Seaweeds as Preventive Agents for Cardiovascular Diseases: From Nutrients to Functional Foods

Exploring the Hypocholesterolemic Potential of a Fucus vesiculosus Extract: Omic Insights into Molecular Mechanisms at the Intestinal Level

High blood cholesterol levels are a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. A purified aqueous extract of Fucus vesiculosus, rich in phlorotannins and peptides, has been described for its potential to inhibit cholesterol biosynthesis and intestinal absorption. In this work, the effect of this extract on intestinal cells' metabolites and proteins was analysed to gain a deeper understanding of its mode of action on lipids' metabolism, particularly concerning the absorption and transport of exogenous cholesterol. Caco-2 cells, differentiated into enterocytes, were exposed to the extract, and analysed by untargeted metabolomics and proteomics. The results of the metabolomic analysis showed statistically significant differences in glutathione content of cells exposed to the extract compared to control cells, along with an increased expression of fatty acid amides in exposed cells. A proteomic analysis showed an increased expression in cells exposed to the extract compared to control cells of FAB1 and NPC1, proteins known to be involved in lipid metabolism and transport. To the extent of our knowledge, this study is the first use of untargeted metabolomics and a proteomic analysis to investigate the effects of F. vesiculosus on differentiated Caco-2 cells, offering insights into the molecular mechanism of the extract's compounds on intestinal cells.

Seaweeds as Nutraceutical Elements and Drugs for Diabetes Mellitus: Future Perspectives

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic condition marked by high blood glucose levels caused by inadequate insulin synthesis or poor insulin use. This condition affects millions of individuals worldwide and is linked to a variety of consequences, including cardiovascular disease, neuropathy, nephropathy, and retinopathy. Diabetes therapy now focuses on controlling blood glucose levels through lifestyle changes, oral medicines, and insulin injections. However, these therapies have limits and may not successfully prevent or treat diabetic problems. Several marine-derived chemicals have previously demonstrated promising findings as possible antidiabetic medicines in preclinical investigations. Peptides, polyphenols, and polysaccharides extracted from seaweeds, sponges, and other marine species are among them. As a result, marine natural products have the potential to be a rich source of innovative multitargeted medications for diabetes prevention and treatment, as well as associated complications. Future research should focus on the chemical variety of marine creatures as well as the mechanisms of action of marine-derived chemicals in order to find new antidiabetic medicines and maximize their therapeutic potential. Based on preclinical investigations, this review focuses on the next step for seaweed applications as potential multitargeted medicines for diabetes, highlighting the bioactivities of seaweeds in the prevention and treatment of this illness.

Study on the preparation and enzyme inhibitory activity of polyphenols from Sargassum pallidum

This study aimed to obtain a high yield and purity of Sargassum pallidum polyphenol extracts (SPPE) and study its enzyme activity. Fresh Sargassum pallidum seaweed was selected for optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) conditions and purification conditions using macroporous resin and Sephadex LH20 to obtain SPPE. The SPPE was characterized using UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS and α-amylase, α-glucosidase, tyrosinase, and AchE inhibitory activity were determined. The maximum extraction rate of SPPE was 7.56 mg GAE/g and the polyphenol purity reached 70.5% after macroporous resin and Sephadex LH-20 purification. A total of 50 compounds were identified by UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS. The IC50 values of SPPE were 334.9 μg/mL, 6.290 μg /mL, 0.834 mg /mL and 0.6538 mg /mL for α-amylase, α-glucosidase, tyrosinase and AchE, respectively. Molecular docking technology further revealed the effects of SPPE on the above enzymes. This study provided information on the potential hypoglycemic, whitening and anti-Alzheimer's disease biological activities of SPPE, which had guiding significance for the purification and development of other seaweed polyphenols.

Ulva fasciata, a green alga, attenuates the kidney and liver dysfunctions in rats induced by acetaminophen

Acetaminophen (AAP) is an analgesic-antipyretic drug which is considered safe at recommended dose, but its overuse may induce renal and hepatic injuries. Marine macro algae have great potential against drug-induced renal and hepatic dysfunctions. The present study described the reno-protective and hepato-protective effects of the ethanol extract of an edible green alga Ulva fasciata and its fractions (n-hexane, chloroform and methanol) against AAP toxicity. In the 1st set of experiment, rats were divided into five groups. Of which two were treatment groups beside three controls, the first treatment group was given ethanol extract of U. fasciata alone and the second group was given the same extract with AAP. In the 2nd set of experiment, rats were divided into nine groups, of which three treatment groups administered n-hexane, chloroform and methanol fractions of ethanol extract of U. fasciata respectively while other three treatment groups received the same fractions individually with AAP. On the 11th day, rats were decapitated after 12 h of fasting from both sets, blood samples were collected for assessment of biochemical parameters and kidney tissues were used for determination of oxidants and antioxidants. Histopathological assessment was also done in kidney tissues. A single dose of AAP (600 mg/kg) affected kidney markers including creatinine, urea and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and hepatic enzymes. Ethanolic extract of U. fasciata normalized kidney and liver markers in AAP intoxicated rats. AAP also reduced glutathione (GSH) in kidney tissues and altered kidney architecture, which were improved by ethanolic extract and chloroform soluble fraction of U. fasciata. A total of 14 polyunsaturated fatty acids were identified from chloroform soluble fraction of U. fasciata by GC-MS and assumed these may be involved in protective activities of U. fasciata.

Bioactive molecules from terrestrial and seafood resources in hypertension treatment: focus on molecular mechanisms and targeted therapies

Hypertension (HTN), a complex cardiovascular disease (CVD), significantly impacts global health, prompting a growing interest in complementary and alternative therapeutic approaches. This review article seeks to provide an up-to-date and thorough summary of modern therapeutic techniques for treating HTN, with an emphasis on the molecular mechanisms of action found in substances found in plants, herbs, and seafood. Bioactive molecules have been a significant source of novel therapeutics and are crucial in developing and testing new HTN remedies. Recent advances in science have made it possible to understand the complex molecular mechanisms underlying blood pressure (BP)-regulating effects of these natural substances better. Polyphenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, and peptides are examples of bioactive compounds that have demonstrated promise in influencing several pathways involved in regulating vascular tone, reducing oxidative stress (OS), reducing inflammation, and improving endothelial function. The article explains the vasodilatory, diuretic, and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) modifying properties of vital plants such as garlic and olive leaf. Phytochemicals from plants are the primary in traditional drug development as models for novel antihypertensive drugs, providing diverse strategies to combat HTN due to their biological actions. The review also discusses the functions of calcium channel blockers originating from natural sources, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, and nitric oxide (NO) donors. Including seafood components in this study demonstrates the increased interest in using bioactive chemicals originating from marine sources to treat HTN. Omega-3 fatty acids, peptides, and minerals obtained from seafood sources have anti-inflammatory, vasodilatory, and antioxidant properties that improve vascular health and control BP. Overall, we discussed the multiple functions of bioactive molecules and seafood components in the treatment of HTN.

