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Parveez B, Jamal NA, Anuar H, Ahmad Y, Aabid A, Baig M. Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Metal Foams Fabricated via Melt Foaming and Powder Metallurgy Technique: A Review. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15155302. [PMID: 35955234 PMCID: PMC9369530 DOI: 10.3390/ma15155302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Metal foams possess remarkable properties, such as lightweight, high compressive strength, lower specific weight, high stiffness, and high energy absorption. These properties make them highly desirable for many engineering applications, including lightweight materials, energy-absorption devices for aerospace and automotive industries, etc. For such potential applications, it is essential to understand the mechanical behaviour of these foams. Producing metal foams is a highly challenging task due to the coexistence of solid, liquid, and gaseous phases at different temperatures. Although numerous techniques are available for producing metal foams, fabricating foamed metal still suffers from imperfections and inconsistencies. Thus, a good understanding of various processing techniques and properties of the resulting foams is essential to improve the foam quality. This review discussed the types of metal foams available in the market and their properties, providing an overview of the production techniques involved and the contribution of metal foams to various applications. This review also discussed the challenges in foam fabrications and proposed several solutions to address these problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bisma Parveez
- Department of Manufacturing and Materials Engineering, Kulliyyah of Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 53100, Malaysia; (B.P.); (H.A.)
| | - Nur Ayuni Jamal
- Department of Manufacturing and Materials Engineering, Kulliyyah of Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 53100, Malaysia; (B.P.); (H.A.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Hazleen Anuar
- Department of Manufacturing and Materials Engineering, Kulliyyah of Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 53100, Malaysia; (B.P.); (H.A.)
| | - Yusilawati Ahmad
- Biotechnology Engineering Department, Kulliyyah of Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 53100, Malaysia;
| | - Abdul Aabid
- Department of Engineering Management, College of Engineering, Prince Sultan University, P.O. Box 66833, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (M.B.)
| | - Muneer Baig
- Department of Engineering Management, College of Engineering, Prince Sultan University, P.O. Box 66833, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (M.B.)
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Gorejová R, Podrojková N, Sisáková K, Shepa J, Shepa I, Kovalčíková A, Šišoláková I, Kaľavský F, Oriňaková R. Interaction of thin polyethyleneimine layer with the iron surface and its effect on the electrochemical behavior. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3460. [PMID: 35236912 PMCID: PMC8891304 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07474-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymer-coated metals may act as biodegradable orthopedic implants with adjustable corrosion rates. Metallic surfaces represent a dynamic system with specific interactions occurring after the material is implanted into the human body. An additional layer, in the form of polymeric thin film, changes the nature of this metal-body fluids interface. Moreover, the interaction between polymer and metal itself can differ for various systems. Iron-based material modified with a thin layer of polyethyleneimine (PEI) coating was prepared and studied as potential absorbable implant. Computational methods were employed to study the interaction between the metallic surface and polymer functional monomer units at atomic levels. Various spectroscopical and optical methods (SEM, AFM, Confocal, and Raman spectroscopy) were also used to characterize prepared material. Electrochemical measurements have been chosen to study the polymer adsorption process onto the iron surface and corrosion behavior which is greatly influenced by the PEI presence. The adsorption mechanism of PEI onto iron was proposed alongside the evaluation of Fe and Fe-PEI degradation behavior studied using the impedance method. Bonding via amino -NH2 group of PEI onto Fe and enhanced corrosion rate of coated samples were observed and confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radka Gorejová
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Moyzesova 11, 041 54, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Natália Podrojková
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Moyzesova 11, 041 54, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Katarína Sisáková
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Moyzesova 11, 041 54, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Jana Shepa
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Moyzesova 11, 041 54, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Ivan Shepa
- Institute of Materials Research, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 47, 040 01, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Alexandra Kovalčíková
- Institute of Materials Research, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 47, 040 01, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Ivana Šišoláková
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Moyzesova 11, 041 54, Košice, Slovakia
| | - František Kaľavský
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Moyzesova 11, 041 54, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Renáta Oriňaková
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Moyzesova 11, 041 54, Košice, Slovakia.
