to energy storage and conversion, environmental remediation, sensing, ionotronics, and biotechnology. Wood-based materials, fabricated by top-down or bottom-up approaches, possess a unique hierarchically porous fibrous structure that offers an appealing material platform for multiscale ion regulation. The ion transport behavior in these materials can be regulated through structural and compositional engineering from the macroscale down to the nanoscale, imparting wood-based materials with multiple functions for a range of emerging applications. A fundamental understanding of ion transport behavior in wood-based structures enhances the capability to design high-performance ion-regulating devices and promotes the utilization of sustainable wood materials. Combining this unique ion regulation capability with the renewable and cost-effective raw materials available, wood and its derivatives are the natural choice of materials toward sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoji Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- Center for Materials Innovation, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Liangbing Hu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- Center for Materials Innovation, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
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15
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Michaels W, Zhao Y, Qin J. Atomistic Modeling of PEDOT:PSS Complexes II: Force Field Parameterization. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wesley Michaels
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jian Qin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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16
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Tonga M, Wei L. A facile strategy for the development of n‒type carbon nanotube composites with tunable thermoelectric properties via thiol‒ene chemistry. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley Michaels
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Yan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jian Qin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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18
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Energy Harvesting Strategies for Wireless Sensor Networks and Mobile Devices: A Review. ELECTRONICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/electronics10060661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Wireless sensor network nodes and mobile devices are normally powered by batteries that, when depleted, must be recharged or replaced. This poses important problems, in particular for sensor nodes that are placed in inaccessible areas or biomedical sensors implanted in the human body where the battery replacement is very impractical. Moreover, the depleted battery must be properly disposed of in accordance with national and international regulations to prevent environmental pollution. A very interesting alternative to power mobile devices is energy harvesting where energy sources naturally present in the environment (such as sunlight, thermal gradients and vibrations) are scavenged to provide the power supply for sensor nodes and mobile systems. Since the presence of these energy sources is discontinuous in nature, electronic systems powered by energy harvesting must include a power management system and a storage device to store the scavenged energy. In this paper, the main strategies to design a wireless mobile sensor system powered by energy harvesting are reviewed and different sensor systems powered by such energy sources are presented.
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Liu J, Ye G, Potgieser HGO, Koopmans M, Sami S, Nugraha MI, Villalva DR, Sun H, Dong J, Yang X, Qiu X, Yao C, Portale G, Fabiano S, Anthopoulos TD, Baran D, Havenith RWA, Chiechi RC, Koster LJA. Amphipathic Side Chain of a Conjugated Polymer Optimizes Dopant Location toward Efficient N-Type Organic Thermoelectrics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2006694. [PMID: 33306230 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202006694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
There is no molecular strategy for selectively increasing the Seebeck coefficient without reducing the electrical conductivity for organic thermoelectrics. Here, it is reported that the use of amphipathic side chains in an n-type donor-acceptor copolymer can selectively increase the Seebeck coefficient and thus increase the power factor by a factor of ≈5. The amphipathic side chain contains an alkyl chain segment as a spacer between the polymer backbone and an ethylene glycol type chain segment. The use of this alkyl spacer does not only reduce the energetic disorder in the conjugated polymer film but can also properly control the dopant sites away from the backbone, which minimizes the adverse influence of counterions. As confirmed by kinetic Monte Carlo simulations with the host-dopant distance as the only variable, a reduced Coulombic interaction resulting from a larger host-dopant distance contributes to a higher Seebeck coefficient for a given electrical conductivity. Finally, an optimized power factor of 18 µW m-1 K-2 is achieved in the doped polymer film. This work provides a facile molecular strategy for selectively improving the Seebeck coefficient and opens up a new route for optimizing the dopant location toward realizing better n-type polymeric thermoelectrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Liu
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, NL-9747 AG, the Netherlands
| | - Gang Ye
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, NL-9747 AG, the Netherlands
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, NL-9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Hinderikus G O Potgieser
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, NL-9747 AG, the Netherlands
| | - Marten Koopmans
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, NL-9747 AG, the Netherlands
| | - Selim Sami
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, NL-9747 AG, the Netherlands
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, NL-9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Mohamad Insan Nugraha
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Science and Engineering Division (PSE), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Diego Rosas Villalva
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Science and Engineering Division (PSE), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hengda Sun
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-601 74, Sweden
| | - Jingjin Dong
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, NL-9747 AG, the Netherlands
| | - Xuwen Yang
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, NL-9747 AG, the Netherlands
| | - Xinkai Qiu
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, NL-9747 AG, the Netherlands
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, NL-9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Chen Yao
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, NL-9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Giuseppe Portale
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, NL-9747 AG, the Netherlands
| | - Simone Fabiano
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-601 74, Sweden
| | - Thomas D Anthopoulos
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Science and Engineering Division (PSE), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Derya Baran
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Science and Engineering Division (PSE), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Remco W A Havenith
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, NL-9747 AG, the Netherlands
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, NL-9747 AG, The Netherlands
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-(S3), Ghent, B-9000, Belgium
| | - Ryan C Chiechi
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, NL-9747 AG, the Netherlands
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, NL-9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - L Jan Anton Koster
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, NL-9747 AG, the Netherlands