Durvillaea antarctica: A Seaweed for Enhancing Immune and Cardiometabolic Health and Gut Microbiota Composition Modulation

Durvillaea antarctica is the seaweed that is the most consumed by the Chilean population. It is recognized worldwide for its high nutritional value in protein, vitamins, minerals, and dietary fiber. This is a narrative review in which an extensive search of the literature was performed to establish the immunomodulator, cardiometabolic, and gut microbiota composition modulation effect of Durvillaea antarctica. Several studies have shown the potential of Durvillaea antarctica to function as prebiotics and to positively modulate the gut microbiota, which is related to anti-obesity, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, lipid-lowering, and hypoglycemic effects. The quantity of Bacteroides was negatively correlated with that of inflammatory monocytes and positively correlated with the levels of several gut metabolites. Seaweed-derived polysaccharides modulate the quantity and diversity of beneficial intestinal microbiota, decreasing phenol and p-cresol, which are related to intestinal diseases and the loss of intestinal function. Additionally, a beneficial metabolic effect related to this seaweed was observed, mainly promoting the decrease in the glycemic levels, lower cholesterol levels and cardiovascular risk. Consuming Durvillaea antarctica has a positive impact on the immune system, and its bioactive compounds provide beneficial effects on glycemic control and other metabolic parameters.

The Impact of Resveratrol-Enriched Bread on Cardiac Remodeling in a Preclinical Model of Diabetes

The World Health Organization aims to stop the rise of diabetes by 2025, and diet is one of the most efficient non-pharmacological strategies used to prevent it. Resveratrol (RSV) is a natural compound with anti-diabetic properties, and incorporating it into bread is a suitable way to make it more accessible to consumers as it can be included as part of their daily diet. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of RSV-enriched bread in preventing early type 2 diabetes cardiomyopathy in vivo. Male Sprague Dawley rats (3 weeks old) were divided into four groups: controls with plain bread (CB) and RSV bread (CBR), and diabetics with plain bread (DB) and RSV bread (DBR). Type 2 diabetes was induced by adding fructose to the drinking water for two weeks followed by an injection of streptozotocin (STZ) (40 mg/kg). Then, plain bread and RSV bread (10 mg RSV/kg body weight) were included in the rats' diet for four weeks. Cardiac function, anthropometric, and systemic biochemical parameters were monitored, as well as the histology of the heart and molecular markers of regeneration, metabolism, and oxidative stress. Data showed that an RSV bread diet decreased the polydipsia and body weight loss observed in the early stages of the disease. At the cardiac level, an RSV bread diet diminished fibrosis but did not counteract the dysfunction and metabolic changes seen in fructose-fed STZ-injected rats.

Brown algae and their multiple applications as functional ingredient in food production

Brown algae are considered one of the resources that can contribute to transforming our global food system by promoting healthier diets and reducing environmental impact. In this sense, this review article aims to provide up-to-date information on the nutritional and functional improvement of brown algae when they are applied to different food matrices. Brown algae present sulfated polysaccharides (alginates, fucoidans, and laminarins), proteins, minerals, vitamins, dietary fibers, fatty acids, pigments, and bioactive compounds that can positively contribute to the development of highly nutritious food products, as well as used reformulate products already existing, to remove, reduce, increase, add and/or replace different components and obtain products that confer health-promoting properties. This review demonstrates that there is a tendency to use seaweed for the production of functional foods and that the number of commercially produced products from seaweed is increasing, that is, seaweed is a sector whose global market is expanding.

How Do Brown Seaweeds Work on Biomarkers of Dyslipidemia? A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression

Dyslipidemia is a common chronic disease that increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. Diet plays an important role in the development of dyslipidemia. As people pay increased attention to healthy eating habits, brown seaweed consumption is increasing, particularly in East Asian countries. The association between dyslipidemia and brown seaweed consumption has been previously demonstrated. We searched for keywords associated with brown seaweed and dyslipidemia in electronic databases such as PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane. Heterogeneity was estimated using the I2 statistic. The 95% confidence interval (CI) of the forest plot and heterogeneity were confirmed using meta-ANOVA and meta-regression. Funnel plots and publication bias statistical tests were used to determine publication bias. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. In this meta-analysis, we found that brown seaweed intake significantly decreased the levels of total cholesterol (mean difference (MD): −3.001; 95% CI: −5.770, −0.232) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (MD: −6.519; 95% CI: −12.884, −0.154); nevertheless, the statistically significant association of brown seaweed intake with high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and triglycerides were not observed in our study (MD: 0.889; 95% CI: −0.558, 2.335 and MD: 8.515; 95% CI: −19.354, 36.383). Our study demonstrated that brown seaweed and its extracts decreased total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol levels. The use of brown seaweeds may be a promising strategy to reduce the risk of dyslipidemia. Future studies involving a larger population are warranted to investigate the dose–response association of brown seaweed consumption with dyslipidemia.

Marine-Derived Compounds Applied in Cardiovascular Diseases: Submerged Medicinal Industry

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are among the most impactful illnesses globally. Currently, the available therapeutic option has several side effects, including hypotension, bradycardia, arrhythmia, and alteration in different ion concentrations. Recently, bioactive compounds from natural sources, including plants, microorganisms, and marine creatures, have gained a lot of interest. Marine sources serve as reservoirs for new bioactive metabolites with various pharmacological activities. The marine-derived compound such as omega-3 acid ethyl esters, xyloketal B, asperlin, and saringosterol showed promising results in several CVDs. The present review focuses on marine-derived compounds' cardioprotective potential for hypertension, ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction, and atherosclerosis. In addition to therapeutic alternatives, the current use of marine-derived components, the future trajectory, and restrictions are also reviewed.

Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Activity of Algae

Currently, algae arouse a growing interest in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic area due to the fact that they have a great diversity of bioactive compounds with the potential for pharmacological and nutraceutical applications. Due to lifestyle modifications brought on by rapid urbanization, diabetes mellitus, a metabolic illness, is the third largest cause of death globally. The hunt for an efficient natural-based antidiabetic therapy is crucial to battling diabetes and the associated consequences due to the unfavorable side effects of currently available antidiabetic medications. Finding the possible advantages of algae for the control of diabetes is crucial for the creation of natural drugs. Many of algae's metabolic processes produce bioactive secondary metabolites, which give algae their diverse chemical and biological features. Numerous studies have demonstrated the antioxidant and antidiabetic benefits of algae, mostly by blocking carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzyme activity, such as α-amylase and α-glucosidase. Additionally, bioactive components from algae can lessen diabetic symptoms in vivo. Therefore, the current review concentrates on the role of various secondary bioactive substances found naturally in algae and their potential as antioxidants and antidiabetic materials, as well as the urgent need to apply these substances in the pharmaceutical industry.