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Bahraminasab M, Janmohammadi M, Arab S, Talebi A, Nooshabadi VT, Koohsarian P, Nourbakhsh MS. Bone Scaffolds: An Incorporation of Biomaterials, Cells, and Biofactors. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:5397-5431. [PMID: 34797061 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Large injuries to bones are still one of the most challenging musculoskeletal problems. Tissue engineering can combine stem cells, scaffold biomaterials, and biofactors to aid in resolving this complication. Therefore, this review aims to provide information on the recent advances made to utilize the potential of biomaterials for making bone scaffolds and the assisted stem cell therapy and use of biofactors for bone tissue engineering. The requirements and different types of biomaterials used for making scaffolds are reviewed. Furthermore, the importance of stem cells and biofactors (growth factors and extracellular vesicles) in bone regeneration and their use in bone scaffolds and the key findings are discussed. Lastly, some of the main obstacles in bone tissue engineering and future trends are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Bahraminasab
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan 3513138111, Iran.,Nervous System Stem Cells Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan 3513138111, Iran
| | - Mahsa Janmohammadi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, Semnan University, Semnan 3513119111, Iran
| | - Samaneh Arab
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan 3513138111, Iran.,Nervous System Stem Cells Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan 3513138111, Iran
| | - Athar Talebi
- Nervous System Stem Cells Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan 3513138111, Iran
| | - Vajihe Taghdiri Nooshabadi
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan 3513138111, Iran.,Nervous System Stem Cells Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan 3513138111, Iran
| | - Parisa Koohsarian
- Department of Biochemistry and Hematology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan 3513138111, Iran
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Biodegradable Iron-Based Materials-What Was Done and What More Can Be Done? MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14123381. [PMID: 34207249 PMCID: PMC8233976 DOI: 10.3390/ma14123381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Iron, while attracting less attention than magnesium and zinc, is still one of the best candidates for biodegradable metal stents thanks its biocompatibility, great elastic moduli and high strength. Due to the low corrosion rate, and thus slow biodegradation, iron stents have still not been put into use. While these problems have still not been fully resolved, many studies have been published that propose different approaches to the issues. This brief overview report summarises the latest developments in the field of biodegradable iron-based stents and presents some techniques that can accelerate their biocorrosion rate. Basic data related to iron metabolism and its biocompatibility, the mechanism of the corrosion process, as well as a critical look at the rate of degradation of iron-based systems obtained by several different methods are included. All this illustrates as the title says, what was done within the topic of biodegradable iron-based materials and what more can be done.
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Post-corrosion mechanical properties of absorbable open cell iron foams with hollow struts. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021; 117:104413. [PMID: 33640846 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In-depth analyses of post-corrosion mechanical properties and architecture of open cell iron foams with hollow struts as absorbable bone scaffolds were carried out. Variations in the architectural features of the foams after 14 days of immersion in a Hanks' solution were investigated using micro-computed tomography and scanning electron microscope images. Finite element Kelvin foam model was developed, and the numerical modeling and experimental results were compared against each other. It was observed that the iron foam samples were mostly corroded in the periphery regions. Except for quasi-elastic gradient, other mechanical properties (i.e. compressive strength, yield strength and energy absorbability) decreased monotonically with immersion time. Presence of adherent corrosion products enhanced the load-bearing capacity of the open cell iron foams at small strains. The finite element prediction for the quasi-elastic response of the 14-day corroded foam was in an agreement with the experimental results. This study highlights the importance of considering corrosion mechanism when designing absorbable scaffolds; this is indispensable to offer desirable mechanical properties in porous materials during degradation in a biological environment.
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Putra N, Leeflang M, Minneboo M, Taheri P, Fratila-Apachitei L, Mol J, Zhou J, Zadpoor A. Extrusion-based 3D printed biodegradable porous iron. Acta Biomater 2021; 121:741-756. [PMID: 33221501 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Extrusion-based 3D printing followed by debinding and sintering is a powerful approach that allows for the fabrication of porous scaffolds from materials (or material combinations) that are otherwise very challenging to process using other additive manufacturing techniques. Iron is one of the materials that have been recently shown to be amenable to processing using this approach. Indeed, a fully interconnected porous design has the potential of resolving the fundamental issue regarding bulk iron, namely a very low rate of biodegradation. However, no extensive evaluation of the biodegradation behavior and properties of porous iron scaffolds made by extrusion-based 3D printing has been reported. Therefore, the in vitro biodegradation behavior, electrochemical response, evolution of mechanical properties along with biodegradation, and responses of an osteoblastic cell line to the 3D printed iron scaffolds were studied. An ink formulation, as well as matching 3D printing, debinding and sintering conditions, was developed to create iron scaffolds with a porosity of 67%, a pore interconnectivity of 96%, and a strut density of 89% after sintering. X-ray diffracometry confirmed the presence of the α-iron phase in the scaffolds without any residuals from the rest of the ink. Owing to the presence of geometrically designed macropores and random micropores in the struts, the in vitro corrosion rate of the scaffolds was much improved as compared to the bulk counterpart, with 7% mass loss after 28 days. The mechanical properties of the scaffolds remained in the range of those of trabecular bone despite 28 days of in vitro biodegradation. The direct culture of MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts on the scaffolds led to a substantial reduction in living cell count, caused by a high concentration of iron ions, as revealed by the indirect assays. On the other hand, the ability of the cells to spread and form filopodia indicated the cytocompatibility of the corrosion products. Taken together, this study shows the great potential of extrusion-based 3D printed porous iron to be further developed as a biodegradable bone substituting biomaterial.