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Jang JG, Woo SY, Lee H, Lee E, Kim SH, Hong JI. Supramolecular Functionalization for Improving Thermoelectric Properties of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes-Small Organic Molecule Hybrids. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:51387-51396. [PMID: 33166113 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c13810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNTs-P)-small organic molecule hybrid materials are promising candidates for achieving high thermoelectric (TE) performance. In this study, we synthesized rod-coil amphiphilic molecules, that is, tri(ethylene oxide) chain-attached bis(bithiophenyl)-terphenyl derivatives (1 and 2). Supramolecular functionalization of SWCNTs-P with 1 or 2 induced charge-transfer interactions between them. Improved TE properties of the supramolecular hybrids (SWCNTs-1 and SWCNTs-2) are attributed to increased charge-carrier concentration (electrical conductivity), interfacial phonon scattering (thermal conductivity), and energy difference between the transport and Fermi levels (ETr - EF; Seebeck coefficient). SWCNTs-2 exhibited a ZT of 0.42 × 10-2 at 300 K, which is 350% larger than that of SWCNTs-P. Furthermore, 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4TCNQ)-doped SWCNTs-2 showed the highest ZT value of 1.96 × 10-2 at 300 K among SWCNTs-P/small organic molecule hybrids known until now. These results demonstrated that the supramolecular functionalization of SWCNTs-P with small organic molecules could be useful for enhancement of TE performance and applications in wearable/flexible thermoelectrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Gyu Jang
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Sun Young Woo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Dankook University, Yongin 448-701, Korea
| | - Hwankyu Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Dankook University, Yongin 448-701, Korea
| | - Eunji Lee
- School of Materials Science and Technology, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea
| | - Sung Hyun Kim
- Department of Carbon Convergence Engineering, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea
| | - Jong-In Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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Serrano-Claumarchirant JF, Brotons-Alcázar I, Culebras M, Sanchis MJ, Cantarero A, Muñoz-Espí R, Gómez CM. Electrochemical Synthesis of an Organic Thermoelectric Power Generator. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:46348-46356. [PMID: 32965099 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c12076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Energy harvesting through residual heat is considered one of the most promising ways to power wearable devices. In this work, thermoelectric textiles were prepared by coating the fabrics, first with multiple-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) by using the layer-by-layer technique and second with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) deposited by electrochemical polymerization. Sodium deoxycholate and poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) were used as stabilizers to prepare the aqueous dispersions of MWCNTs. The electrochemical deposition of PEDOT on the MWCNT-coated fabric was carried out in a three-electrode electrochemical cell. The polymerization of PEDOT on the fabric increased the electrical conductivity by ten orders of magnitude (through the plane), establishing an excellent path for electric transport across the fabrics. In addition, the fibers showed a Seebeck coefficient of 14.3 μV K-1, which is characteristic of highly doped PEDOT. As a proof of concept, several thermoelectric modules were made with different elements based on the coated acrylic and cotton fabrics. The best generator made of 30 thermoelectric elements using acrylic fabrics exhibited an output power of 0.9 μW with a temperature difference of 31 K.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Isaac Brotons-Alcázar
- Institute of Molecular Science (ICMol), Universitat de València, c/Catedràtic José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Mario Culebras
- Stokes Laboratories, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
| | - Maria J Sanchis
- Department of Applied Thermodynamics, Institute of Electrical Technology (ITE), Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Andrés Cantarero
- Institute of Molecular Science (ICMol), Universitat de València, c/Catedràtic José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Rafael Muñoz-Espí
- Institute of Materials Science (ICMUV), Universitat de València, c/Catedràtic José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Clara M Gómez
- Institute of Materials Science (ICMUV), Universitat de València, c/Catedràtic José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
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Panigrahy S, Kandasubramanian B. Polymeric thermoelectric PEDOT: PSS & composites: Synthesis, progress, and applications. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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23
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Ali MK, Moneim AA. Effect of Inorganic Doping on the Thermoelectric Behavior of Polyaniline Nanocomposites. KEY ENGINEERING MATERIALS 2020; 835:200-207. [DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.835.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Polyaniline (PANI) has been considered for thermoelectric (T.E) applications due to its facile preparation methods, easy doping-dedoping processes and its environmental stability. Like other conducting polymers (CPs), it has low thermal conductivity (usually below 1 Wm-1K-1) which is favorable for T.E applications, however studies have shown that it still suffers from low power factors as a result of low electrical conductivity. For this reason, PANI has been compounded with other materials such as polymers, inorganic nanoparticles and carbon nanoparticles to enhance its electrical conductivity, power factors (PF) and ultimately zT value.This work is focused on the synthesis and characterization of n-type polyaniline nanocomposites doped with reduced graphene oxide (rGO). The rGO was prepared through oxidation of graphite and subsequent reduction and incorporated into polyaniline through in situ polymerization and the resulting nanocomposites were characterized. Addition of rGO resulted in enhancement of the electrical conductivity of polyaniline from 10-3 S/cm to 10-1 S/cm which is two orders of magnitude higher. This contributed to the enhanced PF, an indication that thermoelectric behavior of conducting polymers can be boosted through compounding with inorganic materials.
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Geng K, He T, Liu R, Dalapati S, Tan KT, Li Z, Tao S, Gong Y, Jiang Q, Jiang D. Covalent Organic Frameworks: Design, Synthesis, and Functions. Chem Rev 2020; 120:8814-8933. [PMID: 31967791 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1247] [Impact Index Per Article: 311.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are a class of crystalline porous organic polymers with permanent porosity and highly ordered structures. Unlike other polymers, a significant feature of COFs is that they are structurally predesignable, synthetically controllable, and functionally manageable. In principle, the topological design diagram offers geometric guidance for the structural tiling of extended porous polygons, and the polycondensation reactions provide synthetic ways to construct the predesigned primary and high-order structures. Progress over the past decade in the chemistry of these two aspects undoubtedly established the base of the COF field. By virtue of the availability of organic units and the diversity of topologies and linkages, COFs have emerged as a new field of organic materials that offer a powerful molecular platform for complex structural design and tailor-made functional development. Here we target a comprehensive review of the COF field, provide a historic overview of the chemistry of the COF field, survey the advances in the topology design and synthetic reactions, illustrate the structural features and diversities, scrutinize the development and potential of various functions through elucidating structure-function correlations based on interactions with photons, electrons, holes, spins, ions, and molecules, discuss the key fundamental and challenging issues that need to be addressed, and predict the future directions from chemistry, physics, and materials perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyu Geng
- Department of Chemistry, Faulty of Science, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Ting He
- Department of Chemistry, Faulty of Science, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Ruoyang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Faulty of Science, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Sasanka Dalapati
- Field of Environment and Energy, School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi 923-1292, Japan
| | - Ke Tian Tan
- Department of Chemistry, Faulty of Science, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Zhongping Li
- Department of Chemistry, Faulty of Science, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Shanshan Tao
- Department of Chemistry, Faulty of Science, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Yifan Gong