Design and Characterization of a Cheese Spread Incorporating Osmundea pinnatifida Extract

Marine algae have been emerging as natural sources of bioactive compounds, such as soluble dietary fibers and peptides, presenting special interest as ingredients for functional foods. This study developed a cheese spread incorporating red seaweed Osmundea pinnatifida extract and subsequently characterized it in terms of nutritional, pH, and microbiological parameters and bioactivities including prebiotic, antidiabetic, antihypertensive, and antioxidant activities. This food was produced through incorporation of O. pinnatifida extract (3%), obtained via enzymatic extraction Viscozyme L in a matrix containing whey cheese (75%) and Greek-type yoghurt (22%). The product was then subjected to thermal processing and subsequently stored for 21 days at 4 °C. During storage, this food showed a high pH stability (variations lower than 0.2 units), the absence of microbial contamination and all tested bioactivities at the sampling timepoints 0 and 21 days. Indeed, it exerted prebiotic effects under Lactobacillus acidophilus LA-5^® and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12^®, increasing their viability to around 4 and 0.5 log CFU/g, respectively. In addition, it displayed antidiabetic (α-glucosidase inhibition: 5-9%), antihypertensive (ACE inhibition: 50-57%), and antioxidant (ABTS: 13-15%; DPPH: 3-5%; hydroxyl radical: 60-76%) activities. In summary, the cheese spread produced may be considered an innovative food with high potential to contribute toward healthier status and well-being of populations.

Production and Characterization of Durvillaea antarctica Enzyme Extract for Antioxidant and Anti-Metabolic Syndrome Effects

In this study, three enzyme hydrolysate termed Dur-A, Dur-B, and Dur-C, were produced from Durvillaea antarctica biomass using viscozyme, cellulase, and α-amylase, respectively. Dur-A, Dur-B, and Dur-C, exhibited fucose-containing sulfated polysaccharide from chemical composition determination and characterization by FTIR analyses. In addition, Dur-A, Dur-B, and Dur-C, had high extraction yields and low molecular weights. All extracts determined to have antioxidant activities by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), ABTS (2,20-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt), and ferrous ion-chelating methods. All extracts were also able to positively suppress the activities of key enzymes involved in metabolic syndrome: angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE), α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and pancreatic lipase. In general, Dur-B exhibited higher antioxidant and higher anti-metabolic syndrome effects as compared to the other two extracts. Based on the above health promoting properties, these extracts (especially Dur-B) can be used as potential natural antioxidants and natural anti-metabolic syndrome agents in a variety of food, cosmetic, and nutraceutical products for health applications.

"Planeterranea": An attempt to broaden the beneficial effects of the Mediterranean diet worldwide

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) lead to a dramatic burden on morbidity and mortality worldwide. Diet is a modifiable risk factor for NCDs, with Mediterranean Diet (MD) being one of the most effective dietary strategies to reduce diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. Nevertheless, MD transferability to non-Mediterranean is challenging and requires a shared path between the scientific community and stakeholders. Therefore, the UNESCO Chair on Health Education and Sustainable Development is fostering a research project-"Planeterranea"-aiming to identify a healthy dietary pattern based on food products available in the different areas of the world with the nutritional properties of MD. This review aimed to collect information about eating habits and native crops in 5 macro-areas (North America, Latin America, Africa, Asia, and Australia). The information was used to develop specific "nutritional pyramids" based on the foods available in the macro-areas presenting the same nutritional properties and health benefits of MD.

Nutrient-Derived Beneficial for Blood Pressure Dietary Pattern Associated with Hypertension Prevention and Control: Based on China Nutrition and Health Surveillance 2015–2017

Background: Greater adherence of Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension (DASH) or the Mediterranean dietary pattern were reported to be beneficial for blood pressure. However, both were established based on Western populations. Our current study aimed to explore a dietary pattern which might be suitable for hypertension prevention and control among Chinese adults nationwide. Methods: A total of 61,747 Chinese adults aged over 18 years from China Nutrition and Health Surveillance 2015–2017 was included in this study. Using reduced-rank regression (RRR) method, a dietary pattern with higher intakes of those nutrients which are inversely associated with the risk of hypertension was identified. DASH-score was also calculated for each participant for further validate the dietary pattern derived by RRR method. Multi-adjustment logistic regression was applied to examine the association between above two dietary patterns and hypertension prevention and control. Results: Dietary pattern named Beneficial for Blood Pressure (BBP) diet was characterized by higher fresh vegetables and fruits, mushrooms/edible fungi, dairy products, seaweeds, fresh eggs, nuts and seeds, legumes and related products, aquatic products, coarse cereals, and less refined grains and alcohol consumption. After multiple adjustment, protective effects showed on both hypertension prevention and control (for prevention: Q5 vs. Q1, OR = 0.842, 95% CI = 0.791–0.896; for control: Q5 vs. Q1, OR = 0.762, 95% CI = 0.629–0.924). For the DASH-diet, significant results were also observed (for prevention: Q5 vs. Q1, OR = 0.912, 95% CI = 0.854–0.973; for control: Q5 vs. Q1, OR = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.616–0.938). Conclusions: BBP-diet derived from Chinese adults has high conformity with the DASH-diet, and it might serve as an adjuvant method for both hypertension prevention and control.

"Planeterranean" Diet: extending worldwide the health benefits of Mediterranean Diet based on nutritional properties of locally available foods

In 2010, November 16th, the Mediterranean diet was given the recognition of UNESCO as an "Intangible Heritage of Humanity" as this dietary pattern is rooted in the preservation of tradition, land, and biodiversity. In addition, mounting evidence supported the pivotal role of the Mediterranean diet in the prevention of non-communicable diseases. Nevertheless, the application of this dietary pattern in non-Mediterranean countries is still challenging. "Planeterranean" is an attempt of the UNESCO Chair of "Health Education and Sustainable Development" to prompt each country to rediscover its own heritage and develop healthier dietary patterns based on traditional and local foods.