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Li Y, Jahr H, Zhou J, Zadpoor AA. Additively manufactured biodegradable porous metals. Acta Biomater 2020; 115:29-50. [PMID: 32853809 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Partially due to the unavailability of ideal bone substitutes, the treatment of large bony defects remains one of the most important challenges of orthopedic surgery. Additively manufactured (AM) biodegradable porous metals that have emerged since 2018 provide unprecedented opportunities for fulfilling the requirements of an ideal bone implant. First, the multi-scale geometry of these implants can be customized to mimic the human bone in terms of both micro-architecture and mechanical properties. Second, a porous structure with interconnected pores possesses a large surface area, which is favorable for the adhesion and proliferation of cells and, thus, bony ingrowth. Finally, the freeform geometrical design of such biomaterials could be exploited to adjust their biodegradation behavior so as to maintain the structural integrity of the implant during the healing process while ensuring that the implant disappears afterwards, paving the way for full bone regeneration. While the AM biodegradable porous metals that have been studied so far have shown many unique properties as compared to their solid counterparts, the unprecedented degree of flexibility in their geometrical design has not yet been fully exploited to optimize their properties and performance. In order to develop the ideal bone implants, it is important to take advantage of the full potential of AM biodegradable porous metals through detailed and systematic study on their biodegradation behavior, mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and bone regeneration performance. This review paper presents the state of the art in AM biodegradable porous metals and is focused on the effects of material type, processing, geometrical design, and post-AM treatments on the mechanical properties, biodegradation behavior, in vitro biocompatibility, and in vivo bone regeneration performance of AM porous Mg, Fe, and Zn as well as their alloys. We also identify a number of knowledge gaps and the challenges encountered in adopting AM biodegradable porous metals for orthopedic applications and suggest some promising areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yageng Li
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2628 CD, Netherlands.
| | - Holger Jahr
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen 52074, Germany; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Maastricht UMC+, Maastricht 6202 AZ, Netherlands
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2628 CD, Netherlands
| | - Amir Abbas Zadpoor
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2628 CD, Netherlands
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Abstract
Significant progress was achieved presently in the development of metallic foam-like materials improved by biocompatible coatings. Material properties of the iron, magnesium, zinc, and their alloys are promising for their uses in medical applications, especially for orthopedic and bone tissue purposes. Current processing technologies and a variety of modifications of the surface and composition facilitate the design of adjusted medical devices with desirable mechanical, morphological, and functional properties. This article reviews the recent progress in the design of advanced degradable metallic biomaterials perfected by different coatings: polymer, inorganic ceramic, and metallic. Appropriate coating of metallic foams could improve the biocompatibility, osteogenesis, and bone tissue-bonding properties. In this paper, a comprehensive review of different coating types used for the enhancement of one or several properties of biodegradable porous implants is given. An outline of the conventional preparation methods of metallic foams and a brief overview of different alloys for medical applications are also provided. In addition, current challenges and future research directions of processing and surface modifications of biodegradable metallic foams for medical applications are suggested.