- Department of Chemistry, Faulty of Science, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Qiuhong Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Faulty of Science, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Donglin Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Faulty of Science, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore.,Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, P. R. China
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25
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Loke G, Yan W, Khudiyev T, Noel G, Fink Y. Recent Progress and Perspectives of Thermally Drawn Multimaterial Fiber Electronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1904911. [PMID: 31657053 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201904911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Fibers are the building blocks of a broad spectrum of products from textiles to composites, and waveguides to wound dressings. While ubiquitous, the capabilities of fibers have not rapidly increased compared to semiconductor chip technology, for example. Recognizing that fibers lack the composition, geometry, and feature sizes for more functions, exploration of the boundaries of fiber functionality began some years ago. The approach focuses on a particular form of fiber production, thermal-drawing from a preform. This process has been used for producing single material fibers, but by combining metals, insulators, and semiconductors all within a single strand of fiber, an entire world of functionality in fibers has emerged. Fibers with optical, electrical, acoustic, or optoelectronic functionalities can be produced at scale from relatively easy-to-assemble macroscopic preforms. Two significant opportunities now present themselves. First, can one expect that fiber functions escalate in a predictable manner, creating the context for a "Moore's Law" analog in fibers? Second, as fabrics occupy an enormous surface around the body, could fabrics offer a valuable service to augment the human body? Toward answering these questions, the materials, performance, and limitations of thermally drawn fibers in different electronic applications are detailed and their potential in new fields is envisioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Loke
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Institute of Soldier Nanotechnology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Wei Yan
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Tural Khudiyev
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Grace Noel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Yoel Fink
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Institute of Soldier Nanotechnology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Advanced Functional Fabrics of America (AFFOA), Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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Poly(3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene) Nanoparticles as Building Blocks for Hybrid Thermoelectric Flexible Films. COATINGS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings10010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hybrid thermoelectric flexible films based on poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes were prepared by using layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly. The employed PEDOT nanoparticles were synthesized by oxidative miniemulsion polymerization by using iron(III) p-toluenesulfonate hexahydrate (FeTos) as an oxidant and poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDADMAC) as stabilizer. Sodium deoxycholate (DOC) was used as a stabilizer to prepare the aqueous dispersions of the carbon nanotubes. Hybrid thermoelectric films were finally prepared with different monomer/oxidant molar ratios and different types of carbon nanotubes, aiming to maximize the power factor (PF). The use of single-wall (SWCNT), double-wall (DWCNT), and multiwall (MWCNT) carbon nanotubes was compared. The Seebeck coefficient was measured by applying a temperature difference between the ends of the film and the electrical conductivity was measured by the Van der Pauw method. The best hybrid film in this study exhibited a PF of 72 µW m−1K−2. These films are prepared from aqueous dispersions with relatively low-cost materials and, due to lightweight and flexible properties, they are potentially good candidates to recover waste heat in wearable electronic applications.
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Zhu Q, Yildirim E, Wang X, Soo XYD, Zheng Y, Tan TL, Wu G, Yang SW, Xu J. Improved Alignment of PEDOT:PSS Induced by in-situ Crystallization of "Green" Dimethylsulfone Molecules to Enhance the Polymer Thermoelectric Performance. Front Chem 2019; 7:783. [PMID: 31803719 PMCID: PMC6873659 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dimethylsulfone (DMSO2), a small organic molecule, was observed to induce the alignment of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) via in-situ crystallization in PEDOT:PSS mixture, which was verified by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). A chemically stable dopant, DMSO2, remarkably raised the electrical conductivity of the PEDOT:PSS film, which was fabricated from pre-mixed solution of PEDOT:PSS and DMSO2, up to 1080 S/cm, and more importantly, such a PEDOT:PSS film showed a long-term humidity stability and it retained near 90% electric conductivity after 60 days, suggesting DMSO2 is promising for an eco-friendly alternative to replace dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), ethylene glycol (EG) and various acids dopants that have been widely employed to dope and post-treat PEDOT:PSS. Pairwise interaction energies and free energy of solvation between PEDOT:PSS and DMSO2 were calculated by first-principles and molecular mechanics, respectively, revealing the mechanism of DMSO2 in enhancing the electrical conductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, ASTAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Erol Yildirim
- Institute of High Performance Computing, ASTAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xizu Wang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, ASTAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiang Yun Debbie Soo
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, ASTAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yun Zheng
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, ASTAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Teck Leong Tan
- Institute of High Performance Computing, ASTAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gang Wu
- Institute of High Performance Computing, ASTAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shuo-Wang Yang
- Institute of High Performance Computing, ASTAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jianwei Xu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, ASTAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Enhanced Adsorptive Properties and Pseudocapacitance of Flexible Polyaniline-Activated Carbon Cloth Composites Synthesized Electrochemically in a Filter-Press Cell. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12162516. [PMID: 31394840 PMCID: PMC6719905 DOI: 10.3390/ma12162516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical polymerization is known to be a suitable route to obtain conducting polymer-carbon composites uniformly covering the carbon support. In this work, we report the application of a filter-press electrochemical cell to polymerize polyaniline (PAni) on the surface of large-sized activated carbon cloth (ACC) by simple galvanostatic electropolymerization of an aniline-containing H2SO4 electrolyte. Flexible composites with different PAni loadings were synthesized by controlling the treatment time and characterized by means of Scanning Electron microscopy (SEM), X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), physical adsorption of gases, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), cyclic voltammetry and direct current (DC) conductivity measurements. PAni grows first as a thin film mostly deposited inside ACC micro- and mesoporosity. At prolonged electropolymerization time, the amount of deposited PAni rises sharply to form a brittle and porous, thick coating of nanofibrous or nanowire-shaped structures. Composites with low-loading PAni thin films show enhanced specific capacitance, lower sheet resistance and faster adsorption kinetics of Acid Red 27. Instead, thick nanofibrous coatings have a deleterious effect, which is attributed to a dramatic decrease in the specific surface area caused by strong pore blockage and to the occurrence of contact electrical resistance. Our results demonstrate that mass-production restrictions often claimed for electropolymerization can be easily overcome.