Asparagopsis Genus: What We Really Know About Its Biological Activities and Chemical Composition

Although the genus Asparagopsis includes only two taxonomically accepted species, the published literature is unanimous about the invasive nature of this genus in different regions of the globe, and about the availability of large amounts of biomass for which it is important to find a commercial application. This review shows that extracts from Asparagospsis species have already been evaluated for antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antifouling, cytotoxic, antimethanogenic and enzyme-inhibitory activity. However, the tables presented herein show, with few exceptions, that the activity level displayed is generally low when compared with positive controls. Studies involving pure compounds being identified in Asparagopsis species are rare. The chemical compositions of most of the evaluated extracts are unknown. At best, the families of the compounds present are suggested. This review also shows that the volatile halogenated compounds, fatty acids and sterols that are biosynthesized by the Asparagopsis species are relatively well known. Many other non-volatile metabolites (halogen compounds, flavonoids, other phenolic compounds) seem to be produced by these species, but their chemical structures and properties haven'been investigated. This shows how much remains to be investigated regarding the secondary-metabolite composition of these species, suggesting further studies following more targeted methodologies.

Seaweed Exhibits Therapeutic Properties against Chronic Diseases: An Overview

Seaweeds or marine macroalgae are known for producing potentially bioactive substances that exhibit a wide range of nutritional, therapeutic, and nutraceutical properties. These compounds can be applied to treat chronic diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, neurodegenerative diseases, and diabetes mellitus. Several studies have shown that consumption of seaweeds in Asian countries, such as Japan and Korea, has been correlated with a lower incidence of chronic diseases. In this study, we conducted a review of published papers on seaweed consumption and chronic diseases. We used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) method for this study. We identified and screened research articles published between 2000 and 2021. We used PubMed and ScienceDirect databases and identified 107 articles. This systematic review discusses the potential use of bioactive compounds of seaweed to treat chronic diseases and identifies gaps where further research in this field is needed. In this review, the therapeutic and nutraceutical properties of seaweed for the treatment of chronic diseases such as neurodegenerative diseases, obesity, diabetes, cancer, liver disease, cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, and arthritis were discussed. We concluded that further study on the identification of bioactive compounds of seaweed, and further study at a clinical level, are needed.

In-silico study of seaweed secondary metabolites as AXL kinase inhibitors

AXL kinase is an attractive cancer target for drug design and it is involved in different cancers. A set of molecule databases with 1072 secondary metabolites from seaweeds were screened against the AXL kinase active site and eight molecules were shortlisted for further studies. From the docking analysis of the complexes, four molecules GA011, BE005, BC010, and BC005 are showing prominent binging. From the 100 ns of molecular dynamics simulations and ligand-bound complex MM-PBSA free energy analysis, two molecules BC010 (ΔG = −135.38 kJ/mol) and BE005 (ΔG = −141.72 kJ/mol) are showing molecule stability in the active site also showing very strong binding free energies. It suggests these molecules could be the potent molecules for AXL kinase.

Seaweed Intake and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: The Circulatory Risk in Communities Study (CIRCS)

AIM

Seaweed contains soluble dietary fibers, potassium, and flavonoids and was recently reported to be inversely associated with the risk of coronary heart disease and mortality from stroke. However, epidemiological evidence on this issue has remained scarce.

METHODS

At the baseline survey of four Japanese communities between 1984 and 2000, we enrolled 6,169 men and women aged 40-79 years who had no history of cardiovascular disease. We assessed their seaweed intake using the data from a 24 h dietary recall survey and categorized the intake into four groups (0, 1-5.5, 5.5-15, and ≥ 15 g/day). We used sex-specific Cox proportional hazards models to examine the association between seaweed intake and risk of cardiovascular disease (stroke, stroke subtypes, and coronary heart disease).

RESULTS

During the 130,248 person-year follow-up, 523 cases of cardiovascular disease occurred: 369 cases of stroke and 154 cases of coronary heart disease. Seaweed intake levels were inversely associated with the risk of total stroke and cerebral infarction among men but not among women. Adjustment for cardiovascular risk factors did not change the associations: the hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals; P for trend) for the highest versus lowest categories of seaweed intake were 0.63 (0.42-0.94; 0.01) for total stroke and 0.59 (0.36-0.97; 0.03) for cerebral infarction. No associations were observed between seaweed intake and risks of intraparenchymal hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage, or coronary heart disease among men or women.

CONCLUSIONS

We found an inverse association between seaweed intake and risk of total stroke, especially that from cerebral infarction, among Japanese men.

Do Consumers Want Seaweed in Their Food? A Study Evaluating Emotional Responses to Foods Containing Seaweed

Seaweeds are nutrient-dense marine organisms that have been proposed as a key ingredient to produce new functional foods. This study's first objective was to identify consumers' emotional responses and purchase intent towards a variety of food products containing seaweed. The secondary objective was to evaluate how hunger status and lifestyle affect consumers' emotional responses. Participants (n = 108) were asked to evaluate pictures of different food items containing seaweed (beef burger, cheddar cheese, fettuccine, fish filet, sausage, bread, yogurt, and dried seaweed) using the CATA variant of EsSense25 Profile® and a purchase-intent scale. The consumers also answered questions about their hunger status, food neophobia, food-related lifestyle, as well as open-ended comment questions about seaweed. Participants' purchase-intent scores were highest for bread and dried seaweed, which they associated with positive emotions. The participants disliked yogurt and sausage, indicating that they were disgusted with them. Participants believed seaweed could be added to fish, savoury, and cereal grains-based foods. The participants' hunger status as well as their food neophobia and lifestyle impacted their emotional responses. Future research should continue to investigate how emotions affect purchase intent, how participant's hunger status affects their emotions, and how participants' lifestyle changes how they perceive new food products.

Effects of Sargassum horneri and Ulva australis Extracts on Body Weight and Serum Glucose Levels of Sprague-Dawley Rats

This study investigated the safety and functionality of a functional additive for humans and animals from Sargassum horneri (SH) and Ulva australis (UA) waste for recycling marine refuse generated in large quantities in Jeju. Sprague-Dawley rats were orally administered functional additives at 2,000 mg/kg to assess 14-day repeated dose toxicity of the two extracts. For female rats, weight gain after administration of SH was 66.2±18.8% vs. controls. Male rats administered UA showed weight gain of 92.3±8.0% vs. controls. SH and UA significantly decreased serum glucose levels in male rats compared with controls (79.8±11.10% and 76.1±9.67%, respectively). Similarly, significant decrease in serum glucose levels were shown for female rats after administration of SH and UA (79.2±1.58% and 82.8±3.21%, respectively). Furthermore, rats showed significant differences vs. controls in several serological parameters after receiving extracts, however results remained within the normal range. Thus, the SH and UA extracts were considered safe substances that may be used as functional additives to help reduce body weight and serum glucose.