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Bagha PS, Khakbiz M, Sheibani S, Ebrahimi-Barough S, Hermawan H. In Vitro Degradation, Hemocompatibility, and Cytocompatibility of Nanostructured Absorbable Fe–Mn–Ag Alloys for Biomedical Application. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:2094-2106. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pedram Sotoudeh Bagha
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran 14395-1561, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Khakbiz
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran 14395-1561, Iran
| | - Saeed Sheibani
- School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran 14155, Iran
| | - Somayeh Ebrahimi-Barough
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14167, Iran
| | - Hendra Hermawan
- Department of Mining, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, and CHU de Quebec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City G1V 0A6, Canada
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Caligari Conti M, Mallia B, Sinagra E, Schembri Wismayer P, Buhagiar J, Vella D. The effect of alloying elements on the properties of pressed and non-pressed biodegradable Fe-Mn-Ag powder metallurgy alloys. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02522. [PMID: 31687606 PMCID: PMC6819825 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Current trends in the biodegradable scaffold industry call for powder metallurgy methods in which compression cannot be applied due to the nature of the scaffold template itself and the need to retain the shape of an underlying template throughout the fabrication process. Iron alloys have been shown to be good candidates for biomedical applications where load support is required. Fe–Mn alloys were researched extensively for this purpose. Current research shows that all metallurgical characterisation and corrosion test on Fe–Mn and Fe–Mn–Ag non pre-alloyed powder alloys are performed on alloys which are initially pressed into greens and subsequently sintered. In order to combine the cutting-edge field of biodegradable metallic alloys with scaffold production, metallurgical characterisation of pressed and non-pressed Fe, Fe–Mn and Fe–Mn–Ag sintered elemental powder compacts was carried out in this study. This was performed along with determination of the corrosion rate of the same alloys in in vitro mimicking solutions. These solutions were synthesised to mimic the osteo environment in which the final scaffolds are to be used. Both pressed and non-pressed alloys formed an austenite phase under the right sintering conditions. The corrosion rate of the non-pressed alloy was greater than that of its pressed counterpart. In a potentiodynamic testing scenario, addition of silver to the alloy formed a separate silver phase which galvanically increased the corrosion rate of the pressed alloy. This result wasn't replicated in the non-pressed alloys in which the corrosion rate was seen to remain similar to the non-silver-bearing alloy counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm Caligari Conti
- Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malta, Msida, MSD 2080, Malta
- Corresponding author.
| | - Bertram Mallia
- Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malta, Msida, MSD 2080, Malta
| | - Emmanuel Sinagra
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malta, Msida, MSD 2080, Malta
| | - Pierre Schembri Wismayer
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, MSD 2080, Malta
| | - Joseph Buhagiar
- Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malta, Msida, MSD 2080, Malta
| | - Daniel Vella
- Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malta, Msida, MSD 2080, Malta
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Wang T, Li Z, Wang L, Ma Z, Hulbert GM. Dynamic Crushing Analysis of a Three-Dimensional Re-Entrant Auxetic Cellular Structure. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12030460. [PMID: 30717257 PMCID: PMC6385037 DOI: 10.3390/ma12030460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic behaviors of the three-dimensional re-entrant auxetic cellular structure have been investigated by performing beam-based crushing simulation. Detailed deformation process subjected to various crushing velocities has been described, where three specific crushing modes have been identified with respect to the crushing velocity and the relative density. The crushing strength of the 3D re-entrant auxetic structure reveals to increase with increasing crushing velocity and relative density. Moreover, an analytical formula of dynamic plateau stress has been deduced, which has been validated to present theoretical predictions agreeing well with simulation results. By establishing an analytical model, the role of relative density on the energy absorption capacity of the 3D re-entrant auxetic structure has been further studied. The results indicate that the specific plastic energy dissipation is increased by increasing the relative density, while the normalized plastic energy dissipation has an opposite sensitivity to the relative density when the crushing velocity exceeds the critical transition velocity. The study in this work can provide insights into the dynamic property of the 3D re-entrant auxetic structure and provides an extensive reference for the crushing resistance design of the auxetic structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Liangmo Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.
| | - Zhengdong Ma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Gregory M Hulbert
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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He J, Ye H, Li Y, Fang J, Mei Q, Lu X, Ren F. Cancellous-Bone-like Porous Iron Scaffold Coated with Strontium Incorporated Octacalcium Phosphate Nanowhiskers for Bone Regeneration. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:509-518. [PMID: 33405815 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b01188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The repair of large bone defects poses a grand challenge in tissue engineering. Thus, developing biocompatible scaffolds with mechanical and structural similarity to human cancellous bone is in great demand. Herein, we fabricated a three-dimensional (3D) porous iron (Fe) scaffold with interconnected pores via a template-assisted electrodeposition method. The porous Fe scaffold with a skeleton diameter of 143 μm had the porosity >90%, an average pore size of 345 μm, and a yield strength of 3.5 MPa. Such structure and mechanical strength were close to those of cancellous bone. In order to enhance the biocompatibility of the scaffold, strontium incorporated octacalcium phosphate (Sr-OCP) was coated on the skeletons of the porous Fe scaffold. The coated Sr-OCP was in the form of nanowhiskers with a mean diameter of 300 nm and length of 30 μm. Such Sr-OCP coating could effectively reduce the release rate of the Fe ions to a level which was safe for the human body. Both in vitro cytotoxicity tests by extraction method and direct contact assay confirmed that the Sr-OCP coating could promote the cell adhesion and substantially enhance the biocompatibility of the porous Fe scaffolds. Thus, the cancellous-bone-like porous structure with compatible mechanical properties and excellent biocompatibility enables the present Sr-OCP coated porous Fe scaffold to be a promising candidate for bone repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin He
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.,School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Haixia Ye
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Yulei Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Ju Fang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Qingsong Mei
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Xiong Lu
- Key Lab of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, China
| | - Fuzeng Ren
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
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13
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Abstract
Over the last two decades, significant scientific efforts have been devoted to developingbiodegradable metal implants for orthopedic and cardiovascular applications, mainly due to theirimproved mechanical properties compared to those of biodegradable polymers [...]
