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Kaur R, Ghoshal A, Galav P, Mondal PC. Electrochemical Charge Transfer Kinetics of Ferrocene in the Light of Different Working Electrodes. Chem Asian J 2024:e202400744. [PMID: 39136414 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202400744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
Ferrocene is an accidentally discovered organometallic compound that serves as a crucial redox probe in investigating electrochemical charge transfer dynamics. Besides solution phase studies, ferrocene derivatives are well-explored in molecular thin films, including self-assembled monolayers on various electrodes for understanding on-surface redox behavior, molecular electronics, and charge storage applications. Heterogeneous charge transfer is an imperative parameter for efficient charge transport in spin-dependent electrochemistry, photoelectrochemistry, and molecular electronic devices. In this work, we aim to study the electrochemical charge transfer of ferrocene on various electrodes such as commercially obtained glassy carbon, graphite rod, indium tin oxide (ITO), and as-prepared gold, and nickel to determine the impact of the nature of the working electrode on the electron transfer rate, diffusion coefficient, and reversibility of the redox process. Both the direct current and alternating current-based electrochemical experiments are performed, followed by digitization of the experimental results. The kinetics of electron transfer and electrochemical reversibility reveal a strong dependence on the nature of the working electrode, as the electrochemically driven oxidation and reduction of the material of interest are directly related to the Fermi energy and electronic structure of the working electrode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajwinder Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, 208 016, India
| | - Abhik Ghoshal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, 208 016, India
| | - Prachi Galav
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, 208 016, India
- Department of Chemistry, Janki Devi Bajaj Government Girls College, Kota, Rajasthan, 324 001, India
| | - Prakash Chandra Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, 208 016, India
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2
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Knoche Gupta K, Lee HC, Leddy J. Magnetoelectrocatalysis: Evidence from the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction. ACS PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY AU 2024; 4:148-159. [PMID: 38560752 PMCID: PMC10979484 DOI: 10.1021/acsphyschemau.3c00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) rates are higher where magnetic gradients are established at electrode surfaces. In comparison of literature data for metals with comparable work functions, we note 1000× higher rates for paramagnetic metals than diamagnetic metals. With unpaired electron spins, paramagnetic and ferromagnetic metals establish interfacial magnetic gradients. At diamagnetic electrodes, gradients are induced by addition of magnetized microparticles. Onset of hydrogen evolution for magnetized γ-Fe2O3 microparticles in Nafion on diamagnetic glassy carbon electrodes is lower by 190 mV (-18 kJ mol-1) relative to demagnetized microparticles. Chemically the same as demagnetized particles, the physical distinction of magnetic field and gradient at magnetized microparticles increases electron transfer rate. For magnetized Fe3O4 microparticles, the onset is lower by 280 mV (-27 kJ mol-1). Paramagnetic platinum electrodes are unaffected by addition of magnetized microparticles. Magnetoelectrocatalysis is established by magnetic gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Johna Leddy
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52240, United States
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3
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Stefani A, Bogdan A, Pop F, Tassinari F, Pasquali L, Fontanesi C, Avarvari N. Spin-dependent electrochemistry and electrochemical enantioselective recognition with chiral methylated bis(ethylenedithio)-tetrathiafulvalenes. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:204706. [PMID: 38014785 DOI: 10.1063/5.0171831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Enantio-discrimination and spin-dependent electrochemistry (SDE), as a manifestation of the chirality-induced spin selectivity (CISS) effect, are important phenomena that can be probed by "chiral" electrochemistry. Here, we prepared chiralized surfaces of gold and nickel, to serve as working electrodes, through effective chemisorption of enantiopure dimethyl-bis(ethylenedithio)-tetrathiafulvalene (DM-BEDT-TTF) 1, tetramethyl-bis(ethylenedithio)-tetrathiafulvalene (TM-BEDT-TTF) 2, and their capped silver nanoparticle (AgNPs) aggregate by simple incubation of the metallic substrates. The effective chemisorption was checked by means of ultrahigh vacuum x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and by electro-desorption experiments, i.e., cyclic voltammetry (CV) scans showing a first electro-desorption peak at about -1.0 V. The Au|1 and Au|2 chiral electrodes were successfully used in CV experiments exploiting chiral redox probes. Finally, the hybrid interfaces Ni|enantiopure 1 or 2|AgNPs served as working electrodes in SDE experiments. In particular, the hybrid chiral interfaces Ni|(R)-2|AgNPs and Ni|(S)-2|AgNPs exhibited a significant spin-filtering ability, as a manifestation of the CISS effect, with average spin polarization values of 15%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Stefani