Seaweeds and Their Natural Products for Preventing Cardiovascular Associated Dysfunction

Cardiovascular disease (CVD), which involves the onset and exacerbation of various conditions including dyslipidemia, activation of the renin-angiotensin system, vascular endothelial cell damage, and oxidative stress, is a leading cause of high mortality rates and accounts for one-third of deaths worldwide. Accordingly, as dietary changes in daily life are thought to greatly reduce the prevalence of CVD, numerous studies have been conducted to examine the potential use of foods and their bioactive components for preventing and treating CVD. In particular, seaweeds contain unique bioactive metabolites that are not found in terrestrial plants because of the harsh environment in which they survive, leading to in vitro and in vivo studies of their prevention and treatment effects. This review summarizes studies that focused on the beneficial effects of seaweeds and their natural products targeting markers involved in a cascade of mechanisms related to CVD pathogenesis. The purpose of this review is to describe the potential of seaweeds and their natural products for preventing and treating CVD based on in vivo and in vitro studies. This review provides a basis for future research in the field of marine drugs.

Efficacy of Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents for Extraction of Hydrophilic and Lipophilic Compounds from Fucus vesiculosus

The impact of the composition of natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) and extraction conditions on the simultaneous extraction of hydrophilic ascorbic acid (AA), phlorotannins (TPhC), and lipophilic fucoxanthin (FX) from Fucus vesiculosus was investigated for the first time. In biological tests, the NADES extracts showed the promising ability to scavenge DPPH radicals. A positive correlation was observed between DPPH scavenging activity and AA, TPhC, and FX contents. We calculate the synergistic effect of antioxidants extracted by NADES from F. vesiculosus based on the mixture effect (ME). The addition of 30% water to the NADES and the prolongation of sonication time from 20 min up to 60 min were favorable for the ME. The ME for extracts with the NADES was increased by two folds (ME > 2). In contrast, conventional extraction by maceration with steering at 60 °C does not lead to the synergistic effect (ME = 1). It is notable that the NADES provides high stability and preserves the antioxidant activity of the extracts from F. vesiculosus during storage.

Tropical foods as functional foods for metabolic syndrome

Tropical foods are an integral part of the traditional diet and form part of traditional medicine in many countries. This review examines the potential of tropical foods to treat signs of metabolic syndrome, defined as a chronic low-grade inflammation leading to obesity, hypertension, impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia and fatty liver. It is a major risk factor for cardiovascular and metabolic disease as well as osteoarthritis and some cancers. Tropical foods such as seaweeds and tropical fruits including indigenous fruits such as Davidson's plums are effective in reducing these signs of metabolic syndrome in rats, as well as reducing degeneration of bone cartilage and altering gut microbiome. Further, waste products from tropical fruits including mangosteen rind, coffee pulp and spent coffee grounds provide further options to reduce metabolic syndrome. Production of local tropical foods and local recovery of food waste from these foods could allow the development of commercial, sustainable and cost-effective functional foods in tropical countries. The aim is to develop these functional foods to reduce the incidence of metabolic syndrome and decrease the risk of costly chronic cardiovascular and metabolic disorders locally and globally.

Innovative Ultrasound-Assisted Approaches towards Reduction of Heavy Metals and Iodine in Macroalgal Biomass

The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of ultrasound (US), alone or in combination with mild heating and/or EDTA towards reduction of As, Cd, I, and Hg content of Laminaria hyperborea. Concentrations of As, Cd, I, and Hg of 56.29, 0.596, 7340, and <0.01 mg kg⁻¹ of dry weight, respectively, were found in L. hyperborea blades. Treatment with US at 50 °C increased approx. 2-fold the amount of As released, although did not affect significantly the content of Cd or I, as compared to control (no US) samples. Reducing the temperature to 8 °C significantly decreased the effect of US, but heating at 80 °C did not cause a significant effect as compared to treatments at 50 °C. On the other hand, treatment with 0.1 N EDTA at 50 °C enhanced the percentage of Cd released by approximately 7-fold, regardless of sonication. In the present work, the combination of US and EDTA at 50 °C for 5 min led to a significant reduction of the As (32%), Cd (52%) and I (31%) content in L. hyperborea, thus improving the product’s safety for consumers.

Functional foods and bioactive ingredients harnessed from the ocean: current status and future perspectives

With an increase in life expectancy and decrease of quality-of-life couple with the high prevalence of diseases, diet is expected to play a key function in sustaining human health. Nutritionists, food technologists and medical experts are working in synergy to cater for the increasing demand of food with associated therapeutic benefits, commonly known as functional food, that may improve well-being and reduce the risk of diseases. Interestingly, the marine ecosystem, due to its abundant and phenomenal biodiversity of marine organisms, constitutes a vital source of a panoply of healthy foods supply for the thriving functional food industry. Marine organisms such as seaweeds, sea cucumbers, sponges, and mollusks amongst others are sources of thousands of biologically active metabolites with antioxidant, anti-parasitic, antiviral, anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties. Given the growing number of research and interest to probe into the therapeutic roles of marine products, this review was designed to provide a comprehensive summary of the therapeutic properties of marine organisms (macroalgae, sea cucumbers and fish among others) which are consumed worldwide, in addition to their potentials and as sources of functional ingredients for developing novel food and fostering wellness. The gap between research development and actual commercialization, and future prospects of marine-based products also summarized to some extent.

The Edible Brown Seaweed Sargassum horneri (Turner) C. Agardh Ameliorates High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity, Diabetes, and Hepatic Steatosis in Mice

Sargassum horneri (Turner) C. Agardh (S. horneri) is edible brown seaweed that grows along the coast of East Asia and has been traditionally used as a folk medicine and a local food. In this study, we evaluated the effects of S. horneri on the development of obesity and related metabolic disorders in C57BL/6J mice fed a high-fat diet. S. horneri was freeze-dried, fine-powdered, and mixed with a high-fat diet at a weight ratio of 2% or 6%. Feeding a high-fat diet to mice for 13 weeks induced obesity, diabetes, hepatic steatosis, and hypercholesterolemia. Supplementation of mice with S. horneri suppressed high-fat diet-induced body weight gain and the accumulation of fat in adipose tissue and liver, and the elevation of the serum glucose level. In addition, S. horneri improved insulin resistance. An analysis of the feces showed that S. horneri stimulated the fecal excretion of triglyceride, as well as increased the fecal polysaccharide content. Furthermore, extracts of S. horneri inhibited the activity of pancreatic lipase in vitro. These results showed that S. horneri can ameliorate diet-induced metabolic diseases, and the effect may be partly associated with the suppression of intestinal fat absorption.