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Li Y, Jahr H, Lietaert K, Pavanram P, Yilmaz A, Fockaert LI, Leeflang MA, Pouran B, Gonzalez-Garcia Y, Weinans H, Mol JMC, Zhou J, Zadpoor AA. Additively manufactured biodegradable porous iron. Acta Biomater 2018; 77:380-393. [PMID: 29981948 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Additively manufactured (AM) topologically ordered porous metallic biomaterials with the proper biodegradation profile offer a unique combination of properties ideal for bone regeneration. These include a fully interconnected porous structure, bone-mimicking mechanical properties, and the possibility of fully regenerating bony defects. Most of such biomaterials are, however, based on magnesium and, thus, degrade too fast. Here, we present the first report on topologically ordered porous iron made by Direct Metal Printing (DMP). The topological design was based on a repetitive diamond unit cell. We conducted a comprehensive study on the in vitro biodegradation behavior (up to 28 days), electrochemical performance, time-dependent mechanical properties, and biocompatibility of the scaffolds. The mechanical properties of AM porous iron (E = 1600-1800 MPa) were still within the range of the values reported for trabecular bone after 28 days of biodegradation. Electrochemical tests showed up to ≈12 times higher rates of biodegradation for AM porous iron as compared to that of cold-rolled (CR) iron, while only 3.1% of weight loss was measured after 4 weeks of immersion tests. The biodegradation mechanisms were found to be topology-dependent and different between the periphery and central parts of the scaffolds. While direct contact between MG-63 cells and scaffolds revealed substantial and almost instant cytotoxicity in static cell culture, as compared to Ti-6Al-4V, the cytocompatibility according to ISO 10993 was reasonable in in vitro assays for up to 72 h. This study shows how DMP could be used to increase the surface area and decrease the grain sizes of topologically ordered porous metallic biomaterials made from metals that are usually considered to degrade too slowly (e.g., iron), opening up many new opportunities for the development of biodegradable metallic biomaterials. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Biodegradation in general and proper biodegradation profile in particular are perhaps the most important requirements that additively manufactured (AM) topologically ordered porous metallic biomaterials should offer in order to become the ideal biomaterial for bone regeneration. Currently, most biodegradable metallic biomaterials are based on magnesium, which degrade fast with gas generation. Here, we present the first report on topologically ordered porous iron made by Direct Metal Printing (DMP). We also conducted a comprehensive study on the biodegradation behavior, electrochemical performance, biocompatibility, and the time evolution of the mechanical properties of the implants. We show that these implants possess bone-mimicking mechanical properties, accelerated degradation rate, and reasonable cytocompatibility, opening up many new opportunities for the development of iron-based biodegradable materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Li
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2628 CD, The Netherlands.