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Wang Y, Yang L, Shi XL, Shi X, Chen L, Dargusch MS, Zou J, Chen ZG. Flexible Thermoelectric Materials and Generators: Challenges and Innovations. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1807916. [PMID: 31148307 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201807916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The urgent need for ecofriendly, stable, long-lifetime power sources is driving the booming market for miniaturized and integrated electronics, including wearable and medical implantable devices. Flexible thermoelectric materials and devices are receiving increasing attention, due to their capability to convert heat into electricity directly by conformably attaching them onto heat sources. Polymer-based flexible thermoelectric materials are particularly fascinating because of their intrinsic flexibility, affordability, and low toxicity. There are other promising alternatives including inorganic-based flexible thermoelectrics that have high energy-conversion efficiency, large power output, and stability at relatively high temperature. Herein, the state-of-the-art in the development of flexible thermoelectric materials and devices is summarized, including exploring the fundamentals behind the performance of flexible thermoelectric materials and devices by relating materials chemistry and physics to properties. By taking insights from carrier and phonon transport, the limitations of high-performance flexible thermoelectric materials and the underlying mechanisms associated with each optimization strategy are highlighted. Finally, the remaining challenges in flexible thermoelectric materials are discussed in conclusion, and suggestions and a framework to guide future development are provided, which may pave the way for a bright future for flexible thermoelectric devices in the energy market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- Centre for Future Materials, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield Central, Queensland, 4300, Australia
| | - Lei Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Xiao-Lei Shi
- Materials Engineering, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Xun Shi
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Lidong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Matthew S Dargusch
- Materials Engineering, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
- Centre for Advanced Materials Processing and, Manufacturing (AMPAM), the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Jin Zou
- Materials Engineering, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
- Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Zhi-Gang Chen
- Centre for Future Materials, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield Central, Queensland, 4300, Australia
- Materials Engineering, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
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30
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Li T, Zhang X, Lacey SD, Mi R, Zhao X, Jiang F, Song J, Liu Z, Chen G, Dai J, Yao Y, Das S, Yang R, Briber RM, Hu L. Cellulose ionic conductors with high differential thermal voltage for low-grade heat harvesting. NATURE MATERIALS 2019; 18:608-613. [PMID: 30911121 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-019-0315-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Converting low-grade heat into useful electricity requires a technology that is efficient and cost effective. Here, we demonstrate a cellulosic membrane that relies on sub-nanoscale confinement of ions in oxidized and aligned cellulose molecular chains to enhance selective diffusion under a thermal gradient. After infiltrating electrolyte into the cellulosic membrane and applying an axial temperature gradient, the ionic conductor exhibits a thermal gradient ratio (analogous to the Seebeck coefficient in thermoelectrics) of 24 mV K-1-more than twice the highest value reported until now. We attribute the enhanced thermally generated voltage to effective sodium ion insertion into the charged molecular chains of the cellulosic membrane, which consists of type II cellulose, while this process does not occur in natural wood or type I cellulose. With this material, we demonstrate a flexible and biocompatible heat-to-electricity conversion device via nanoscale engineering based on sustainable materials that can enable large-scale manufacture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Steven D Lacey
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Ruiyu Mi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Xinpeng Zhao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Feng Jiang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD, USA
- Department of Wood Science, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jianwei Song
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Zhongqi Liu
- Department of Wood Science, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Guang Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Jiaqi Dai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Yonggang Yao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Siddhartha Das
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Ronggui Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Robert M Briber
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Liangbing Hu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD, USA.
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31
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Upadhyaya M, Boyle CJ, Venkataraman D, Aksamija Z. Effects of Disorder on Thermoelectric Properties of Semiconducting Polymers. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5820. [PMID: 30967596 PMCID: PMC6456616 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42265-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic materials have attracted recent interest as thermoelectric (TE) converters due to their low cost and ease of fabrication. We examine the effects of disorder on the TE properties of semiconducting polymers based on the Gaussian disorder model (GDM) for site energies while employing Pauli's master equation approach to model hopping between localized sites. Our model is in good agreement with experimental results and a useful tool to study hopping transport. We show that stronger overlap between sites can improve the electrical conductivity without adversely affecting the Seebeck coefficient. We find that positional disorder aids the formation of new conduction paths with an increased probability of carriers in high energy sites, leading to an increase in electrical conductivity while leaving the Seebeck unchanged. On the other hand, energetic disorder leads to increased energy gaps between sites, hindering transport. This adversely affects conductivity while only slightly increasing Seebeck and results in lower TE power factors. Furthermore, positional correlation primarily affects conductivity, while correlation in site energies has no effect on TE properties of polymers. Our results also show that the Lorenz number increases with Seebeck coefficient, largely deviating from the Sommerfeld value, in agreement with experiments and in contrast to band conductors. We conclude that reducing energetic disorder and positional correlation, while increasing positional disorder can lead to higher TE power factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Upadhyaya
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003-9292, USA
| | - Connor J Boyle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003-9292, USA
| | | | - Zlatan Aksamija
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003-9292, USA.
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32
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One-Dimensional Nanostructure Engineering of Conducting Polymers for Thermoelectric Applications. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9071422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The past few decades have witnessed considerable progress of conducting polymer-based organic thermoelectric materials due to their significant advantages over the traditional inorganic materials. The nanostructure engineering and performance investigation of these conducting polymers for thermoelectric applications have received considerable interest but have not been well documented. This review gives an outline of the synthesis of various one-dimensional (1D) structured conducting polymers as well as the strategies for hybridization with other nanomaterials or polymers. The thermoelectric performance enhancement of these materials in association with the unique morphologies and structures are discussed. Finally, perspectives and suggestions for the future research based on these interesting nanostructuring methodologies for improvement of thermoelectric materials are also presented.