Freshness Quality and Shelf Life Evaluation of the Seaweed Ulva rigida through Physical, Chemical, Microbiological, and Sensory Methods

In Europe, the consumption of seaweeds and derived products has increased in recent years, due to the expansion of Asian cuisine and the emergence of many top-level chefs. Often in collaboration with scientists, many have initiated a new gastronomy using algae. However, little is known about the quality and degree of freshness of seaweeds for direct consumption or fresh use. For this reason, different analytical methods were applied to test sea vegetables and other marine products. These methods included physical (a_w, pH, color, and texture), chemical (total volatile base nitrogen, TVB-N; and trimethylamine, TMA-N) parameters, microbiological count, and sensory evaluation. In this study, freshness quality and shelf life of the green seaweed Ulva rigida (UR) was evaluated during a 12-day period, stored at 4 and 16 °C. The parameters that proved to be most useful for evaluating its freshness were the TVB, TMA, microbiological, and sensory analyses. The physicochemical and microbiological parameters established a shelf life of UR of 6 days for a storage temperature of 16 °C and up to 10 days for a storage temperature of 4 °C. The changes that UR undergoes during its storage from the sensory point of view are more pronounced than those produced from the physicochemical point of view, which can condition its applications.

Four selected commercial seaweeds: biologically active compounds, antioxidant and cytotoxic properties

The aim of this research work was to study the chemical characterisation, antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of ethanolic extracts of four commercial algae species Arame, Kombu, Hijiki and Wakame. The highest scavenging activity has been observed in Arame extract. Antioxidant potential of all extracts was in correlation with total phenol content (Arame extract: 319.15 ± 0.56 mg GAE/g d.w) and it was not in correlation with total carotenoids content (Wakame: 75.15 ± 0.20 mg/g). Polyphenols were quantified using LC-MS/MS technique. Baicalein and amentoflavone were identified in higher amount in relation to other phenols. Intracellular antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity of algae extracts were evaluated on the human prostate cancer cell line PC3. Although presented biomolecules in the extracts have demonstrated in vitro antioxidant activity, they did not show a significant effect on PC3 cells. However, this study opens up broad perspective for the further comprehensive investigation of these, commercial, seaweed's biopotential.

Antidiabetic and Nephroprotective Effects of Polysaccharide Extract from the Seaweed Caulerpa racemosa in High Fructose-Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Nephropathy

BACKGROUND

Nephropathy is a frontline complication of diabetes mellitus (DM) associated with impaired redox-inflammatory networks. The study investigated the antidiabetic and nephroprotective potentials of PCR against diabetic nephropathy (DN) in rats.

METHODS

DN was induced in rats using a combination of a high fructose solution for 4 weeks and an intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (35 mg/kg). Diabetic rats were treated with PCR (100 and 400 mg/kg body weight) for 8 weeks. Serum biochemical parameters as well as renal oxidative stress parameters, proinflammatory cytokines, Western blot and histopathological analyses were evaluated.

RESULTS

There were significant increases in fasting blood glucose, urinary albumin, serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), and low-density lipoproteins (LDL-C) levels in diabetic rats compared to the non-diabetic control rats. DM-induced DN prominently depressed renal superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities, whereas renal malondialdehyde (MDA) level was markedly increased. Furthermore, renal inflammatory cytokines, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and TGF-β, were considerably elevated compared to non-diabetic control rats. Additionally, DN rats showed a significant increase in renal fibrosis, as evidenced by increased expression of TGF-β1, collagen-1, fibronectin and alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in the kidneys. Histopathological lesions were consistent with tubule thickening and glomerular hypertrophy. Conversely, PCR treatment exerted significant attenuation of hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia and renal oxidative stress indicators. The increased renal levels of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and TGF-β were also notably reversed dose-dependently with alleviation of nephropathic histology. Furthermore, PCR reduced the expression of α-SMA, fibronectin, collagen-1 and TGF-β1 in the renal tissues.

CONCLUSION

Our results suggest that PCR displayed antidiabetic and nephroprotective effects against DN by impeding oxidative stress and inflammation. As such, PCR has potentials as a food supplement for alleviating renal dysfunction caused by diabetes.

Beneficial Effects of Algerian Green Alga Ulva lactuca and Its Hydroethanolic Extract on Insulin Resistance and Cholesterol Reverse Transport in High-Fat/Streptozotocin Diabetic Rats

The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of the green algae Ulva lactuca and its hydroethanolic extract on insulin resistance and cholesterol reverse transport in type 2 diabetic (T2D) rats. Rats had T2D induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) for 5 weeks followed by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. Diabetic rats were divided into three groups and were fed a HFD in the presence or absence of 1% alga (HFD-Alg) or 1% of its hydroethanolic extract (HFD-Ext), for 4 weeks. The control group consumed 20% casein combined with 5% lipids. Hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertriglyceridemia were noted in HFD rats vs control rats. Whole alga and its extract decreased these parameters vs the HFD. Moreover, fecal total cholesterol and triacylglycerols levels were lowered in HFD group vs C group, but were increased with HFD-Alg vs HFD. Compared with the Control, the HFD group had decreased lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity, apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I), high-density lipoprotein (HDL₃)-phospholipids (PL), and HDL₂-cholesteryl ester (CE) levels, but increased HDL₃-unesterified cholesterol (UC) levels. Furthermore, compared with the HFD group, the HFD-Alg and HFD-Ext groups had increased LCAT activity, ApoA-I, HDL₃-PL, and HDL₂-CE levels and decreased HDL₃-UC levels. In addition, in the HFD-Ext group, LCAT activity and ApoA-1 levels were decreased vs the HFD-Alg whereas HDL₃-UC levels were increased. In conclusion, these results indicate that U. lactuca and its hydroethanolic extract have curative effect on T2D. Therefore, this alga could be considered a functional food supplement for the treatment and prevention of diabetes.

Potential Anti-Aging Substances Derived from Seaweeds

Aging is a major risk factor for many chronic diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. The exact mechanisms underlying the aging process are not fully elucidated. However, a growing body of evidence suggests that several pathways, such as sirtuin, AMP-activated protein kinase, insulin-like growth factor, autophagy, and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 play critical roles in regulating aging. Furthermore, genetic or dietary interventions of these pathways can extend lifespan by delaying the aging process. Seaweeds are a food source rich in many nutrients, including fibers, polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, minerals, and other bioactive compounds. The health benefits of seaweeds include, but are not limited to, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-obese activities. Interestingly, a body of studies shows that some seaweed-derived extracts or isolated compounds, can modulate these aging-regulating pathways or even extend lifespans of various animal models. However, few such studies have been conducted on higher animals or even humans. In this review, we focused on potential anti-aging bioactive substances in seaweeds that have been studied in cells and animals mainly based on their anti-aging cellular and molecular mechanisms.