- Department of Physics, (FIM), University of Modena, Via Campi 213/A, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Alexandra Bogdan
- University of Angers, CNRS, MOLTECH-Anjou, SFR MATRIX, F-49000 Angers, France
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemistry, SOOMCC, Babes-Bolyai University, 11 Arany Janos Str., 400028 Cluj-Napoca, Romania and SOOMCC, Romania
| | - Flavia Pop
- University of Angers, CNRS, MOLTECH-Anjou, SFR MATRIX, F-49000 Angers, France
| | - Francesco Tassinari
- Department of Chemical and Earth Science, (DSCG), University of Modena, Via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Luca Pasquali
- Department of Engineering "Enzo Ferrari," (DIEF), University of Modena, Via Vivarelli 10, 41125 Modena, Italy
- IOM-CNR, Strada Statale 14, Km. 163.5 in AREA Science Park, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
- Department of Physics, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa
| | - Claudio Fontanesi
- Department of Engineering "Enzo Ferrari," (DIEF), University of Modena, Via Vivarelli 10, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Narcis Avarvari
- University of Angers, CNRS, MOLTECH-Anjou, SFR MATRIX, F-49000 Angers, France
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Fu W, Tan L, Wang PP. Chiral Inorganic Nanomaterials for Photo(electro)catalytic Conversion. ACS NANO 2023; 17:16326-16347. [PMID: 37540624 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c04337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Chiral inorganic nanomaterials due to their unique asymmetric nanostructures have gradually demonstrated intriguing chirality-dependent performance in photo(electro)catalytic conversion, such as water splitting. However, understanding the correlation between chiral inorganic characteristics and the photo(electro)catalytic process remains challenging. In this perspective, we first highlight the chirality source of inorganic nanomaterials and briefly introduce photo(electro)catalysis systems. Then, we delve into an in-depth discussion of chiral effects exerted by chiral nanostructures and their photo-electrochemistry properties, while emphasizing the emerging chiral inorganic nanomaterials for photo(electro)catalytic conversion. Finally, the challenges and opportunities of chiral inorganic nanomaterials for photo(electro)catalytic conversion are prospected. This perspective provides a comprehensive overview of chiral inorganic nanomaterials and their potential in photo(electro)catalytic conversion, which is beneficial for further research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Tan
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng-Peng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
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Roy G, Gupta R, Ranjan Sahoo S, Saha S, Asthana D, Chandra Mondal P. Ferrocene as an iconic redox marker: From solution chemistry to molecular electronic devices. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Salinas G, Niamlaem M, Kuhn A, Arnaboldi S. Recent Advances in Electrochemical Transduction of Chiral Information. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2022.101626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
Electrodeposition under magnetic fields (magnetoelectrodeposition; MED) can induce surface chirality on copper films. The chiral signs of MED films should depend on the magnetic field polarity; namely, the reversal of the magnetic field causes the opposite chiral sign. This represents odd chirality for the magnetic field polarity. However, odd chirality was broken in several MED conditions. This paper makes a survey of breaking of odd chirality in the MED conditions such as low magnetic fields, specific adsorption of chloride ions, micro-electrode, and cell rotation. These results indicate that the ordered fluctuation of magnetohydrodynamic micro-vortices induces the breaking of odd chirality and that the random fluctuation results in the disappearance of surface chirality.
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Modulating the electrochemical capacitance of NiFe2O4 by an external magnetic field for energy storage application. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Breaking of Odd Chirality in Magnetoelectrodeposition of Copper Films on Micro-Electrodes. MAGNETOCHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/magnetochemistry7110142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The surface chirality was investigated in magnetoelectrodeposition (MED) of copper films on micro-disc electrodes with the diameters of 100 and 25 µm. The MED was conducted in the magnetic fields of 1–5 T, which were parallel or antiparallel to the ionic currents. In the case of 100 µm-electrodes, the MED films prepared in 2 and 3 T exhibited odd chirality for the magnetic field polarity, as expected in the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) vortex model. However, the films prepared in the higher fields of 4 and 5 T exhibited breaking of odd chirality. In the case of the 25 µm-electrode, the broken odd chirality was observed in 2 and 3 T. These results indicate that the strong vertical MHD flows induce the breaking of odd chirality. The mapping of chiral symmetry on the axes of the magnetic field and electrode diameter demonstrate that the odd chirality could be easily broken by the fluctuation of micro-MHD vortices.