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33
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Music D, Elalfy L. Tuneable thermal expansion of poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2019; 31:125101. [PMID: 30634174 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aafdda] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Linear coefficient of thermal expansion is calculated for a mixture of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) and polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) using density functional theory and the Debye-Grüneisen model. The linear coefficient of thermal expansion is a key factor in thermal management (thermal conductivity, thermal stress and thermal fatigue) of microelectronic and energy devices, being common applications of the conjugated polymeric PEDOT:PSS system. The obtained value of 53 × 10-6 K-1 at room temperature can be rationalised based on the electronic structure analysis. The PEDOT and PSS units are bonded by a dipole-dipole interaction between S in PEDOT and H in PSS. A C-C bond in a benzene ring (PSS) or thiophene (PEDOT) is up to 13 times stronger than the S-H bond. By adjusting the population of the S-H bonds by deprotonating PSS, the linear coefficient of thermal expansion can be enhanced by 57%. This allows for tuning the thermal properties of PEDOT:PSS in cutting-edge devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Music
- Materials Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Kopernikusstr. 10, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
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34
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Mihali V, Honciuc A. Evolution of Self-Organized Microcapsules with Variable Conductivities from Self-Assembled Nanoparticles at Interfaces. ACS NANO 2019; 13:3483-3491. [PMID: 30862162 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b09625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Self-organization dramatically affects the surface properties of materials on a macroscopic scale, such as wettability and adhesion. Fundamentally, it is equally interesting when self-organization at the nanoscale affects the bulk properties and thus provides a means to engineer the optoelectronic properties of the materials on larger scales. In this work, we report the evolution of conductive self-organized polymer microcapsules from a monomer emulsion droplet stabilized by a monolayer of conductive Janus nanoparticles (JNPs) via a mechanism resembling morphogenesis. The wall of the resulting conductive microcapsule has a honeycomb-like structure with highly oriented JNPs occupying each hollow cell. The JNPs consist of an electrically conductive lobe and an insulating lobe; because of their orientation and presence in the honeycomb, the conductivity of the microcapsule is greatly enhanced as compared to that of each of the constituting materials. This method can be universally applied to induce self-organization in conductive polymers forming by oxidative addition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Voichita Mihali
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology , Zurich University of Applied Sciences , Einsiedlerstrasse 31 , 8820 Waedenswil , Switzerland
| | - Andrei Honciuc
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology , Zurich University of Applied Sciences , Einsiedlerstrasse 31 , 8820 Waedenswil , Switzerland
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35
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Decoupling effect of electrical and thermal properties of Bi2Te3-polypyrrole hybrid material causing remarkable enhancement in thermoelectric performance. J IND ENG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2018.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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36
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Barragán VM, Kristiansen KR, Kjelstrup S. Perspectives on Thermoelectric Energy Conversion in Ion-Exchange Membranes. ENTROPY 2018; 20:e20120905. [PMID: 33266629 PMCID: PMC7512490 DOI: 10.3390/e20120905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
By thermoelectric power generation we mean the creation of electrical power directly from a temperature gradient. Semiconductors have been mainly used for this purpose, but these imply the use of rare and expensive materials. We show in this review that ion-exchange membranes may be interesting alternatives for thermoelectric energy conversion, giving Seebeck coefficients around 1 mV/K. Laboratory cells with Ag|AgCl electrodes can be used to find the transported entropies of the ions in the membrane without making assumptions. Non-equilibrium thermodynamics can be used to compute the Seebeck coefficient of this and other cells, in particular the popular cell with calomel electrodes. We review experimental results in the literature on cells with ion-exchange membranes, document the relatively large Seebeck coefficient, and explain with the help of theory its variation with electrode materials and electrolyte concentration and composition. The impact of the membrane heterogeneity and water content on the transported entropies is documented, and it is concluded that this and other properties should be further investigated, to better understand how all transport properties can serve the purpose of thermoelectric energy conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. María Barragán
- Department of Structure of Matter, Thermal Physics and Electronics; Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Kim R. Kristiansen
- PoreLab, Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Signe Kjelstrup
- PoreLab, Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +47-918-97079
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37
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Liu J, Ye G, Zee BVD, Dong J, Qiu X, Liu Y, Portale G, Chiechi RC, Koster LJA. N-Type Organic Thermoelectrics of Donor-Acceptor Copolymers: Improved Power Factor by Molecular Tailoring of the Density of States. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1804290. [PMID: 30222216 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201804290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
It is demonstrated that the n-type thermoelectric performance of donor-acceptor (D-A) copolymers can be enhanced by a factor of >1000 by tailoring the density of states (DOS). The DOS distribution is tailored by embedding sp2 -nitrogen atoms into the donor moiety of the D-A backbone. Consequently, an electrical conductivity of 1.8 S cm-1 and a power factor of 4.5 µW m-1 K-2 are achieved. Interestingly, an unusual sign switching (from negative to positive) of the Seebeck coefficient of the unmodified D-A copolymer at moderately high dopant loading is observed. A direct measurement of the DOS shows that the DOS distributions become less broad upon modifying the backbone in both pristine and doped states. Additionally, doping-induced charge transfer complexes (CTC) states, which are energetically located below the neutral band, are observed in DOS of the doped unmodified D-A copolymer. It is proposed that charge transport through these CTC states is responsible for the positive Seebeck coefficients in this n-doped system. This is supported by numerical simulation and temperature dependence of Seebeck coefficient. The work provides a unique insight into the fundamental understanding of molecular doping and sheds light on designing efficient n-type OTE materials from a perspective of tailoring the DOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Liu
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747, AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gang Ye
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747, AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747, AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bas van der Zee
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747, AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jingjin Dong
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747, AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Xinkai Qiu
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747, AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747, AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yuru Liu
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747, AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747, AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Giuseppe Portale
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747, AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ryan C Chiechi
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747, AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747, AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - L Jan Anton Koster
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747, AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
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38
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Thermoelectric properties of electrospun carbon nanofibres derived from lignin. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 121:472-479. [PMID: 30321639 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Developing sustainable and efficient thermoelectric materials is a challenge because the most common thermoelectric materials are based on rare elements such as bismuth and telluride. In this context, we have produced bio-based carbon nanofibres (CNFs) derived from mixtures of polyacrylonitrile and lignin using electrospinning. The addition of lignin (up to 70%) reduces the diameter of CNFs from 450 nm to 250 nm, increases sample flexibility, and promotes inter-fibre fusion. The crystalline structure of the CNFs was analysed by Raman spectroscopy. The electrical conductivity and the Seebeck coefficient were evaluated as function of the lignin content in the precursor and carbonised equivalents. Finally, a conversion of p-type to n-type semiconducting behaviour was achieved with a hydrazine vapour treatment. We observe a maximum p-type power factor of 9.27 μW cm-1 K-2 for CNFs carbonised at 900 °C with 70% lignin which is a 34.5-fold increase to the CNFs with 0% lignin. For the hydrazine treated samples, we observe a maximum n-type power factor of 10.2 μW cm-1 K-2 for the CNFs produced in the same way which is an 11.0-fold increase to the hydrazine-treated CNFs with 0% lignin.