| | - H Jahr
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen 52074, Germany; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Maastricht UMC+, Maastricht 6202 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - K Lietaert
- 3D Systems - LayerWise NV, Grauwmeer 14, Leuven 3001, Belgium; KU Leuven Department of Materials Engineering, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - P Pavanram
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - A Yilmaz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2628 CD, The Netherlands
| | - L I Fockaert
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2628 CD, The Netherlands
| | - M A Leeflang
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2628 CD, The Netherlands
| | - B Pouran
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2628 CD, The Netherlands; Department of Orthopedics, UMC Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht 3584CX, The Netherlands
| | - Y Gonzalez-Garcia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2628 CD, The Netherlands
| | - H Weinans
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2628 CD, The Netherlands; Department of Orthopedics, UMC Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht 3584CX, The Netherlands; Department of Rheumatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584CX, The Netherlands
| | - J M C Mol
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2628 CD, The Netherlands
| | - J Zhou
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2628 CD, The Netherlands
| | - A A Zadpoor
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2628 CD, The Netherlands
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15
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Hedayati R, Ahmadi SM, Lietaert K, Tümer N, Li Y, Amin Yavari S, Zadpoor AA. Fatigue and quasi-static mechanical behavior of bio-degradable porous biomaterials based on magnesium alloys. J Biomed Mater Res A 2018; 106:1798-1811. [PMID: 29468807 PMCID: PMC6001791 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Revised: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Magnesium and its alloys have the intrinsic capability of degrading over time in vivo without leaving toxic degradation products. They are therefore suitable for use as biodegradable scaffolds that are replaced by the regenerated tissues. One of the main concerns for such applications, particularly in load-bearing areas, is the sufficient mechanical integrity of the scaffold before sufficient volumes of de novo tissue is generated. In the majority of the previous studies on the effects of biodegradation on the mechanical properties of porous biomaterials, the change in the elastic modulus has been studied. In this study, variations in the static and fatigue mechanical behavior of porous structures made of two different Mg alloys (AZ63 and M2) over different dissolution times ( 6, 12, and 24 h) have been investigated. The results showed an increase in the mechanical properties obtained from stress-strain curve (elastic modulus, yield stress, plateau stress, and energy absorption) after 6-12 h and a sharp decrease after 24 h. The initial increase in the mechanical properties may be attributed to the accumulation of corrosion products in the pores of the porous structure before degradation has considerably proceeded. The effects of mineral deposition was more pronounced for the elastic modulus as compared to other mechanical properties. That may be due to insufficient integration of the deposited particles in the structure of the magnesium alloys. While the bonding of the parts being combined in a composite-like material is of great importance in determining its yield stress, the effects of bonding strength of both parts is much lower in determining the elastic modulus. The results of the current study also showed that the dissolution rates of the studied Mg alloys were too high for direct use in human body. © 2018 Authors Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 106A: 1798-1811, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Hedayati
- Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Department of Biomechanical EngineeringDelft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2Delft2628 CDThe Netherlands
- Department of OrthopedicsUniversity Medical Centre UtrechtUtrechtCX3584The Netherlands
| | - S. M. Ahmadi
- Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Department of Biomechanical EngineeringDelft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2Delft2628 CDThe Netherlands
| | - K. Lietaert
- 3D Systems−LayerWise NV, Grauwmeer 14Leuven3001Belgium
- Department of Materials Engineering, Kasteelpark ArenbergKU LeuvenLeuven44 3001Belgium
| | - N. Tümer
- Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Department of Biomechanical EngineeringDelft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2Delft2628 CDThe Netherlands
| | - Y. Li
- Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Department of Biomechanical EngineeringDelft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2Delft2628 CDThe Netherlands
| | - S. Amin Yavari
- Department of OrthopedicsUniversity Medical Centre UtrechtUtrechtCX3584The Netherlands
| | - A. A. Zadpoor
- Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Department of Biomechanical EngineeringDelft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2Delft2628 CDThe Netherlands
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16
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An In Vitro Corrosion Study of Open Cell Iron Structures with PEG Coating for Bone Replacement Applications. METALS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/met8070499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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17
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Hermawan H. Updates on the research and development of absorbable metals for biomedical applications. Prog Biomater 2018; 7:93-110. [PMID: 29790132 PMCID: PMC6068061 DOI: 10.1007/s40204-018-0091-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Absorbable metals, metals that corrode in physiological environment, constitute a new class of biomaterials intended for temporary medical implant applications. The introduction of these metals has shifted the established paradigm of metal implants from preventing corrosion to its direct application. Interest toward absorbable metals has been growing in the past decade. This is proved by the rapid increase in scientific publication, progressive development of standards, and launching the first commercial products. Iron, magnesium, zinc, and their alloys are the current three absorbable metals families. Magnesium-based metals are the most progressing family with a large data set obtained from both basic and translational research. Iron-based metals are still facing a major challenge of low in vivo corrosion rate despite the significant efforts that have been put to overcome its weakness. Zinc-based metals are the new alternative absorbable metals with moderate corrosion rates that fall between those of iron and magnesium. This manuscript provides a brief review on the latest progress in the research and development of absorbable metals, the most important findings, the remaining challenges, and the perspective on the future direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendra Hermawan
- Department of Mining, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering and CHU de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, G1V 0A6, Canada.
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