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Fluctuation Effects of Magnetohydrodynamic Micro-Vortices on Odd Chirality in Magnetoelectrolysis. MAGNETOCHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/magnetochemistry6030043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The magnetic field dependence of chiral surface formation was investigated in magnetoelectrodeposition (MED) and magnetoelectrochemical etching (MEE) of copper films. The MED and MEE was conducted in magnetic fields of up to 5 T, which were parallel or antiparallel to the ionic currents. The MED films prepared in high magnetic fields of 5 and 3 T exhibited odd chirality for magnetic field polarity, as expected on the basis of the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) vortex model. However, the films prepared in the lower fields of 2.5 and 2 T exhibited breaking of odd chirality. Similar magnetic field dependence was observed in the surface chirality of MEE films. These results imply that the fluctuation in the self-organized state of micro-MHD vortices is responsible for the breaking of odd chirality.
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Vacek J, Zadny J, Storch J, Hrbac J. Chiral Electrochemistry: Anodic Deposition of Enantiopure Helical Molecules. Chempluschem 2020; 85:1954-1958. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Vacek
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry Palacky University Hnevotinska 3 77515 Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Zadny
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals Czech Academy of Sciences Rozvojova 135 16502 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Jan Storch
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals Czech Academy of Sciences Rozvojova 135 16502 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Jan Hrbac
- Institute of Chemistry Masaryk University Kamenice 5 72500 Brno Czech Republic
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Tufa LT, Jeong KJ, Tran VT, Lee J. Magnetic-Field-Induced Electrochemical Performance of a Porous Magnetoplasmonic Ag@Fe 3O 4 Nanoassembly. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:6598-6606. [PMID: 31922383 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b18639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The Lorentz or Kelvin force generated by an externally applied magnetic field may introduce additional convection of the electrolyte near the working electrode and consequently produces magnetocurrent (MC), which can be attributed to the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow and an extra electrochemical reaction. A magnetoplasmonic (MagPlas) composite of metallic and superparamagnetic nanoparticles (NPs) with a permanent dipole or magnetic moment have additional degree or order, which corresponds to directional correlation to electric and magnetic dipoles. In particular, an ordered self-assembly may boost up the MHD flow on a collectively reactive surface, leading to remarkable electrochemical performance. In this article, a proof-of-concept work explores the effect of the magnetic field on the electrocatalytic activity of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) as well as [Fe(CN)6]3-/4- redox probes using a precisely controlled three-dimensional (3D) nanostructure of a silver core and a porous magnetic shell (Ag@Fe3O4) assembly. Then, the reduction current was carefully monitored in the presence of a magnetic field (B, up to 380 mT), resulting in an extraordinary increment of reduction current (IR) of [Fe(CN)6]3- by 23% and a 1.13-fold high ORR efficiency owing to the additional magnetic field (Bin) from the 3D magnetoplasmonic nanoassembly. The computational simulation explained the plausible mechanism of current enhancement from the MagPlas nanoassembly. From our experimental and computational studies, it is probable that the 3D MagPlas nanoassembly is a unique and efficient catalyst under a low external magnetic field, which would be useful for further biomedical and energy-related applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lemma Teshome Tufa
- Department of Chemistry , Chungnam National University , Daejeon 34134 , Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry , Adama Science and Technology University , P.O. Box 1888, Adama , Ethiopia
| | - Ki-Jae Jeong
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering , Pusan National University , Busan 46241 , Republic of Korea
| | - Van Tan Tran
- Department of Chemistry , Chungnam National University , Daejeon 34134 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jaebeom Lee
- Department of Chemistry , Chungnam National University , Daejeon 34134 , Republic of Korea
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Abstract
Chiral surface formation was investigated in rotational magnetoelectrodeposition (RMED) of copper films, where an electrochemical cell was rotated in magnetic fields. The RMED was conducted with clockwise or anticlockwise rotation in the magnetic fields parallel or antiparallel to the ionic currents. The rotational frequencies were 0.5–6 Hz, and the magnetic fields were 2–5 T. The chiral behaviors are divided into four types: type I has chirality depending on the magnetic field polarity, type II has chirality depending on the rotational direction, and type III has chirality depending on both directions. Type IV represents chiral symmetry breaking, where the RMED films exhibit only L activity in any magnetic field polarity and rotational direction.
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