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39
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Nava D, Shin Y, Massetti M, Jiao X, Biskup T, Jagadeesh MS, Calloni A, Duò L, Lanzani G, McNeill CR, Sommer M, Caironi M. Drastic Improvement of Air Stability in an n-Type Doped Naphthalene-Diimide Polymer by Thionation. ACS APPLIED ENERGY MATERIALS 2018; 1:4626-4634. [PMID: 30288490 PMCID: PMC6166998 DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.8b00777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Organic thermoelectrics are attractive for the fabrication of flexible and cost-effective thermoelectric generators (TEGs) for waste heat recovery, in particular by exploiting large-area printing of polymer conductors. Efficient TEGs require both p- and n-type conductors: so far, the air instability of polymer n-type conductors, which typically lose orders of magnitude in electrical conductivity (σ) even for short exposure time to air, has impeded processing under ambient conditions. Here we tackle this problem in a relevant class of electron transporting, naphthalene-diimide copolymers, by substituting the imide oxygen with sulfur. n-type doping of the thionated copolymer gives rise to a higher σ with respect to the non-thionated one, and most importantly, owing to a reduced energy level of the lowest-unoccupied molecular orbital, σ is substantially stable over 16 h of air exposure. This result highlights the effectiveness of chemical tuning to improve air stability of n-type solution-processable polymer conductors and shows a path toward ambient large-area manufacturing of efficient polymer TEGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Nava
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia,, Via Pascoli 70/3, Milano 20133, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Younghun Shin
- Institut
für Chemie, Technische Universität
Chemnitz, Straße der Nationen 62, Chemnitz 09111, Germany
| | - Matteo Massetti
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia,, Via Pascoli 70/3, Milano 20133, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Xuechen Jiao
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash
University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Australian
Synchrotron, 800 Blackburn
Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Till Biskup
- Institut
für Physikalische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität
Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Madan S. Jagadeesh
- Dipartimento
di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Alberto Calloni
- Dipartimento
di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Lamberto Duò
- Dipartimento
di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Guglielmo Lanzani
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia,, Via Pascoli 70/3, Milano 20133, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Christopher R. McNeill
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash
University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Michael Sommer
- Institut
für Chemie, Technische Universität
Chemnitz, Straße der Nationen 62, Chemnitz 09111, Germany
| | - Mario Caironi
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia,, Via Pascoli 70/3, Milano 20133, Italy
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40
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Aghelinejad M, Leung SN. Thermoelectric Nanocomposite Foams Using Non-Conducting Polymers with Hybrid 1D and 2D Nanofillers. MATERIALS 2018; 11:ma11091757. [PMID: 30231469 PMCID: PMC6164549 DOI: 10.3390/ma11091757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A facile processing strategy to fabricate thermoelectric (TE) polymer nanocomposite foams with non-conducting polymers is reported in this study. Multilayered networks of graphene nanoplatelets (GnPs) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are deposited on macroporous polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) foam templates using a layer-by-layer (LBL) assembly technique. The open cellular structures of foam templates provide a platform to form segregated 3D networks consisting of one-dimensional (1D) and/or two-dimensional (2D) carbon nanoparticles. Hybrid nanostructures of GnP and MWCNT networks synergistically enhance the material system’s electrical conductivity. Furthermore, the polymer foam substrates possess high porosity to provide ultra-low thermal conductivity without compromising the electrical conductivity of the TE nanocomposites. With an extremely low GnP loading (i.e., ~1.5 vol.%), the macroporous PVDF nanocomposites exhibit a thermoelectric figure-of-merit of ~10−3. To the best of our knowledge, this ZT value is the highest value reported for organic TE materials using non-conducting polymers and MWCNT/GnP nanofillers. The proposed technique represents an industrially viable approach to fabricate organic TE materials with enhanced energy conversion efficiencies. The current study demonstrates the potential to develop light-weight, low-cost, and flexible TE materials for green energy generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadmehdi Aghelinejad
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada.
| | - Siu Ning Leung
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada.
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41
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Ou C, Sangle AL, Datta A, Jing Q, Busolo T, Chalklen T, Narayan V, Kar-Narayan S. Fully Printed Organic-Inorganic Nanocomposites for Flexible Thermoelectric Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:19580-19587. [PMID: 29775276 PMCID: PMC6025883 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b01456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Thermoelectric materials, capable of interconverting heat and electricity, are attractive for applications in thermal energy harvesting as a means to power wireless sensors, wearable devices, and portable electronics. However, traditional inorganic thermoelectric materials pose significant challenges due to high cost, toxicity, scarcity, and brittleness, particularly when it comes to applications requiring flexibility. Here, we investigate organic-inorganic nanocomposites that have been developed from bespoke inks which are printed via an aerosol jet printing method onto flexible substrates. For this purpose, a novel in situ aerosol mixing method has been developed to ensure uniform distribution of Bi2Te3/Sb2Te3 nanocrystals, fabricated by a scalable solvothermal synthesis method, within a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate matrix. The thermoelectric properties of the resulting printed nanocomposite structures have been evaluated as a function of composition, and the power factor was found to be maximum (∼30 μW/mK2) for a nominal loading fraction of 85 wt % Sb2Te3 nanoflakes. Importantly, the printed nanocomposites were found to be stable and robust upon repeated flexing to curvatures up to 300 m-1, making these hybrid materials particularly suitable for flexible thermoelectric applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canlin Ou
- Department of Materials
Science & Metallurgy, University of
Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, U.K.
| | - Abhijeet L. Sangle
- Department of Materials
Science & Metallurgy, University of
Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, U.K.
| | - Anuja Datta
- Department of Materials
Science & Metallurgy, University of
Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, U.K.
| | - Qingshen Jing
- Department of Materials
Science & Metallurgy, University of
Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, U.K.
| | - Tommaso Busolo
- Department of Materials
Science & Metallurgy, University of
Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, U.K.
| | - Thomas Chalklen
- Department of Materials
Science & Metallurgy, University of
Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, U.K.
| | - Vijay Narayan
- Department of Physics,
Cavendish Laboratories, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thompson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, U.K.
| | - Sohini Kar-Narayan
- Department of Materials
Science & Metallurgy, University of
Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, U.K.