Saved by seaweeds: phyconomic contributions in times of crises

Seaweeds (macroalgae) are, together with microalgae, main contributors to the Earth's production of organic matter and atmospheric oxygen as well as fixation of carbon dioxide. In addition, they contain a bounty of fibres and minerals, as well as macro- and micronutrients that can serve both technical and medicinal purposes, as well as be a healthy and nutritious food for humans and animals. It is therefore natural that seaweeds and humans have had a myriad of interwoven relationships both on evolutionary timescales as well as in recent millennia and centuries all the way into the Anthropocene. It is no wonder that seaweeds have also entered and served as a saviour for humankind around the globe in many periods of severe needs and crises. Indeed, they have sometimes been the last resort, be it during times of famine, warfare, outbreak of diseases, nuclear accidents, or as components of securing the fabric of social stability. The present topical review presents testimony from the history of human interaction with seaweeds to the way humankind has, over and over again, been 'saved by seaweeds'. It remains a historical fact that in extreme conditions, such as shortage and wars, humans have turned to seaweeds in times of 'needs must' and created new opportunities for their uses in order to mitigate disasters. Lessons to be learned from this history can be used as reminders and inspiration, and as a guide as how to turn to seaweeds in current and inevitable, future times of crises, not least for the present needs of how to deal with changing climates and the pressing challenges of sustainable and healthy eating.

A Critical Review of the Abilities, Determinants, and Possible Molecular Mechanisms of Seaweed Polysaccharides Antioxidants

Oxidative stress induces various cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, and cancer diseases, caused by excess reactive oxygen species (ROS). It is attributed to the lack of sufficient antioxidant defense capacity to eliminate unnecessary ROS. Seaweeds are largely cultivated for their edible and commercial purposes. Excessive proliferation of some seaweeds has occurred in coastal areas, causing environmental and economic disasters, and even threating human health. Removing and disposing of the excess seaweeds are costly and labor-intensive with few rewards. Therefore, improving the value of seaweeds utilizes this resource, but also deals with the accumulated biomass in the environment. Seaweed has been demonstrated to be a great source of polysaccharides antioxidants, which are effective in enhancing the antioxidant system in humans and animals. They have been reported to be a healthful method to prevent and/or reduce oxidative damage. Current studies indicate that they have a good potential for treating various diseases. Polysaccharides, the main components in seaweeds, are commonly used as industrial feedstock. They are readily extracted by aqueous and acetone solutions. This study attempts to review the current researches related to seaweed polysaccharides as an antioxidant. We discuss the main categories, their antioxidant abilities, their determinants, and their possible molecular mechanisms of action. This review proposes possible high-value ways to utilize seaweed resources.

Macroalgae-A Sustainable Source of Chemical Compounds with Biological Activities

Nowadays, one of the most important research directions that concerns the scientific world is to exploit the earth's resources in a sustainable way. Considering the increasing interest in finding new sources of bioactive molecules and functional products, many research studies focused their interest on demonstrating the sustainability of exploiting marine macroalgal biomass as feedstock for wastewater treatment and natural fertilizer, conversion into green biofuels, active ingredients in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical products, or even for the production of functional ingredients and integration in the human food chain. The objective of the present paper was to provide an overview on the recent progress in the exploitation of different macroalgae species as a source of bioactive compounds, mainly emphasizing the latter published data regarding their potential bioactivities, health benefits, and industrial applications.

Exploiting the use of agro-industrial residues from fruit and vegetables as alternative microalgae culture medium

There is a need for searching new microalgae species, and the most suitable strategy to increase the cost-effectiveness of a microalgae culture system is to use resources of low costs, such as residues. This study aimed to evaluate the cultivation of microalgae isolated from the Brazilian Northeast region (Lagerheimia longiseta, Monoraphidium contortum, and Scenedesmus quadricauda) in an alternative medium of low cost (biocompost of discarded fruits and vegetables) with a view to possible applications in the food industry. Microalgae cultivated in the conventional synthetic medium was used as control. The cultivation of microalgae in the alternative medium allowed suitable cell growth, and improved the antioxidant activity and the levels of monounsaturated fatty acid and polyunsaturated fatty acid compared to the synthetic medium. The cultivation of S. quadricauda and L. longiseta species in the alternative medium resulted in increased protein content and/or total phenolic content, and improved health indices (lower levels of atherogenic, thrombogenic, and hypercholesterolemic saturated fatty acids indices, and higher levels of desired fatty acids index) compared to cultivation in synthetic medium. The cultivation of M. contortum in the alternative medium contributed to the production of higher lipid content, mainly saturated fatty acid (palmitic acid), which contributed negatively to the health indices. This study proved that S. quadricauda and L. longiseta microalga species from freshwaters have significant potential for distinct applications in functional food industries, and the biocompost of discarded fruits and vegetables is a suitable medium for microalgae cultivation.

Impact of seaweed intake on health

Seaweeds contain minerals, vitamins, soluble dietary fibers, and flavonoids, which are regarded as preventive agents against lifestyle-related diseases. Seaweeds are consumed commonly in East Asian countries including Japan. Thus, intake of seaweeds might contribute to Japanese longevity via prevention of lifestyle-related diseases. Recently, two large Japanese cohort studies have reported the association of seaweed intake with reduced risk of cardiovascular diseases. On the other hand, seaweeds also contain iodine and heavy metals such as arsenic species, which are considered to have adverse effects on health. We here reviewed studies of the association between seaweed intake and mortality from or incidence of cancer and cardiovascular diseases, and their risk factors such as blood pressure or serum lipids. We also summarized the adverse effects of iodine and arsenic species in seaweeds. Although seaweeds have not been widely consumed in Western countries, dietary diversification and an increased proportion of immigrants from East Asia may increase seaweed consumption in those countries. Further epidemiological studies including observational and interventional studies are necessary to clarify the effects of seaweeds on disease and health.

The effects of dietary seaweed inclusion on growth performance of broiler chickens: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background: There has been great interest in the use of seaweed as a functional feed ingredient for poultry in the last decade. This study aimed to assess the effects of dietary seaweed inclusion on growth performance of broiler chickens by using a systematic review and meta-analysis approach. Methods: A systematic search of published research articles related to seaweed, broiler chickens, and growth performance was conducted using three online databases (Scopus, PubMed, and SciELO). Mean values, standard deviation, and sample size were extracted from each eligible study. The estimated effect size was then quantified using Hedges' g with a 95% confidence interval (CI). Data were pooled using a fixed-effect model due to the absence of heterogeneity after being pre-checked using the I2 statistic. Results: A total of six studies (nine comparisons) involving 2,257 broiler chickens were accommodated in this study. The seaweed type consisted of seaweed blend, Laminaria japonica, Undaria pinnatifida, Hizikia fusiformis, and Ulva lactuca. The inclusion dose ranged from 2 to 30 g/kg, while the intervention duration ranged from 21 to 42 days. No substantial heterogeneity among studies ( I2 = 0.00%) was found for feed intake, body weight gain, and feed conversion ratio. Dietary seaweed had no significant effect on feed intake (Hedges' g = 0.19; 95% CI = -0.22 to 0.60; P = 0.280). However, broiler chickens fed dietary seaweed had superior body weight gain (Hedges' g = 0.64; 95% CI = 0.22 to 1.06; P = 0.000) and preferable feed conversion ratio (Hedges' g = -0.53; 95% CI = -0.95 to -0.11; P = 0.004). Conclusions: The current investigation highlights that dietary seaweed had growth-promoting potency for broiler chickens. However, more research on this issue is still required to build more comprehensive evidence.

Extraction, Enrichment, and LC-MSn-Based Characterization of Phlorotannins and Related Phenolics from the Brown Seaweed, Ascophyllum nodosum

Phenolic components from the edible brown seaweed, Ascophyllum nodosum, have been associated with considerable antioxidant activity but also bioactivities related to human health. This study aims to select and identify the main phlorotannin components from this seaweed which have been previously associated with potential health benefits. Methods to enrich phenolic components then further select phlorotannin components from ethanolic extracts of Ascophyllum nodosum were applied. The composition and phenolic diversity of these extracts were defined using data dependent liquid chromatography mass spectroscopic (LC-MSn) techniques. A series of phlorotannin oligomers with apparent degree of polymerization (DP) from 10 to 31 were enriched by solid phase extraction and could be selected by fractionation on Sephadex LH-20. Evidence was also obtained for the presence of dibenzodioxin linked phlorotannins as well as sulphated phlorotannins and phenolic acids. As well as diversity in molecular size, there was evidence for potential isomers at each DP. MS2 fragmentation analyses strongly suggested that the phlorotannins contained ether linked phloroglucinol units and were most likely fucophlorethols and MS3 data suggested that the isomers may result from branching within the chain. Therefore, application of these LC-MSn techniques provided further information on the structural diversity of the phlorotannins from Ascophyllum, which could be correlated against their reported bioactivities and could be further applied to phlorotannins from different seaweed species.

The fruit of Acanthopanax senticosus Harms improves arterial stiffness and blood pressure: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

Arterial stiffness and endothelial dysfunction are 2 of the independent predictors for cardiovascular disease, while Acanthopanax senticosus Harms (ASH) is a traditional medicinal plant that can improve cardiovascular health. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of the fruit of ASH on vascular function in apparently healthy subjects.

SUBJECTS/METHODS

A 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled design, consisting of healthy adults with at least 2 of the following 3 conditions: borderline high blood pressure (BP; 120 mmHg ≤ systolic BP ≤ 160 mmHg or 80 mmHg ≤ diastolic BP ≤ 100 mmHg), smoking (≥10 cigarettes/day), and borderline blood lipid levels (220 ≤ total cholesterol ≤ 240, 130 ≤ low density lipoprotein cholesterol ≤ 165, or 150 ≤ triglyceride ≤ 220 mg/dL). Randomly assigned 76 subjects who received a placebo or 2 doses of ASH fruit (low, 500 mg/day; high, 1,000 mg/day) completed the intervention. Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV), flow-mediated dilation, carotid intima-media thickness, and BP were measured both at baseline and following the 12-week intervention. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) phosphorylation was assessed by western blotting.

RESULTS

Compared with the placebo group, the low-dose group showed more significant changes after the 12-week intervention period in terms of systolic BP (0.1 vs. −7.7 mmHg; P = 0.044), baPWV (31.3 vs. −98.7 cm/s; P = 0.007), and the ratio of phospho-eNOS/eNOS (0.8 vs. 1.22; P = 0.037).

CONCLUSIONS

These results suggest that ASH fruit extract at 500 mg/day has the potential to improve BP and arterial stiffness via endothelial eNOS activation in healthy adults with smoking and the tendency of having elevated BP or blood lipid parameters.

Trial Registration

Clinical Research Information Service Identifier: KCT0001072

Seaweed's Bioactive Candidate Compounds to Food Industry and Global Food Security

The world population is continuously growing, so it is important to keep producing food in a sustainable way, especially in a way that is nutritious and in a sufficient quantity to overcome global needs. Seaweed grows, and can be cultivated, in seawater and generally does not compete for arable land and freshwater. Thus, the coastal areas of the planet are the most suitable for seaweed production, which can be an alternative to traditional agriculture and can thus contribute to a reduced carbon footprint. There are evolving studies that characterize seaweed's nutritional value and policies that recognize them as food, and identify the potential benefits and negative factors that may be produced or accumulated by seaweed, which are, or can be, dangerous for human health. Seaweeds have a high nutritional value along with a low caloric input and with the presence of fibers, proteins, omega 3 and 6 unsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals. Moreover, several seaweed sub-products have interesting features to the food industry. Therefore, the focus of this review is in the performance of seaweed as a potential alternative and as a safe food source. Here described is the nutritional value and concerns relating to seaweed consumption, and also how seaweed-derived compounds are already commercially explored and available in the food industry and the usage restrictions to safeguard them as safe food additives for human consumption.

Advances in the Study of Marine Products with Lipid-Lowering Properties

With twice the number of cancer's deaths, cardiovascular diseases have become the leading cause of death worldwide. Atherosclerosis, in particular, is a progressive, chronic inflammatory cardiovascular disease caused by persistent damage to blood vessels due to elevated cholesterol levels and hyperlipidemia. This condition is characterized by an increase in serum cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein, and a decrease in high-density lipoprotein. Although existing therapies with hypolipidemic effects can improve the living standards of patients with cardiovascular diseases, the drugs currently used in clinical practice have certain side effects, which insists on the need for the development of new types of drugs with lipid-lowering effects. Some marine-derived substances have proven hypolipidemic activities with fewer side effects and stand as a good alternative for drug development. Recently, there have been thousands of studies on substances with lipid-lowering properties of marine origin, and some are already implemented in clinical practice. Here, we summarize the active components of marine-derived products having a hypolipidemic effect. These active constituents according to their source are divided into algal, animal, plant and microbial and contribute to the development and utilization of marine medicinal products with hypolipidemic effects.