- E-mail:
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42
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Zhang Z, Liao M, Lou H, Hu Y, Sun X, Peng H. Conjugated Polymers for Flexible Energy Harvesting and Storage. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1704261. [PMID: 29399890 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201704261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of conjugated polymers in the 1970s, they have attracted considerable interest in light of their advantages of having a tunable bandgap, high electroactivity, high flexibility, and good processability compared to inorganic conducting materials. The above combined advantages make them promising for effective energy harvesting and storage, which have been widely studied in recent decades. Herein, the key advancements in the use of conjugated polymers for flexible energy harvesting and storage are reviewed. The synthesis, structure, and properties of conjugated polymers are first summarized. Then, their applications in flexible polymer solar cells, thermoelectric generators, supercapacitors, and lithium-ion batteries are described. The remaining challenges are then discussed to highlight the future direction in the development of conjugated polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhitao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Meng Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Huiqing Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Yajie Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Xuemei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Huisheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
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Blackburn JL, Ferguson AJ, Cho C, Grunlan JC. Carbon-Nanotube-Based Thermoelectric Materials and Devices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:1704386. [PMID: 29356158 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201704386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Conversion of waste heat to voltage has the potential to significantly reduce the carbon footprint of a number of critical energy sectors, such as the transportation and electricity-generation sectors, and manufacturing processes. Thermal energy is also an abundant low-flux source that can be harnessed to power portable/wearable electronic devices and critical components in remote off-grid locations. As such, a number of different inorganic and organic materials are being explored for their potential in thermoelectric-energy-harvesting devices. Carbon-based thermoelectric materials are particularly attractive due to their use of nontoxic, abundant source-materials, their amenability to high-throughput solution-phase fabrication routes, and the high specific energy (i.e., W g-1 ) enabled by their low mass. Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) represent a unique 1D carbon allotrope with structural, electrical, and thermal properties that enable efficient thermoelectric-energy conversion. Here, the progress made toward understanding the fundamental thermoelectric properties of SWCNTs, nanotube-based composites, and thermoelectric devices prepared from these materials is reviewed in detail. This progress illuminates the tremendous potential that carbon-nanotube-based materials and composites have for producing high-performance next-generation devices for thermoelectric-energy harvesting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Blackburn
- Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401-3305, USA
| | - Andrew J Ferguson
- Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401-3305, USA
| | - Chungyeon Cho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-3003, USA
| | - Jaime C Grunlan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-3003, USA
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Liu J, Qiu L, Alessandri R, Qiu X, Portale G, Dong J, Talsma W, Ye G, Sengrian AA, Souza PCT, Loi MA, Chiechi RC, Marrink SJ, Hummelen JC, Koster LJA. Enhancing Molecular n-Type Doping of Donor-Acceptor Copolymers by Tailoring Side Chains. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:1704630. [PMID: 29325212 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201704630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In this contribution, for the first time, the molecular n-doping of a donor-acceptor (D-A) copolymer achieving 200-fold enhancement of electrical conductivity by rationally tailoring the side chains without changing its D-A backbone is successfully improved. Instead of the traditional alkyl side chains for poly{[N,N'-bis(2-octyldodecyl)-naphthalene-1,4,5,8-bis(dicarboximide)-2,6-diyl](NDI)-alt-5,5'-(2,2'-bithiophene)} (N2200), polar triethylene glycol type side chains is utilized and a high electrical conductivity of 0.17 S cm-1 after doping with (4-(1,3-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)phenyl)dimethylamine is achieved, which is the highest reported value for n-type D-A copolymers. Coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations indicate that the polar side chains can significantly reduce the clustering of dopant molecules and favor the dispersion of the dopant in the host matrix as compared to the traditional alkyl side chains. Accordingly, intimate contact between the host and dopant molecules in the NDI-based copolymer with polar side chains facilitates molecular doping with increased doping efficiency and electrical conductivity. For the first time, a heterogeneous thermoelectric transport model for such a material is proposed, that is the percolation of charge carriers from conducting ordered regions through poorly conductive disordered regions, which provides pointers for further increase in the themoelectric properties of n-type D-A copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Liu
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, NL-9747, AG, The Netherlands
| | - Li Qiu
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, NL-9747, AG, The Netherlands
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, NL-9747, AG, The Netherlands
| | - Riccardo Alessandri
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, NL-9747, AG, The Netherlands
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, Groningen, NL-9747, AG, The Netherlands
| | - Xinkai Qiu
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, NL-9747, AG, The Netherlands
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, NL-9747, AG, The Netherlands
| | - Giuseppe Portale
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, NL-9747, AG, The Netherlands
| | - JingJin Dong
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, NL-9747, AG, The Netherlands
| | - Wytse Talsma
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, NL-9747, AG, The Netherlands
| | - Gang Ye
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, NL-9747, AG, The Netherlands
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, NL-9747, AG, The Netherlands
| | - Aprizal Akbar Sengrian
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, NL-9747, AG, The Netherlands
| | - Paulo C T Souza
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, Groningen, NL-9747, AG, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Antonietta Loi
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, NL-9747, AG, The Netherlands
| | - Ryan C Chiechi
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, NL-9747, AG, The Netherlands
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, NL-9747, AG, The Netherlands
| | - Siewert J Marrink
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, NL-9747, AG, The Netherlands
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, Groningen, NL-9747, AG, The Netherlands
| | - Jan C Hummelen
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, NL-9747, AG, The Netherlands
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, NL-9747, AG, The Netherlands
| | - L Jan Anton Koster
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, NL-9747, AG, The Netherlands
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Lu N, Li L, Liu M. A review of carrier thermoelectric-transport theory in organic semiconductors. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 18:19503-25. [PMID: 27386952 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp02830f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Carrier thermoelectric-transport theory has recently become of growing interest and numerous thermoelectric-transport models have been proposed for organic semiconductors, due to pressing current issues involving energy production and the environment. The purpose of this review is to provide a theoretical description of the thermoelectric Seebeck effect in organic semiconductors. Special attention is devoted to the carrier concentration, temperature, polaron effect and dipole effect dependence of the Seebeck effect and its relationship to hopping transport theory. Furthermore, various theoretical methods are used to discuss carrier thermoelectric transport. Finally, an outlook of the remaining challenges ahead for future theoretical research is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nianduan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Microelectronic Devices & Integrated Technology, Institute of MicroElectronics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 3, Bei-Tu-Cheng West Road, Beijing 100029, China. and Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ling Li
- Key Laboratory of Microelectronic Devices & Integrated Technology, Institute of MicroElectronics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 3, Bei-Tu-Cheng West Road, Beijing 100029, China. and Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Key Laboratory of Microelectronic Devices & Integrated Technology, Institute of MicroElectronics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 3, Bei-Tu-Cheng West Road, Beijing 100029, China. and Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing 210009, China
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Cigarini L, Ruini A, Catellani A, Calzolari A. Conflicting effect of chemical doping on the thermoelectric response of ordered PEDOT aggregates. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:5021-5027. [PMID: 29388641 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp07898f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) semiconductor plays a relevant role in the development of organic thermoelectric (TE) devices for low-power generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Cigarini
- Dipartimento FIM
- Universitá di Modena e Reggio Emilia
- Modena
- Italy
- CNR-NANO
| | - Alice Ruini
- Dipartimento FIM
- Universitá di Modena e Reggio Emilia
- Modena
- Italy
- CNR-NANO
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Qu S, Yao Q, Wang L, Hua J, Chen L. A novel hydrophilic pyridinium salt polymer/SWCNTs composite film for high thermoelectric performance. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Kumar P, Repaka DVM, Hippalgaonkar K. Lithography-free resistance thermometry based technique to accurately measure Seebeck coefficient and electrical conductivity for organic and inorganic thin films. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2017; 88:125112. [PMID: 29289178 DOI: 10.1063/1.5012039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a new and accurate technique to measure temperature dependent in-plane Seebeck coefficient and electrical conductivity of organic and inorganic thin films. The measurement device consists of one heater, two thermometers, and a four-probe configuration which is patterned on a substrate of choice using a simple shadow mask. The high resolution in temperature measurements and repeatability of resistance thermometry is leveraged while enabling simple implementation using only a shadow mask for patterning. We calibrate the technique using nickel and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) thin films. The error bar for the Seebeck coefficient is less than 1%, almost 10 times better than complementary techniques for thin films. Moreover, our method enables high-throughput characterization of thermoelectric properties of a variety of different large area inorganic and organic thin films that can be prepared by spin coating, drop casting, evaporation, sputtering, or any other growth technique and hence has potential for wide usage in the thermoelectrics and nanoscale transport community to study thin films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Kumar
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science Technology and Research, #08-03, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, Singapore 138634
| | - D V Maheswar Repaka
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science Technology and Research, #08-03, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, Singapore 138634
| | - Kedar Hippalgaonkar
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science Technology and Research, #08-03, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, Singapore 138634
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Liu J, Qiu L, Portale G, Koopmans M, Ten Brink G, Hummelen JC, Koster LJA. N-Type Organic Thermoelectrics: Improved Power Factor by Tailoring Host-Dopant Miscibility. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1701641. [PMID: 28722288 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201701641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In this contribution, for the first time, the polarity of fullerene derivatives is tailored to enhance the miscibility between the host and dopant molecules. A fullerene derivative with a hydrophilic triethylene glycol type side chain (PTEG-1) is used as the host and (4-(1,3-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)phenyl)dimethylamine n-DMBI) as the dopant. Thereby, the doping efficiency can be greatly improved to around 18% (<1% for a nonpolar reference sample) with optimized electrical conductivity of 2.05 S cm-1 , which represents the best result for solution-processed fullerene derivatives. An in-depth microstructural study indicates that the PTEG-1 molecules readily form layered structures parallel to the substrate after solution processing. The fullerene cage plane is alternated by the triethylene glycol side chain plane; the n-DMBI dopants are mainly incorporated in the side chain plane without disturbing the π-π packing of PTEG-1. This new microstructure, which is rarely observed for codeposited thin films from solution, formed by PTEG-1 and n-DMBI molecules explains the increased miscibility of the host/dopant system at a nanoscale level and the high electrical conductivity. Finally, a power factor of 16.7 µW m-1 K-2 is achieved at 40% dopant concentration. This work introduces a new strategy for improving the conductivity of solution-processed n-type organic thermoelectrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Liu
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747, AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Li Qiu
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747, AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747, AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Giuseppe Portale
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747, AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marten Koopmans
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747, AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Ten Brink
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747, AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan C Hummelen
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747, AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747, AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - L Jan Anton Koster
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747, AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
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50
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Culebras M, Igual-Muñoz AM, Rodríguez-Fernández C, Gómez-Gómez MI, Gómez C, Cantarero A. Manufacturing Te/PEDOT Films for Thermoelectric Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:20826-20832. [PMID: 28557413 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b03710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this work, flexible Te films have been synthesized by electrochemical deposition using PEDOT [poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)] nanofilms as working electrodes. The Te electrodeposition time was varied to find the best thermoelectric properties of the Te/PEDOT double layers. To show the high quality of the Te films grown on PEDOT, the samples were analyzed by Raman spectroscopy, showing the three Raman active modes of Te: E1, A1, and E2. The X-ray diffraction spectra also confirmed the presence of crystalline Te on top of the PEDOT films. The morphology of the Te/PEDOT films was studied using scanning electron microscopy, showing a homogeneous distribution of Te along the film. Also an atomic force microscope was used to analyze the quality of the Te surface. Finally, the electrical conductivity and the Seebeck coefficient of the Te/PEDOT films were measured as a function of the Te deposition time. The films showed an excellent thermoelectric behavior, giving a maximum power factor of about 320 ± 16 μW m-1 K-2 after 2.5 h of Te electrochemical deposition, a value larger than that reported for thin films of Te. Qualitative arguments to explain this behavior are given in the discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Culebras
- Molecular Science Institute and ‡Materials Science Institute, University of Valencia , PO Box 22085, 46071 Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana María Igual-Muñoz
- Molecular Science Institute and ‡Materials Science Institute, University of Valencia , PO Box 22085, 46071 Valencia, Spain
| | - Carlos Rodríguez-Fernández
- Molecular Science Institute and ‡Materials Science Institute, University of Valencia , PO Box 22085, 46071 Valencia, Spain
| | - María Isabel Gómez-Gómez
- Molecular Science Institute and ‡Materials Science Institute, University of Valencia , PO Box 22085, 46071 Valencia, Spain
| | - Clara Gómez
- Molecular Science Institute and ‡Materials Science Institute, University of Valencia , PO Box 22085, 46071 Valencia, Spain
| | - Andrés Cantarero
- Molecular Science Institute and ‡Materials Science Institute, University of Valencia , PO Box 22085, 46071 Valencia, Spain
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